악교정 수술에서 모의 조종된 3차원 전산화 단층촬영상의 응용

김형돈,이경상,유선국,박창서 大韓口腔顎顔面 放射線學會 1998 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.28 No.2

In orthodontics and orthognathic surgery, cephalogram has been routine practice in diagnosis and treatment evaluation of craniofacial deformity. But its inherent distortion of actual length and angles during projecting three dimensional object to two dimensional plane might cause errors in quantitative analysis of shape and size. Therefore, it is desirable that three dimensional object is diagnosed and evaluated three dimensionally and three dimensional CT image is best for three dimensional analysis. Development of clinic necessitates evaluation of result of treatment and comparison before and after surgery. It is desirable that patient that was diagnosed and planned by three dimensional computed tomography before surgery is evaluated by three dimensional computed tomography after surgery, too. But Because there is no standardized normal values in three dimension now and three dimensional Computed Tomography needs expensive equipments and because of its expenses and amount of exposure to radiation, limitations still remain to be solved in its application to routine practice. If postoperative three dimensional image is constructed by pre and postoperative lateral and postero-anterior cephalograms and preoperative three dimensional computed tomogram, pre and postoperative image will be compared and evaluated three dimensionally without three dimensional computed tomography after surgery and that will contribute to standardize normal values in three dimension. This study introduced new method that computer-simulated three dimensional image was constructed by preoperative three dimensional computed tomogram and pre and postoperative lateral and postero-anterior cephalograms, and for validation of new method, in four cases of dry skull that position of mandible was displaced and four patients of orthognathic surgery, computer-simulated three dimensional image and actual postoperative three dimensional image were compared. The results were as follows. 1. In four cases of dry skull that position of mandible was displaced, range of displacement between computer-simulated three dimensional images and actual postoperative three dimensional images in co-ordinates values was from -1.8 mm to 1.8 mm and 94% in displacement of all co-ordinates values was from -1.0 mm to 1.0 mm and no significant difference between computer-simulated three dimensional images and actual postoperative three dimensional images was noticed(p>0.05). 2. In four cases of orthognathic surgery patients, range of displacement between computer-simulated three dimensional images and actual postoperative three dimensional images in coordinates values was from -6.7 mm to 7.7 mm and 90% in displacement of all co-ordinates values was from -4.0 to 4.0 mm and no significant difference between computer-simulated three dimensional images and actual postoperative three dimensional images was noticed(p>0.05). Conclusively, computer-simulated three dimensional image was constructed by preoperative three dimensional computed tomogram and pre and postoperative lateral and postero-anterior cephalograms. Therefore, potentiality that can construct postoperative three dimensional image without three dimensional computed tomography after surgery was presented.

일본에서의 입체상표의 식별력 판단에 관한 비교법적 고찰

정태호 ( Tae Ho Jung ) 서울대학교 법학연구소 2014 서울대학교 法學 Vol.55 No.3

Three-dimensional mark including a three-dimensional configuration can be mainlyformed of configuration of a product and package configuration of a product. Mostof a product or package of a product include two-dimensional marks such as letters,figures, etc. Therefore, though a three-dimensional configuration includes a twodimensionalmark such as letters, figures, etc., that configuration alone can havedistinctive function of a product or a service, otherwise three-dimensional mark willhave no meaning. In general, three-dimensional mark is not often registered based onnon-distinctiveness and determining distinctiveness is very difficult practicallybecause definite legal principles of determination on distinctiveness of three-dimensionalmark are not established yet in Korea. Therefore, real study on establishmentof specific guidelines determining distinctiveness of three-dimensional mark will beneeded from now on. Japanese trademark law have systems of trademark law similarto Korean trademark law, but definite legal principles of determination on distinctivenessof three-dimensional mark have been already established based on manydecisions of courts in Japan. In case of studying a main trend of legal principles ofdetermination on distinctiveness in Japan, we find Japanese courts have decided thatmost of three-dimensional marks of configuration of a product didn’t have intrinsicdistinc- tiveness but have finally decided on trademark registration based on whetherhaving secondary meaning by use or not. I think that the above legal principles ofdetermination on descriptive mark in Japanese trademark law is proper in several aspectsand it will be reasonable that the above legal principles are considered in determining distinctiveness of three-dimensional mark in Korean courts.

2차원 및 3차원 초음파를 이용한 태아표면의 해부학적 선별 검사에 관한 연구

윤석범,이해혁,이정재,최경훈,이순곤,이임순,이권해 순천향의학연구소 1998 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.4 No.2

Objective : Our purpose of this study was to determine the clarity and consuming time of fetal surface screening in thirty-eight fetuses from 24 to 32 weeks of gestation by use of two and three-dimensional ultrasonography. Methods : From May 1998 to July 1998, we performed the fetal surface screening of the fetal face, extremities, and spine. Thirty-eight fetuses of 24-32 weeks of gestation (thirty-seven normal fetuses and one abnormal fetus) were studied by use two-dimensional (AI 5200S, 3.5-5.0MHz; Acoustic Imaging Technologic Cooperation, U.S.A.) and three-dimensional ultrasonography (Volusion 530D, 3.5-5.0 MHz ; Kretz-Medicine, Korea). On the fetal face, we evaluated both orbits, nose, lips and brow. Both hands and feet, five digits and toes should be seen in this study. We evaluated cervical spine and lumbosacral junction of the spine. Results : The maternal average age of 38 patients was 29.9 years and the average gestational age was 29.7 weeks. The results of fetal surface screening were as follows : face (both orbits 89.5%, lips 92.1%, nose 92.1%, and brow 89.5%), extremities (both hands 68.4% and feet 73.7%), and spine (cervical spine 94.7% and lumbosacral junction 97.4%) by use of two-dimensional ultrasonography. By use of three-dimensional ultrasonography, results were as follows : face (both orbits 76.3%, lips 81.6%, nose 81.6%, and brow 78.9%), extremities (both hands 76.3% and feet 78.9%), and spine (cervical spine 71.1% and lumbosacral junction 73.7%). Consuming time for two-dimensional ultrasonography were 4.7 minutes for face, 11.6 minutes for extremities, and 5.7 minutes for spine. Using three-dimensional ultrasonography results were 12.8 minutes for face, 17.9 minutes for extremities, and 11.7 minutes for spine. Average consuming time of all fetal anatomic screening was 22.0 and 42.4 minutes by use of two and three dimensional ultrasonography. In one abnormal fetus had cleft lip and polydactyly of right foot which were detected all by three-dimensional ultrasonography, but we couldn't detect the polydactyly by two-dimensional ultrasonography. Conclusion : Three-dimensional ultrasonography was more time-consuming method, but we suggested that three-dimensional ultrasonography was superior than two-dimensional ultrasonography in fetal surface screening.

3차원 두부방사선규격사진의 정확성에 관한 연구

배기선,박수병,손우성 대한치과교정학회 1997 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.27 No.1

본 연구는 교정 임상에서 흔히 촬영되는 측모와 정모 두부방사선규격사진을 사용하여 3차원적인 두개안면 형태를 재현하였을 때 그 방법의 정확성을 고찰해 보고, 기존의 측모 두부방사선규격사진과 비교하여 어떠한 차이를 보이는지 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 두개안면 골격모형의 3차원 두부방사선규격사진을 형성하고, 선 계측과 각도 계측을 시행하였다. 여기서 얻어진 계측치들을 실제 계측치 및 측모 두부방사선규격사진에서의 계측치와 비교하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 3차원 두부방사선규격사진의 선 계측 평균 오차는 0.94±0.62mm, 평균 확대율 100.31±0.91% 이었으며 실제 계측치와 차이를 보이지 않았다(α=0.1). 2. 측모 두부방사선규격사진은 선 계측에서 평균 오차 6.44±1.48mm, 평균 확대율 106.99±1.45%로서 하악체를 제외한 모든 선 계측에서 확대를 보였다(P<0.005). 3. 3차원 두부방사선규격사진에서의 각도 계측은 평균 오차 1.22±0.82°, 평균 확대율 105.72±12.07%로서 실제 계측치와 차이를 보이지 않았다.(α=0.1). 4. 측모 두부방사선규격사진은 평균 오차 1.70±0.94°, 평균 확대율 106.35±15.70%으로 실제 계측치와 차이를 보이지 않았다(α=0.1). Conventional cephalometrics have inherent errors because their evaluation is performed in two-dimension for three-dimensional object. To compensate these errors, three-dimensional cephalograms - derivation of three-dimensional data from conventional lateral and postero-anterior cephalograms - were developed. In this study, the accuracy and precision of three dimensional cephalograms were determined by means of 10 linear and 12 angular measurements on 36 acrylic skull models and by the comparison of conventional lateral cephalograms. The results were as follows : 1. Mean difference between three-dimensional cephalograms and actual models in linear measurements was 0.94±0.62mm and mean rate of magnification of three-dimensional cephalograms was 100.31±0.91%. There were no statistically significant differences between three-dimensional cephalograms and actual models in linear measurements(α=0.1). 2. Mean difference between conventional lateral cephalograms and actual models in linear measurements was 6.44±1.48mm and mean rate of magnification of lateral cephalograms was 106.99±1.45%. There were statistically significant differences between lateral cephalograms and actual models in linear measurements(P<0.005). 3. Mean difference between three-dimensional cephalograms and actual models in angular measurements was 1.22±0.82° and mean rate of magnification of three-dimensional cephalograms was 105.71±12.07%. There were no statistically significant differences between three-dimensional cephalograms and actual models in angular measurements(α=0.1). 4. Mean difference between conventional lateral cephalograms and actual models in angular measurements was 1.70±0.94° and mean rate of magnification of lateral cephalograms was 106.35±15.70%. There were no statistically significant differences between lateral cephalograms and actual models in angular measurements(α=0.1). There were similarity between three-dimensional and lateral cephalograms in angular measurements.

블록 장난감 형상으로 이루어진 입체상표의 식별력판단에 대한 고찰 - 대법원 2014. 10. 15. 선고 2012후3800 판결을 중심으로 -

정태호 경북대학교 IT와 법연구소 2015 IT와 법 연구 Vol.0 No.11

Article 6(1) 3 of the Trademark Act states that “trademark registration may be granted, except a trademark falling under the following subparagraph: any trademark consisting solely of a mark indicating in a common way the shape(including the shape of the package) of the goods”. And Article 6(2) of the Act states that “Even though a three-dimensional mark falls under Article 6(1) 3 of the Act, if whose goods it indicates in connection with a person’s business is remarkably recognized among consumers as a result of using the trademark before the application for trademark registration, the mark may be registered, with goods using such trademark designated“. In general, a three-dimensional mark has not been often registered based on non-distinctiveness and determining distinctiveness of the mark was very difficult practically because definite legal principles of determination on distinctiveness of a three-dimensional mark were not previously established in Korea. But Supreme Court of Korea’s recent decision(Supreme Court Decision 2012Hu3800 Decided October 15, 2014; hereinafter “the subject decision”) concerns important legal principles related to determining distinctiveness of a three-dimensional mark composed of the shape of a toy block. The subject decision held that in this case on the shape of a toy block, Article 6(1) 3 of the Trademark Act applies where a three-dimensional mark is regarded to indicate the general shape of a toy block in question and the registration of a three-dimensional mark which has acquired distinctiveness through use, prescribed under Article 6(2) of the Act, is not acceptible when the shape of the goods has not been actually used as indicating source of the goods. In several countries including Japan, US and EU, definite legal principles of determination on distinctiveness of a three-dimensional mark have been already established based on many decisions of courts. In case of studying main trends of legal principles of determination on distinctiveness in Japan, US and EU, we find that courts have decided that most of three-dimensional marks didn’t have intrinsic distinctiveness but have finally decided on trademark registration based on whether having acquired distinctiveness through use or not. In conclusion, I think that the above legal principles of determination on distinctiveness of a three-dimensional mark and acquired distinctiveness through use in the subject decision is proper in several aspects and it will be reasonable that the above legal principles are considered in determining distinctiveness of a three-dimensional mark in courts of Korea from now on.

3차원 권리객체의 표현에 관한 연구

정동훈(Jeong, Dong Hoon),이성규(Lee, Seong Gyu) 한국지적정보학회 2014 한국지적정보학회지 Vol.16 No.1

토지의 활용이 고차원화 되면서 등록·관리되는 권리객체가 다양해지고 있지만 이들에 대한 표현방법이 제시되지 못하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 3차원 권리객체의 효율적인 표현을 위한 관련 지침의 방향성을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 연구범위는 3차원지적 관점의 권리객체로 한정하고자 하며, 조사방법은 문헌(literature)조사를 통한 2차 자료를 수집, 접근방법은 기술적 접근방법과 체제론적 접근방법을 병용하여 적용하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같은 시각에서 도출하였다. 첫째, 3차원권리의 개념적 접근은 3차원권리의 의의, 3차원권리객체의 표현, 선행연구 및 접근방향 설정의 차원에서 검토하였다. 둘째, 3차원권리객체의 표현 및 한계에서는 3차원권리객체, 물리적 3차원객체, 3차원권리객체 관련 법률 차원에서 검토하였다. 셋째, 3차원권리객체 표현에 관한 지침(안)의 체계정립에서는 총칙, 3차원권리객체의 표현, 3차원권리객체 표현의 지원체계 차원에서 검토하였다. The use of land is becoming high-dimensional, which causes diversity of right objects to be managed and registered; however, there are no expression methods. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to suggest a desirable direction of a guideline for efficiently expressing three-dimensional right objects. To achieve the research objective, the research range was limited to three-dimensional right objects from the perspective of 3D cadastre. Survey was carried on through collecting the secondary research data by literature review and both descriptive and systematic approaches were applied concurrently. Conclusion of the study are as follow: First, a conceptional approach of three-dimensional rights was reviewed in terms of meaning of three-dimensional rights, expression of three-dimensional right objects, and advanced research and framework. Second, expression and limitation of three-dimensional right objects were conducted as three-dimensional right objects, three-dimensional physical objects, and related laws. Third, the establishment of a guideline about expressing three-dimensional right objects was referred to general provisions. expression of three-dimensional right objects, and support system of expression of three-dimensional right objects.

랜드스케이프 어바니즘 특성에 의한 국내의 건축물 입체녹화 공간 연구

이영광,김용성,이남규 한국공간디자인학회 2022 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.17 No.8

(Background and Purpose) As a solution to this urban problem, it has been found that it absorbs carbon through the three-dimensional greening of buildings, and is effective in reducing temperature. Landscape Urbanism, an urban theory advocated by many scholars, landscapers, urban planners, and architects for a long time, includes the components of landscaping, cities, and architecture. The three-dimensional greening of buildings includes architecture and landscaping, and has a similar context. As prior research has shown the effect of three-dimensional greening of buildings as an environmental solution to urban problems, the capacity for three-dimensional greening of buildings is expected to increase. The purpose of this study is to analyze the three-dimensional green space of buildings based on the spatial characteristics of landscape urbanism, and to present matters to be considered in future architectural planning. (Method) To derive nine concepts and confirm the validity of these concepts when applied in Korea, five common characteristics were derived by comparing and analyzing previous domestic studies from the perspective of landscape urbanism. A theoretical review was conducted on the definition and type of three-dimensional greening of buildings, and recent trends in previous studies related to it were identified. As the subject of the case analysis, target works from the city were selected among completed works within the last 10 years of “the artificial ground greening prize”, hosted by “the Artificial Ground Greening Association.” For detailed evaluation, we intend to derive spatial characteristics of the three-dimensional greening of buildings through examples. (Results) Five main spatial characteristics of landscape urbanism were derived: horizontality, ecology, infrastructure, process, and site. Therefore, this study analyzed recent cases of three-dimensional green buildings in domestic cities according to the detailed evaluation items of each characteristic, and selected three spatial characteristics with the most common items. First, it forms two or more green layers in the land; second, it has a large space that can accommodate a large number of people as infrastructure; and third, it has a new location specificity through a three-dimensional green space that is different in nature from the existing land. (Conclusions) There is a correlation with landscape urbanism, such as urban, architectural, and landscape; therefore, it is an urban theory to be reflected in space planning. This study summarizes the spatial characteristics of landscape urbanism considering the landscape, urban, and architectural context through recent domestic studies, suggests the direction of three-dimensional green space, and reveals its applicability through domestic case analysis.

비대칭 분석시 3차원영상의 정확성에 관한 정보 두부방사선사진과의 비교연구

조홍규,Cho, Hong-Kyu 대한치과기공학회 2001 대한치과기공학회지 Vol.23 No.1

The purpose of this study was to show the method of three-dimensional morphometry developed recently and to compare the accuracy of three-dimensional morphometry with those of PA cephalometry, The three-dimensional morphometry analysis program and device were developed. Steel balls (1.2mm in diameter) were attached in twenty five landmarks of artificial human skull. This artificial human skull was used as experimental materials. From three-dimensional morphometry and PA cephalometry of artificial human skull. eleven linear measurements were acquired and made into asymmetry index. Right-left differences of measurements were used as asymmetry index. These measurements and asymmetry index were compared respectively with those of actual. The results were as follows: 1. Mean difference between three-dimensional morphometry and actual artificial human skull in linear measurements was $1.99{\pm}0.37mm$, and mean difference between PA cephalometry and actual was $21.12{\pm}0.45mm$. Both of all were reduced more than those of actual. 2. Mean difference between three-dimensional morphometry and actual artificial human skull in asymmetry index was $0.07{\pm}0.42$, and mean difference between PA cephalometry and actual was $3.63{\pm}0.60$. Three-dimensional morphometry was reduced while PA cephalometry was magnified more than that of actual. 3. Each eleven asymmetry index of three-dimensional morphometry was the same negative sign as those of actuals while only N-Z, ANS-J, Tr-Go, Tr-ANS asymmetry index were the same in PA cephalometry. These results suggest that the method of three-dimensional morphometry is more accurate than those of PA cephalometry in asymmetry analysis.

3 차원 초음파를 이용한 산모에서의 양수량 측정

임문환(Moon Whan Im),송경은(Kyung Eun Song),김현미(Hyun Mi Kim),김종필(Jong Pil Kim),이정례(Jeong Rye Lee),박지현(Jee Hyun Park),황성욱(Sung Ook Hwang),노인화(In Hwa Noh),고승권(Seung Kwon Koh),이병익(Byoung Ick Lee),이우영(Woo Young 대한산부인과학회 2001 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.44 No.12

Objectives : Our study was to measure how well semiquantitative three-dimensional ultrasonographic measures of amniotic fluid in the third trimester, to investigate the relationship between three-dimensional amniotic fluid volume and amniotic fluid index, two dimensional amniotic fluid volumes. Methods : We compared amniotic fluid volume as measured by three-dimensional ultrasonographic techniques with amniotic fluid index including two dimensional amniotic fluid volume in 33 women during in the third trimester. Results : There was highly significant linear correlations of three-dimensional amniotic fluid volumes with AFI (r=0.6898) and two dimensional amniotic fluid volume (r=0.7926). Conclusion : Three-dimensional ultrasonographic technology has clinical significance as a tool to measure amniotic fluid volume. There are highly significant correlations of three dimensional amniotic volumes with AFI and two dimensional volume.

선형을 이용한 쿼터니언 기반의 3차원 점군 데이터 등록

김의명,서홍덕 한국측량학회 2020 한국측량학회지 Vol.38 No.3

Three-dimensional registration is a process of matching data with or without a coordinate system to a reference coordinate system, which is used in various fields such as the absolute orientation of photogrammetry and data combining for producing precise road maps. Three-dimensional registration is divided into a method using points and a method using linear features. In the case of using points, it is difficult to find the same conjugate point when having different spatial resolutions. On the other hand, the use of linear feature has the advantage that the three-dimensional registration is possible by using not only the case where the spatial resolution is different but also the conjugate linear feature that is not the same starting point and ending point in point cloud type data. In this study, we proposed a method to determine the scale and the three-dimensional translation after determining the three-dimensional rotation angle between two data using quaternion to perform three-dimensional registration using linear features. For the verification of the proposed method, three-dimensional registration was performed using the linear features constructed an indoor and the linear features acquired through the terrestrial mobile mapping system in an outdoor environment. The experimental results showed that the mean square root error was 0.001054m and 0.000936m, respectively, when the scale was fixed and if not fixed, using indoor data. The results of the three-dimensional transformation in the 500m section using outdoor data showed that the mean square root error was 0.09412m when the six linear features were used, and the accuracy for producing precision maps was satisfied. In addition, in the experiment where the number of linear features was changed, it was found that nine linear features were sufficient for high-precision 3D transformation through almost no change in the root mean square error even when nine linear features or more linear features were used. 3차원 등록은 서로 다른 좌표계를 갖거나 좌표계가 없는 데이터를 기준 좌표계로 일치시키는 과정으로 사진측량의 절대표정, 정밀도로지도 제작을 위한 데이터 결합 등 다양한 분야에서 사용되고 있다. 3차원 등록은 점을 이용하는 방법과 선형을 이용하는 방법으로 구분이 된다. 점을 이용할 경우 서로 다른 공간해상도를 갖는 경우 동일한 공액점을 찾기 어려운 문제가 있다. 이에 반해 선형을 이용할 경우 공간해상도가 다른 경우 뿐만 아니라 점군 형태의 데이터에서 시작점과 끝점이 같지 않은 공액의 선형을 이용하여 3차원 등록이 가능한 장점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 선형을 이용하여 3차원 등록을 수행하기 위해서 쿼터니언을 이용하여 두 데이터 간의 3차원 회전각을 결정한 후 축척과 3차원 이동량을 결정하는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안한 방법의 검증을 위해 실내에서 구축한 선형과 실외 환경의 지상 모바일매핑시스템을 통해 취득한 선형을 이용하여 3차원 등록을 각각 수행하였다. 실험결과, 실내 데이터를 이용한 경우 축척을 고정한 경우와 고정하지 않은 경우 평균제곱근오차는 각각 0.001054m와 0.000936m로 나타났다. 실외 데이터를 이용하여 500m 구간에서 3차원 변환을 수행한 결과 6개의 선형을 이용하였을 경우 평균제곱근오차는 0.09412m로 나타났으며 정밀도로지도 제작을 위한 정확도를 만족하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 선형의 개수를 변화시킨 실험에서 9개 이상의 선형을 이용할 경우도 평균제곱근오차의 변화가 크지 않은 것을 통해 높은 정확도의 3차원 변환을 위해 9개의 선형으로도 충분한 것을 알 수 있었다.