토양의 이동에 대한 합리적 관리제도 마련 연구

황상일,윤성지,정영철 한국환경연구원 2015 수시연구보고서 Vol.2015 No.-

This is a policy-focused study of the management system on soil moving. In this report, we analyzed current state of domestic and foreign management and suggested three alternatives for management of soil moving in 1) self-regulation, 2) obligatory regulation, 3) phase-in according to types of regulation. 1) Self-regulation We suggested self-regulating system by the volition of owners of receiving site. This system is that they carry out soil contamination investigation for receiving site and soil before receiving it and identify that it was uncontaminated. If they performed the investigation process, they may be exempted from obligation for soil remediation when soil contamination in the site identified at a later date. The soil contamination investigation must be conducted by authorized investigation institute and prepared guideline for it. We proposed that the acceptable standards for substances in receiving soil are (1) lower than 70 % and 40 % of soil remediation standards for heavy metals/fluoride and the others, respectively, (2) lower than 80 % of soil remediation standards for all substances, (3) values which suitably developed for free use of soil in Korea. 2) Obligatory regulation We also suggested obligatory regulating system under the Soil Environment Conservation Act. When residual soil is moved from a site to another site, the project operators have to be permitted for soil moving by accredited soil management organization if destination is accurate. If not, they have to be issued a soil moving permit by Soil Management Complex and residual soil is moved to the complex temporarily. This is a measure expanding the function of Soil Management Complex under the Soil Environment Conservation Act. We made suggestions for regulation targets, acceptable standards and remediation responsibility. The regulation targets for soil moving are the large scale projects subjected to Environment Impact Assessment in case of regulating soil moving by the project scale. If the soil moving is regulated by transport load, the targets are (1) actions applied to notification duty for change of land shape and quality by the National Land Planning and Utilization Act, (2) soils more than 1000 by standard of small scale private corporation for registration in TOCYCLE, (3) soils more than 250 by standard of object of permission in Belgium. Also, we proposed that the acceptable standards for substances in receiving soil are the same as that for self-regulation except one of alternatives. The supplement is that the soils may be accepted to the receiving site if contamination level of the site is lower than the receiving soil through comparison. In this regulation system, when soil contamination in the site identified at a later date, the obligation for soil remediation is preferentially imposed on the accredited soil management organization or the Soil Management Complex. However, an executive must be make a close investigation in the site whether it is certain or not. 3) Phase-in We analyzed strengths and weaknesses for self-regulation and obligatory regulation and suggested phase regulation in over several years as a compromise proposal. First of all, the self-regulation system is enforced for a certain period, and then the obligatory regulation system is imposed when institutional arrangements are prepared.

토양 반입 부지의 합리적 관리방안 마련을 위한 정책적 고찰

유근제 ( Keunje Yoo ),윤성지 ( Sung-ji Yoon ),김종성 ( Jongsung Kim ),황상일 ( Sang-il Hwang ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2017 환경영향평가 Vol.26 No.4

국내에서는 국토개발 목적으로 토양을 반입하고 잔토 및 사토 처리를 위해 토양을 반출하고 있으나, 토양오염에 대한 고려 없이 특정 부지로 토양이 반입되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 토양의 이동으로 인한 오염 확산을 방지하고 오염발생 부지에서의 정화책임을 명확하게 하기 위한 목적으로, 국내 반입토양 관리 현황을 살펴보고 국외 관련 제도를 분석하여 국내에서 토양 반입 부지의 관리체계를 효율적으로 운영하기 위한 방안을 고찰하였다. 본 연구에서는 반입되는 토양의 합리적인 이동 관리체계를 마련하기 위한 방안으로 자율적 규제, 의무적 규제, 단계적 규제를 제안하였다. 향후 국내에서 토양 반입부지에 대한 명확하고 합리적인 관리체계를 성립하기 위해서는 본 연구에서 제안한 것과 같이 현재 토양환경보전법이 가지고 있는 법·제도적 한계점을 개선하여 토양 반입 부지에 대한 규제 및 지침을 빠른 시일 내에 보완해야 할 필요성이 있다. In Korea, soil is being transported in and taken out for the purpose of national land development, but the soil is being moved without consideration of soil contamination. Therefore, this is a policy-focused study of the management system on soil moving. In this study, we analyzed current state of domestic and foreign management and suggested three alternatives for management of soil moving in 1) self-regulation, 2) obligatory regulation, 3) phase-in according to types of regulation. In order to establish a clear and reasonable management system for soil movement in the future, it is necessary to improve the legal and institutional limitations of the current soil environmental law as suggested by this study.

포항지역 땅밀림지의 여러 가지 특성 분석

박재현 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2019 농업생명과학연구 Vol.53 No.4

이 연구는 포항지역을 중심으로 발생된 땅밀림지의 지질, 지형, 물리적 특성 등 여러 가지 특성을 분 석하여 땅밀림 발생 방지를 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 실시하였다. 2017년 3월부터 2018년 11 월까지 현장 조사를 실시하였다. 4개 땅밀림지의 평균면적은 34,541.3 m2이었다. 포항지역에서 발생한 땅밀림지의 지층 및 주 구성암석을 조사한 결과 땅밀림에 취약한 지역으로 나타났다. 땅밀림지의 불연 속면의 경사는 네 지역 모두 사면방향과 동일하게 나타났으며, 절리 수는 네 지역 모두 3개 이상으로 나타났고, 절리간격은 조밀(6-20 mm) 또는 매우 조밀한(6 mm 이하) 것으로 나타났다. 토양형은 사방 지 토양이거나 건조한 산림토양이었다. 토심은 네 지역 모두 30 cm 이하로 나타났다. 조사지역은 모두 완구릉지에 해당하였으며, 지형상 평면형은 凸상미근형과 凹상완상형을 나타내었다. 4개 땅밀림 지역에 서는 모두 땅밀림지 하단부와 인장균열 하단부 등에 지하수가 유출되고 있으며, 땅밀림 유형은 풍화암 땅밀림과 붕적토 땅밀림이었다. 땅밀림지의 인장균열지 하단부는 토양교란으로 인해 토양경도와 토양의 투수계수는 인장균열지 상단부보다 불규칙적인 패턴을 나타내는 것으로 나타내었다. This study was performed to establish basic data to prevent slow-moving landslide with analysis of geological, landform and physical characteristics in slow-moving landsliding incidence areas in Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The field survey was conducted from March 2017 to November 2018. Mean area of four slow-moving landslide areas was 34,541 m2. The stratums and constituent rocks represented vulnerable characteristics to slow-moving landslide. The discontinuity slopes in slow-moving landslide areas were identical to slope direction. The junction number was over three in four field survey areas. Joint space was dense (6-20 mm) or very dense (< 6 mm). Soil types were erode control soils or dry forest soils. Soil depths in four slow-moving landslide areas were below 30 cm. The survey sites were classified into gentle hills landform and belonged to near concave type and gentle convex type among flat types in landform. The ground water leaks were occurred from the lower level of slow-moving landslides and tensile cracks. The slow-moving landslide types were classified into weathered rock types and colluvial soil types. Soil hardness and permeability of the lower levels of tensile cracks showed irregular patterns than the upper levels of tensile cracks in slow-moving landslide areas.

Ground vibrations due to underground trains considering soil-tunnel interaction

Yang, Y.B.,Hung, H.H.,Hsu, L.C. Techno-Press 2008 Interaction and multiscale mechanics Vol.1 No.1

A brief review of the research works on ground vibrations caused by trains moving in underground tunnels is first given. Then, the finite/infinite element approach for simulating the soil-tunnel interaction system with semi-infinite domain is summarized. The tunnel is assumed to be embedded in a homogeneous half-space or stratified soil medium. The train moving underground is modeled as an infinite harmonic line load. Factors considered in the parametric studies include the soil stratum depth, damping ratio and shear modulus of the soil with or without tunnel, and the thickness of the tunnel lining. As far as ground vibration is concerned, the existence of a concrete tunnel may somewhat compensate for the loss due to excavation of the tunnel. For a soil stratum resting on a bedrock, the resonance peak and frequency of the ground vibrations caused by the underground load can be rather accurately predicted by ignoring the existence of the tunnel. Other important findings drawn from the parametric studies are given in the conclusion.

경상북도 경주시 양북면 땅밀림지의 지질 및 토양물리성의 변화

박재현,박성균,Park, Jae-Hyeon,Park, Seonggyun 한국산림과학회 2019 한국산림과학회지 Vol.108 No.2

This study was conducted to measure the changes in the geological and soil properties following slow-moving landslide events in Yangbuk-myun and Gyungju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. The geological characteristics of the study site comprised black shale in the Gyeongsang nodal group formed in the Cretaceous period and quartz feldspar carcinoma in the east side with conglomerate in the Yeonil group formed in the Quaternary period. The study site exhibited the geologic characteristics of a slow-moving landslide with severely weathered rocks. The maximum collapsing depth of the slow-moving landslide was 12.0 m with colluvial deposits. The strike and joint aspects in the slope areas of the slow-moving landslides were $N46^{\circ}E$ in lower slope and $N62^{\circ}E$ in upper slope, respectively. Soil hardness of ${\leq}20cm$ deep was not measured because of the completely disturbed soil resulting from soil creeping. Soil from 25 to 90 cm deep was 1.4-4.7 times softer in the slow-moving landslide areas than in the undisturbed or natural forests. Soil bulk density was $1.24-1.29g/cm^3$ in land creep areas. Soil bulk in both areas was 1.6 times denser than that in the natural forest. The soil pore space was 51.5-53.3% in the land creep areas. The values are 1.3-1.4 times lower than those within the natural forest. Black shale areas showed the lowest coefficient of permeability (8.75 E-06 cm/s) and mesopore ratio (pF 2.7: 9.8%) compared with those resulting from other study areas. 이 연구는 경상북도 경주시 양북면 일원의 산지 땅밀림의 지질특성 및 땅밀림 후 변화되는 토양의 물리적 특성을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 조사지역의 지질은 생성시대가 백악기의 경상누층군으로 주된 구성 암석은 흑색셰일이며, 동쪽으로는 석영 장석질 반암이 분포하고, 그보다 아래쪽은 제4기 연일층군 역암이 분포한다. 암석은 매우 풍화된 풍화암의 형태를 나타내고 있어 땅밀림 지질로 나타났다. 땅밀림으로 무너진 최대 깊이는 12.0 m까지 붕적층으로 구성되어 있다. 땅밀림 방향은 비탈면 하부는 $N46^{\circ}E$, 땅밀림지 상단부는 $N62^{\circ}E$로 절리 및 주향 방향으로 발생하였다. 땅밀림으로 교란된 토양에서는 토양깊이 20 cm 까지는 토양경도가 기록되지 않는 완전교란상태이었고, 토양깊이 25 cm~90 cm까지는 자연산림지 및 교란이 발생되지 않은 지역에 비해 토양경도는 1.4~-4.7배 낮게 나타났다. 또한 땅밀림지역의 토양용적밀도는 $1.24{\sim}1.29g/cm^2$로 자연산림지보다 각각 약 1.6배 높게 나타났다. 토양의 공극률은 51.5~53.3%로 자연산림지보다 각각 약 1.3~1.4배 낮았다. 흑색 셰일지역의 토양투수계수는 8.75E-06 cm/s, 토양의 조공극률은 9.8%로 가장 낮게 나타났다.

Train induced dynamic response of a pedestrian tunnel under a four-track surface railway for different soil water contents

Farghaly, Ahmed Abdelraheem,Kontoni, Denise-Penelope N. Techno-Press 2018 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.16 No.4

A reinforced concrete pedestrian tunnel is constructed under a four-track surface railway. Heavy rainfall and soil exposure to drying lead to soil with different water content throughout the year. A railway is an open utility that is subject to rainfall without control on the quantity of the water on it and when there is a tunnel under a railway, the water content of the soil around the tunnel is very influential. This research shows the effects of change of water content in the soil around a pedestrian tunnel under a four-track surface railway. The pedestrian tunnel and the soil block around the tunnel are modeled in 3D by the FEM and are studied under the vibrations induced by the moving trains on the four-track surface railway for different soil water contents and the effects of the soil water content on the dynamic behavior of the tunnel and the surrounding soil are demonstrated.

The Analysis of Paddy Soils in Korea Using Visible-near Infrared Spectroscopy for Development of Real-time Soil Measurement System

김용주,최창현 한국응용생명화학회 2013 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.56 No.5

Precision farming aims at reducing environmental risks and increasing productivity. Soils are multi-functional media,in which air, water and biota occur together to form an essential part of the landscape, with a fundamental role in the environment. The requirement for herbicides and fertilizers can vary within a field in response to spatial differences in soil properties. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is widely used today as a nondestructive analytical technique, which is capable of determining a number of physio-chemical parameters. The objective of this study was to develop optimal models for predicting chemical properties of paddy soils by visible and NIR reflectance spectra. Reflectance spectra, moisture contents, pH, total nitrogen, organic matter,available phosphate, exchangeable potassium, ex. calcium, ex. magnesium, ex. sodium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper of soil samples were measured. The reflectance spectra were measured in the wavelength range of 400–2,500 nm with 2-nm intervals. The method of moving window partial least square (MWPLS)analysis, which is a wavelength interval selection method for multi-component spectra analysis, was used to determine the soil properties. MWPLS models showed the possibility to predict chemical properties of soil samples in the wavelength range of 1,000–2,500 nm, offering the possibility of considerable cost savings and increased efficiency over the conventional analysis method.

The Analysis of Paddy Soils in Korea Using Visible-near Infrared Spectroscopy for Development of Real-time Soil Measurement System

Kim, Yong-Joo,Choi, Chang-Hyun The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2013 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.56 No.6

Precision farming aims at reducing environmental risks and increasing productivity. Soils are multi-functional media, in which air, water and biota occur together to form an essential part of the landscape, with a fundamental role in the environment. The requirement for herbicides and fertilizers can vary within a field in response to spatial differences in soil properties. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is widely used today as a nondestructive analytical technique, which is capable of determining a number of physio-chemical parameters. The objective of this study was to develop optimal models for predicting chemical properties of paddy soils by visible and NIR reflectance spectra. Reflectance spectra, moisture contents, pH, total nitrogen, organic matter, available phosphate, exchangeable potassium, ex. calcium, ex. magnesium, ex. sodium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper of soil samples were measured. The reflectance spectra were measured in the wavelength range of 400-2,500 nm with 2-nm intervals. The method of moving window partial least square (MWPLS) analysis, which is a wavelength interval selection method for multi-component spectra analysis, was used to determine the soil properties. MWPLS models showed the possibility to predict chemical properties of soil samples in the wavelength range of 1,000-2,500 nm, offering the possibility of considerable cost savings and increased efficiency over the conventional analysis method.

진주시 산지골 유역내 땅밀림지 특성에 관한 연구

박재현,김선엽,이상현,강한별,Park, Jae-Hyeon,Kim, Seon Yeop,Lee, Sang Hyeon,Kang, Han Byoel 한국산림과학회 2022 한국산림과학회지 Vol.111 No.1

본 연구는 진주시 집현면에서 발생한 땅밀림지의 지질, 지형 및 물리적 특성을 분석하여 땅밀림 발생 피해방지를 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 실시하였다. 대상지는 1982년에 1차 땅밀림 이후에 2019년 2차 땅밀림이 발생하였는데, 2차 땅밀림 피해면적은 1차보다 약 11.5배로 나타났다. 주 구성암석은 풍화가 비교적 심해 땅밀림이 쉽게 발생하는 퇴적암 지역이었다. 땅밀림으로 붕괴된 지역은 활동면으로 추정되는 면과 슬라이딩 방향으로 층리와 수직으로 발달한 절리의 조합에 의해 암반이 작은 블록으로 나뉘고 이완되면서 활동면을 따라 슬라이딩이 발생하였고, 암반이 분리되면서 분리된 틈으로 지표수 및 토사가 유입하는 것으로 조사되었다. 아울러 셰일 내의 사암이 층리와 절리의 조합에 의해 블록으로 나뉜 후 지하수 등의 풍화작용에 의해 모서리 부분부터 내부로 풍화가 진행되는 양파구조(Onion Structure)를 보여주는 노두가 나타나고, 이런 과정을 거쳐 핵석이 만들어진 것으로 판단된다. 조사대상지는 지하수에 의한 전형적인 땅밀림형 산사태 지역으로 유형은 凸상미근형으로 붕적토 땅밀림형 산사태에 해당하였다. 땅밀림 대상지의 산사태위험등급은 3~5등급에 해당되어 일반적인 산사태와는 차이가 있었다. 지하수는 북동(NE)방향으로 유동하는 것으로 나타났으며, 지형 경사를 따라 유동하며 땅밀림으로 붕괴된 방향과 일치하였다. 땅밀림지로부터 능선부는 땅밀림 영향을 받지 않은 토양으로 땅밀림으로 붕괴된 하단부보다 토양용 적밀도는 높았으며, 붕괴로 인해 토양의 와해와 교란으로 인해 토양용적밀도는 급격히 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. This study was conducted to obtain basic data that could help prevent damage caused by slow-moving landslides (land-creep). Specifically, the geological, topographic, and physical characteristics of land-creep were analyzed in Jiphyeon-myeon, Jinju-si. The first and second analyzed land-creeps occurred in 1982 and 2019, respectively. The area damaged in the second land-creep was about 11.5-fold larger than that damaged in the first land-creep. The dominant constituent rock in the land-creep area was sedimentary rock, which seems to be weakly resistant to weathering. The areas that collapsed due to land-creep were related to the presence of separated rocks between the bedding plane in the estimated activity surface over the slope direction and the vertically developed joint surface. Thus, surface water and soil debris were introduced through the gaps of separated rocks. Additionally, the areas collapsed due to the combination of the bedding plane and joint surface shale and sandstone showed an onion structure of weathered outcrop from the edge to inner part caused by weathering from ground water. Consequently, core stones were formed. The study area was a typical area of land-creep in a mountain caused by ground water. Land-creep was classified into convex areas of colluvial land-creep. The landslide-risk rating in the study area was classified into three and five classes. The flow of ground water moved to the northeast and coincided with the direction of the collapse. Soil bulk density in the collapsed area was lower than that in ridge area, which was rarely affected by land-creep. Thus, soil bulk density was affected by the soil disturbance in the collapsed area.

댐 붕괴에 의한 토양 거동 시뮬레이션

김경성(Kyung Sung Kim),박동우(Dong-Woo Park) 한국해양공학회 2017 韓國海洋工學會誌 Vol.31 No.6

A Lagrangian approach based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate large and/or sharp deformations and fragmentations of interfaces, including free surfaces, through tracing each particle with physical quantities. According to the concept of the particle-based CFD method, it is possible to apply it to both fluid particles and solid particles such as sand, gravel, and rock. However, the presence of more than two different phases in the same domain can make it complicated to calculate the interaction between different phases. In order to solve multiphase problems, particle interaction models for multiphase problems, including surface tension, buoyancy-correction, and interface boundary condition models, were newly adopted into the moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method. The newly developed MPS method was used to simulate a typical validation problem involving dam breaking. Because the soil and other particles, excluding the water, may have different viscosities, various viscosity coefficients were applied in the simulations for validation. The newly developed and validated MPS method was used to simulate the mobile beds induced by broken dam flows. The effects of the viscosity on soil particles were also investigated.