샤플리값을 이용한 한국의 소득 및 자산 불평등의 원천별 기여도 분석

이성재 ( Sungjae Lee ),이우진 ( Woojin Lee ) 한국금융연구원 2017 한국경제의 분석 Vol.23 No.1

Using the Shapley-value decomposition methods, we estimate the marginal contribution of each source of income and asset to the inequality of income and asset in South Korea. Following Chantreuil and Trannoy(1999), we apply two different decomposition methods when computing marginal contribution of each source to the entire inequality: the zero Shapley-value decomposition method, which assigns to all households zero values for all other sources than the source of interest, and the mean equalized Shapley-value decomposition method, which assigns mean values to all households for all other sources than the source of interest. We use the Korean Tax and Expenditure Panel Studies (2008-2014) as the dataset, and decompose inequality not only for the entire sample but also by age. Regarding income inequality, labor income is found to contribute much more to the entire inequality than asset income when we apply the mean equalized Shapley value decomposition method, while asset income is found to be much more important than labor income when we apply the zero Shapley-value decomposition method. Regarding asset inequality, real estates are found to contribute much more to the entire inequality than financial assets when we apply the mean equalized Shapley value decomposition method, while financial assets are found to contribute slightly more to the entire inequality than real estates.

샤플리 값을 이용한 농가소득 불평등도의 소득원천별 기여도 분석

허등용 한국농촌경제연구원 2018 농촌경제 Vol.41 No.4

This study analyzes the degree of contribution of income sources to the income inequality among farm households through the Shapley value decomposition of the Gini coefficient and suggests policy implications. Farm Household Economy Survey raw data from 2013 to 2017 are used for the analysis. As a result of mean equalized Shapley value decomposition, it would be effective to develop a policy that alleviates inequality in order of agricultural income, non-farm business income and sideline income if the government wants to reduce overall inequality in farm household income. On the other hand, as a result of zero Shapley value decomposition, it would be effective to develop a policy that mitigates the inequality in order of agricultural income, private subsidy and sideline income if the government wants to mitigate the contribution of each income source to inequality. Inequality of farm household income is basically a combination of various factors such as household population, environment, social, economic, and government policy factors. Therefore, the government needs to design farm household income inequality mitigation policy by income source through comprehensive consideration of these factors. 본 연구는 지니계수에 대한 샤플리 값 분해를 통해 원천별 소득이 농가소득 불평등에 기여하는 정도를 분석하고 정책적 시사점을 제시한다. 본 연구는 농가소득 중 경상소득에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 분석 자료는 통계청의 2013 ~ 2017년 농가경제조사 원자료를 이용한다. 연구결과 정부가 농가 경상소득에 대한 전체적인 불평등도를 낮추고자 할 경우, 평균 샤플리 값 분해를 통해 기여도가 높게 나타난 농업소득, 사업외소득, 겸업소득의 순으로 불평등도를 완화시켜주는 정책을, 소득원천별 불평등 기여도를 완화시키고자 할 경우 영점 샤플리 값 분해를 통해 기여도가 높게 나타난 농업소득, 사적보조금, 겸업소득 등의 불평등도를 완화시켜주는 정책을 개발하는 것이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 농가 경상소득의 불평등은 기본적으로 가구요인, 인구·환경·사회·경제적 요인, 정부 정책요인 등 다양한 요인들이 결합된 결과로 나타나는 것이므로 정부는 국가 전체적인 농업 및 소득 정책의 틀 속에서 원천별 소득의 불평등 문제를 완화할 수 있는 방안을 제시해야 할 것이다.

Effects of Food Price on Food Security and Poverty in Latin America: A Shapley Decomposition Approach

( Maria Daniela C. Velez ),( Jae Bong Chang ) 한국농업경제학회 2020 農業經濟硏究 Vol.61 No.4

As it is the poor households known to spend over 50% of their budget share on food, which is a risk of falling back into poverty as a result of food price changes. Thus, this research aims to determine aside from what factors contributed to food price and non-food price changes across countries in Latin America; how increases in food price could undermine the progress achieved in poverty reduction by assessing food and non-food expenditure of low income households of two lower-income, two upper-middle income and two higher income countries in Latin America. Using Shapley’s Value Decomposition to evaluate food expenditure to estimate each components effect (food price, non-food price and income) on aggregate poverty in Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras and Uruguay. When food and non-food inflation can influence the level of purchasing power and therefore each individual household’s economic means (real income) to acquire the food requirements needed to attain their optimum level of growth. We found that food and non-food consumption are more inelastic for Honduras and Uruguay, while more elastic for Ecuador and Chile. In terms of the estimated poverty impact, we found that poverty headcount rates increased in all the six economies observed, with a varying poverty condition across the six countries analyzed; the highest poverty headcount ratios have being obtained for Colombia, followed by Uruguay and Chile. Whereas, the lowest poverty headcount ratios were registered for Bolivia, Ecuador, and Honduras.

소비 성향 변화의 분해

박기백 ( Ki-baeg Park ) 한국경제학회 2017 經濟學硏究 Vol.65 No.1

본 연구는 `가계동향조사`의 2006년과 2014년 자료를 이용하여 소비성향의 변화 요인을 샤플리 분해 방식으로 살펴본다. 전체 소비성향 하락에서 차지하는 비중을 보면 공교육, 복지(보육)처럼 정부의 보조하는 상품의 비중이 24.0%, 통신서비스와 담배처럼 정부가 가격을 통제하는 상품의 비중이 30.2%로 나타나고 있다. 국제 유가 하락에 영향을 받았을 가능성이 있는 난방과 자동차 연료비도 소비성향 하락의 16.3%를 차지한다. 그러나 외식과 식료품 등 음식과 관련된 지출이 소비성향 하락의 36.78%를 차지하고 있으므로 가계가 미래에 대비하여 소비를 억제하고 있는 현상도 함께 나타나고 있다. 소득분배, 가구주 연령 변화, 가구원 수의 변화는 전체 소비성향 하락을 잘 설명하지 못하는 반면 고령화로 일반가구가 줄고, 노인가구의 비중이 증가하는 현상은 전체 소비성향 하락의 77.4%를 설명하고 있다. 사회보험료를 포함한 세금과 공적이전소득의 변화가 평균소비성향에 준 영향은 불분명하다. This study examines the factors explaining the decline in consumption propensity with 2006 and 2014 data of the `Household Income and Expenditure Survey`. The Shapley method is applied for factor decomposition. The proportion of subsidized products such as public education and welfare (childcare) is 24.0%, and the proportion of products controlled by government such as communication service and tobacco is 30.2%. Heating and fuel costs, which may be affected by the drop in international oil prices, account for 16.3% of the decline in consumption propensity. However, the expenditure related to food accounts for 36.78% of the decline in consumption propensity, so that the households are suppressing consumption for the future. While changes in income distribution, age of the household head, and the number of householders do not explain the decline, the decrease of general households, coupled with the hike of elderly households, accounts for 77.4% of the decline. The impact of changes in taxes and public transfer income, including social insurance premiums, on average consumption propensity is unclear.

개인지방소득세 세수격차의 소득 원천별 기여도 분석 및납세지 개편에 대한 시사점

허등용(Deung-Yong Heo) 한국재정학회(구 한국재정·공공경제학회) 2018 재정학연구 Vol.11 No.2

본 연구는 불평등지수 분해를 통하여 소득유형별 개인지방소득세 세수가 지역간 개인지방소득세의 전체적인 세수 불평등에 기여하는 정도를 분석하고 납세지 개편에서의 시사점을 제공하고 있다. 본 연구는 개인지방소득세의 소득유형을 종합·양도·이자·배 당·사업·근로·기타·퇴직·연금소득으로 구분하고 있으며, 광역자치단체 수준의 세수자 료를 사용하고 있다. 불평등도에 대한 지수는 지니계수를 사용하였으며, 소득유형별 불평등도 분해 방법은 평균 Shapley 값 분해와 영점 Shapley 값 분해 방법을 사용하였다. 평균 Shapley 값 분해 결과에 따르면, 분석기간(2014~2016년) 동안 개인지방소득세 세수 불평등에 대한 유형별 세수의 기여도 중 근로소득분의 기여도는 45% 이상으로 가장 큰 기여를 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 근로소득분의 세수 점유율이 전 기간 동안 48% 이상으로 높게 나타나고 있기 때문이다. 반면 영점 Shapley 값 분해 결과에 따르면, 연금·사업·이자·기 타·배당·퇴직소득분의 기여도가 10%대로 나타났으며, 근로소득분의 기여도는 음의 값을 가져 불평등도를 오히려 완화시키고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과, 전체적인 개인 지방소득세 세수의 불평등도를 낮추기 위해서는 지역 간 근로소득분을 형평화하는 정책을 사용하는 것이 효과적이며, 각 유형별 세수의 불평등도를 낮추기 위해서는 연금·사업·이자· 기타·배당·퇴직소득분 순으로 지역 간 세수를 형평화하는 정책을 사용하는 것이 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 다음으로 납세지를 주소지로 개편할 경우 평균 Shapley 값 분해와 영점 Shapley 값 분해 모두에서 근로소득분의 불평등 기여도 증가로 인해 전체적인 지역 간 개인 지방소득세 세수의 불평등이 증가하게 되는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 납세지를 소득발생지로 개편할 경우 두 가지 분해 결과 모두에서 양도소득분과 사업소득분의 불평등 기여도 감소로 인해 전체적인 개인지방소득세 세수 불평등이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 향후 개인 지방소득세 세수 비중 확대 논의 시, 지역 간 세수 불평등도를 완화하는 방법으로 소득발생지 원칙을 적용하는 납세지 개편방안을 함께 고려해 볼 수 있을 것이라 판단된다. This study analyzes the extent to which local personal income tax revenues by income type contribute to inequality of overall local personal income tax revenue through the decomposition of inequality index and provides implications for place of tax payment reform in Korea. In this study, the income types of local personal income tax are classified into general, transfer, interest, dividend, business, earned, other, retirement, and pension income. Gini coefficient is used as an index of inequality and the mean equalized Shapley value decomposition and the zero Shapley value decomposition method are used as a method of inequality decomposition by income type. The result of mean equalized Shapley value decomposition shows that the contribution of local earned income tax revenue to overall local personal income tax revenue inequality is over 45% during the analysis period (2014 ~ 2016). On the other hand, as a result of zero Shapley value decomposition, the contribution of local earned income is negative, easing inequality. Contributions of local pension, business, interest, other, dividend and retirement income tax revenue to overall local personal income tax revenue inequality are in 10%-band. As a result of this analysis, it is effective to use the policy of balancing local earned income tax revenue among regions to reduce the inequality of overall local personal income tax revenue. In order to lower the inequality of each type of local income tax revenue, it is effective to use the policy of balancing local pension, business, interest, other, dividend and retirement income tax revenue. Next, in both the mean equalized Shapley decomposition and the zero Shapley decomposition, the overall local personal income tax revenue inequality increases due to the increase in the inequality contribution of local earned income tax when we apply residence principle to the place of tax payment reform. On the other hand, in both decomposition results, the overall inequality of local personal income tax revenue inequality decreases due to the decrease in inequality contribution of local transfer and business income tax revenue when we apply income generation principle to the reform. Therefore, it can be considered to apply income generation principle to the place of tax payment as a way of alleviating overall local personal income tax revenue inequality when discussing the increase of local personal income tax revenue as a way of reinforcing fiscal capacity of local government in the future.

한국의 對캐나다 수출실효관세율 요인분해

염경윤(Kyung-Yun Yeom),박기백(Ki-Baeg Park) 한국관세학회 2020 관세학회지 Vol.21 No.4

It is necessary in the process of implementing a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) to determine whether the tariff rate decreased as expected and whether additional concessions should be considered. This paper proposes a novel approach to make this determination by applying a decomposition analysis of the effective tariff rate (ETR) which shows the actual tariff burden. Specifically, the Shapley decomposition can be applied to studying changes in ETR as both marginality and consistency requirements for the decomposition method are met. Marginality is the property showing the marginal contribution of each factor. Consistency is the property in which the sum of contributions of all factors matches the overall decomposition target value. Moreover, this paper uses a mean value theorem to develop a new tool, namely total differential decomposition (TDD). TDD also meets both the marginality and consistency. This paper also proposed the decomposition formula of ETR in terms of industry, sector, agreement tax rate and FTA utilization. Based on decomposition analysis of the ETR for Korean exports to Canada before and after Korea-Canada FTA entered into force, this paper concludes that ETR declined due to the reduction of Korea-Canada FTA agreement tax rate as expected. While the paper determines that there is no need for additional concessions, there is a need to increase the FTA utilization rate in the case of some items. Since ETR decomposition analysis can clearly identify issues and policy implications in the FTA implementation process, it would be beneficial to apply decomposition analysis to other FTAs as well and expand data exchanges with partner countries, which are essential for decomposition analysis.

한국의 임금격차와 요인별 기여

이우진(Woojin Lee),최은영(Eunyoung Choi) 한국경제발전학회 2020 經濟發展硏究 Vol.26 No.2

We calculate the marginal contributions of factors of wage difference by industry and occupation. As factors affecting wage difference, we consider age, gender, education, job career, employment duration, company size, employment type, presence of labor union, and work hours. The analytical method used is the regression-based Shapley value decomposition method. As the variable for wages, we consider both ‘total wage’ and ‘hourly wage.’ The main results by industry are the following. It is ‘company size’ that contributes the most to the wage difference of total wage in industries like ‘manufacturing,’ ‘human health and social work activities,’ and ‘professional, scientific and technical activities.’ It is ‘employment type’ in industries like ‘electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning,’ ‘wholesale and retail trade,’ ‘real estate activities,’ and ‘financial and insurance activities.’ The main results by occupation are the following. ‘Age’ contributes the most to the difference of total wage in occupations like ‘managers.’ In occupations like ‘professionals and related workers’ and ‘plant, machine operators and assemblers,’ it is ‘company size.’ ‘Gender’ contributes the most in occupations like ‘clerks.’ In occupations like ‘service workers,’ ‘sales workers,’ ‘skilled agriculture, forestry and fishery workers,’ and ‘craft and related trades workers’ it is ‘total working hours.’ 한국사회에서 연령별, 성별, 사업체규모별, 고용형태별 등 다양한 요인별로 임금격차가 크게 존재함은 잘 알려진 사실이다. 본 논문에서 우리는 임금격차를 초래하는 요인들의 한계적 기여를 분석하고자 한다. 요인별 임금격차는 산업별, 직업별로 다를 것이므로 이를 나누어 분석한다. 임금격차를 초래하는 요인들로는 연령, 성, 교육수준, 경력, 근속년수, 사업체 규모, 고용형태, 노조유무, 근로시간을 고려한다. 분석방법은 임금격차에 영향을 미치는 결정요인들의 한계적 기여도를 계산할 수 있는 회귀분석기반의 샤플리값 분해방법(regression-based Shapley value decomposition method)이다. 임금변수로는 ‘임금총액’과 ‘시간당임금’ 두 가지를 사용한다. 먼저 산업별 분석결과를 임금총액을 중심으로 살펴보자. 제조업, 보건업 및 사회서비스업, 전문, 과학 및 기술 서비스업에서는‘사업체 규모’가, 전기, 가스, 증기 및 수도 사업, 도매 및 소매업, 부동산업 및 임대업, 금융 및 보험업에서는 ‘고용형태’가 가장 기여도가 높은 요인으로 나타났다. 임금총액에 대한 요인별 기여도를 직업별로 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 관리자의 경우에는 ‘연령’이, 전문가 및 관련 종사자, 기계조작 및 조립 종사자의 경우에는 ‘사업체 규모’가, 사무 종사자의 경우에는 ‘성별’이, 서비스 종사자, 판매 종사자, 농림어업 숙련 종사자, 기능원 및 관련 기능 종사자, 단순노무 종사자의 경우에는 ‘근로시간’이 기여도가 가장 높은 요인으로 나타났다.

SPATIAL DECOMPOSITION OF POVERTY IN RURAL NIGERIA: SHAPLEY DECOMPOSITION APPROACH

OLUWAKEMI ADEOLA OBAYELU 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2014 Journal of Economic Development Vol.39 No.4

Poverty is largely a rural phenomenon in sub-Saharan Africa and the key contributors to poverty are low mean per capita income and its inequitable distributions. The contribution of mean income and inequality to spatial variations in rural poverty were investigated in this study using the 2003/04 National Living Standard Survey by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Shapley Decomposition (SD) techniques. Results showed that across the GPZs, the contributions of mean income to change in poverty rates were higher than inequality (Ly) for both incidence of poverty ( P0 ) and poverty gap ( P1 ). On the other hand, the contribution of mean income to change in severity of poverty ( P2 ) was higher than Ly in North-East ( μ = 0.0530; Ly = -0.0334); North-West ( μ = 0.0844; Ly = 0.0429); South-East ( μ = -0.0505; Ly = -0.0136); South- South ( μ = -0.0254; Ly = -0.0048); South-West ( μ = -0.0450; Ly = -0.0201). However, inequality contributed more than mean income in North-Central ( μ = 0.0184; Ly = 0.0240). The marginal contributions of within-GPZs inequality to poverty indices were higher than between-GPZs inequality.

한국의 소득유형별 분배구조의 변화

이우진 국회예산정책처 2016 예산정책연구 Vol.5 No.2

In this paper, we survey existing studies on inequality of income in Korea in two ways. First, we survey the evolution of capital-income ratios and capital income share in South Korea a la Piketty. In doing this, we rely mostly upon the recent study by Lee and Yoon (2016). Second, we decompose income inequality by income sources, and analyze the marginal contribution of each source to the entire inequality. In doing this, we use the Shapley value decomposition method. 본 논문에서 우리는 우리나라의 불평등에 대한 현황과 기존연구를 크게 두 가지 방향에서 요약 정리한다. 첫 번째는 피케티의 연구방법론에 따라 한국의 자본-소득비율이 어떻게 변화해 왔고 또 자본소득분배율은 어떤 추세인지 보고자 한다. 이 방향으로의 연구 중 가장 최근 연구인 Lee and Yoon(2016)에서 추계한 자료를 많이 이용한다. 두 번째는 전체소득을 노동소득, 자산소득, 기타소득으로 나눈 후 전체소득불평등의 변화에 어떤 요인이 주로 많이 기여하였는가를 분석한다. 본 논문에서 우리는 기존의 문헌에 자주 사용되는 Lerman and Yitzhaki(1985)방법의 한계를 보완하고자 협조적 게임이론의 균형개념 중 하나인 샤플리값을 이용하여 우리나라의 소득 및 자산의 불평등을 원천별로 분해한다. Chantreuil and Trannoy(1999)를 따라 영점샤플리값 분해방법과 평균샤플리값 분해방법 두 가지를 사용하여 각각의 분해방법이 갖는 서로 다른 정책적 함의를 도출한다. 이 방향으로 연구 중 가장 최근 연구인 이성재․이우진(2016)인데 본 논문은 여기서 추계한 자료를 많이 이용하였다.

Rural-Urban Population Shifts and Poverty Alleviation in Rural Cameroon

Francis Menjo Baye,Aloysius Mom Njong 연세대학교 빈곤문제국제개발연구원 2011 Journal of Poverty Alleviation and International D Vol.2 No.1

This paper uses non-parametric estimates to set poverty lines and assesses the relative importance of within- and between-zone components in accounting for aggregate poverty trends. The Shapley Value decomposition rule and three Cameroon household consumption surveys collected by the Government’s Statistics Office are used. Within-zone effects are more instrumental in accounting for aggregate changes in all the Pa class of poverty measures than the inter-zone population shifts in the period 1984-2001. The inter-zone effects are, however, nonnegligible and systematically contribute in alleviating or at least mitigating rural poverty, while aggravating urban poverty. This result highlights the potential role rural-urban migration might play in alleviating rural poverty. These results have implication for public policy at a more aggregate level that favours agricultural modernisation and transformation as a credible and sustainable means of stimulating economic activities to a scale that can simultaneously bring about agriculture-based industrialisation and address the recurrent hikes in food prices.