공간 정보를 이용한 오래된 필름에서의 스크래치 제거 시스템

고은정(Eunjeong Ko),김경태(Kyung-tai Kim),김은이(Eun Yi Kim) 대한전자공학회 2008 電子工學會論文誌-CI (Computer and Information) Vol.45 No.6

필름 복원은 오래된 필름에서 손상된 영역을 검출하고 복원하는 것으로 최근 고화질의 멀티미디어 서비스에 대한 요구가 급증함에 따라 많은 연구자들로부터 관심을 받고 있다. 여러 손상요인 중 가장 빈번하게 나타나는 요인은 스크래치다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 모든 종류의 스크래치를 검출하고 이를 복원함으로써 자동으로 스크래치를 제거할 수 있는 시스템을 제안한다. 제안한 시스템은 다양한 종류의 스크래치를 제거하기 위하여 스크래치의 공간 정보를 이용한다.: 1) 스크래치는 주변 화소에 비해 밝거나 어두운 밝기 값을 가진다. 2) 대부분의 스크래치는 세로의 가늘고 긴 직선 형태로 나타난다. 제안한 시스템은 스크래치 검출과 스크래치 복원으로 구성된다. 다양한 종류의 스크래치들은 신경망 기반의 텍스처 분류기와 모폴로지 기반의 형태필터링을 통해 검출되며, 검출된 손상 영역은 양선형 보간법을 이용하여 복원된다. 제안한 방법의 효율성을 검증하기 위하여 모든 종류의 스크래치에 대해 실험하였고, 실험 결과는 제안된 방법이 다양한 종류의 스크래치를 강건하고 효율적으로 제거할 수 있음을 보여준다. Film restoration is to detect the location and extent of defected regions from a given movie film, and if present, to reconstruct the lost information of each regions. It has gained increasing attention by many researchers, to support multimedia service of high quality. Among artifacts, scratch is the most frequent degradation. In this paper, an automatic film line scratch removal system is developed that can detect and restore all kind of scratches. For this we use the spatial information of scratches: The scratch in old films has lower or higher brightness than neighboring pixels in its vicinity and usually appears as a vertically long thin line. Our systems consists of scratch detection and scratch restoration. The scratches of various types are detected by neural network based texture classifier and morphology-based shape filter and then the degraded regions are restored using bilinear interpolation. To assess the validity of the proposed method, it has been tested with all kinds of scratches, and then experimental results show that the proposed approach is robust to various scratches and efficient to apply a real film removal system.

Scratch-tip-size effect and change of friction coefficient in nano / micro scratch tests using XFEM

Lee, Kwangmin,Marimuthu, Karuppasamy Pandian,Kim, Chang-Lae,Lee, Hyungyil Elsevier 2018 Tribology international Vol.120 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Compared to the experimental studies, numerical studies on scratch test have been limited due to the difficulty of numerical modeling. Here, we experimentally investigate the scratch-tip-size effect (STSE) based on coefficient of friction (COF) change to make extended finite element (XFE) models considering STSE, COF change, failure modes, yielding strength, shear strength, elastic recovery and pile-up. XFE models are then validated through nano/micro scratch tests on soda-lime glass. Finally, components of COF are extracted and then effects of tensile cracks and parameters of Drucker-Prager model on COF are investigated. We expect that proposed XFE models contribute to the understanding of damage characteristics during the scratch test.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> FE models for nano/micro scratch test on soda-lime glass are proposed. </LI> <LI> Scratch-tips of different size cause various failure modes. </LI> <LI> Scratch-tip size effect significantly influences friction coefficient change. </LI> <LI> Drucker-Prager model of material is calibrated considering indentation size effect. </LI> <LI> Components of coefficient of friction are extracted from experiment by using FEM. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Influence of material properties on scratch-healing performance of polyacrylate-<i>graft</i>-polyurethane network that undergo thermally reversible crosslinking

Kim, So Young,Lee, Tae Hee,Park, Young Il,Nam, Joon Hyun,Noh, Seung Man,Cheong, In Woo,Kim, Jin Chul Elsevier 2017 Polymer Vol.128 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Scratch-healing poly (methyl methacrylate)-<I>co</I>-[poly (methyl metharyleate)-<I>graft</I>-(oligo-caprolactone)] urethane networks containing a Diels Alder (DA) adduct unit (GCPNp-DAs) were successfully synthesized and shown to be capable of undergoing thermally reversible crosslinking. The synthesized polymers were coated on steel substrates to investigate the influence of their material properties on their scratch-healing performance. The reversible formation of crosslinked and de-crosslinked structures of the GCPNp-DAs at DA and retro-DA (rDA) reaction temperatures was demonstrated using FT-IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), oscillatory rheology, and nanoindentation. The scratch-resistance and healing performances of the GCPNp-DA coatings were evaluated quantitatively using a scratch test machine equipped with an optical microscope (OM) and an atomic force microscope (AFM). These results were found to be greatly influenced by the material properties of the coatings such as the elastic modulus, indentation hardness (<I>H</I> <SUB>IT</SUB>), crosslinking density (<I>v</I> <SUB> <I>c</I> </SUB>), and thermal transition temperature as well as by whether the deforming load that produced the scratches was increased in a progressive (gradual) or step-wise manner.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Scratch-healing polyacrylate-<I>graft</I>-polyurethane networks were prepared. </LI> <LI> Reversible formation of crosslinked and de-crosslinked structures were demonstrated. </LI> <LI> Scratch-healing performances of the polymer networks were quantitatively analyzed. </LI> <LI> Effects of materials properties on the scratch-healing performances were investigated. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

광 커넥터 접합면의 스크래치가 삽입손실에 미치는 영향

윤영민,윤정현,김부균,신영곤,송국현 한국광학회 2004 한국광학회지 Vol.15 No.4

광 커넥터 접합면의 스크래치가 삽입손실에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 광파의 투과계수가 스크래치의 깊이에 따라 선형적으로 변화한다고 가정하고 스크래치의 기하학적 파라미터들의 함수로 표현된 광 커넥터의 삽입손실을 계산하는 모델을 제시하였다. 3D Optical interferometry surface profiler를 이용하여 임의로 발생된 스크래치의 위치, 폭과 깊이와 같은 기하학적 파라미터들을 측정하였다. 측정된 삽입손실과 제안된 모델을 이용하여 계산한 삽입손실을 비교하여 스크래치의 깊이에 따라 선형적으로 변화하는 투과계수 식을 구하였다. 깊이에 따른 투과계수 식과 제시된 모델을 이용하여 스크래치로 인한 삽입손실을 스크래치의 위치, 폭과 깊이의 함수로 계산하였다. 스크래치가 코어 중심에서 코어 반경의 2배 정도를 벗어난 위치에 존재하면 삽입손실에 영향을 거의 주지 않음을 확인하였다. This paper presents the effect of scratches on an optical connector interface surface on the insertion loss of optical connectors. We propose a model for calculating the insertion loss of optical connectors. The model is expressed in terms of geometrical parameters of scratches assuming that the transmission coefficient of a light wave on the scratch surfaces is linearly varied as a function of scratch depth. Geometrical parameters of scratches such as location, width, and depth of scratches are measured using 3D optical interferometry surface profiler. We obtain the equation of the transmission coefficient in terms of scratch depth comparing the experimental insertion loss data to the insertion loss data using the model presented in this paper. Using the model and the equation of the transmission coefficient presented in this paper, we present the results of the insertion loss of optical connectors for various geometrical parameters of scratches. Scratches which are located at longer than two times the core radius from the center of the core show negligible effect on the insertion loss of optical connectors.

스크래치 프로젝트 분석을 통한 컴퓨팅사고력 수준 분석

박선주 한국정보교육학회 2018 정보교육학회논문지 Vol.22 No.6

As SW education has become essential since 2018 due to the revised curriculum in 2015, researches on SW education are actively being carried out. In order to understand the level of pre-service teachers' computational thinking level, we analyzed a correlation of CT element scores with each year and each grade based on the calculated Scratch project by years using the analysis tool Dr. Scratch, which was targeted for 325 students in K National University of Education who passed the scratch course from 2016 to 2018. The result indicated that there is a positive correlation between all the CT related factors and both the year and the grade. Conclusionally, it is crucial to have students undergo revising process by using an automated evaluation tool such as Dr. Scratch and cultivate ability to create and utilize required materials. Furthermore, it is necessary to educate students to utilize logical thinking elements such as complex conditions and logic operations. 2015 개정교육과정에 의해 2018년부터 SW 교육이 필수화되면서 SW 교육에 대한 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 예비교사들의 컴퓨팅 사고력 수준을 파악하기 위해 2016년부터 2018년까지 3년 동안 K 교육대학교 1학년 학생 325명을 대상으로 스크래치 수업을 실시한 후 연도별로 산출된 스크래치 프로젝트를 Dr. Scratch 분석도구로 평가하여 연도별과 학점별로 CT요소 점수의 연관성을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 연도와 학점이 높을수록 CT요소, 점수, 등급도 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. 이를 통해, 학생들은 Dr. Scratch와 같은 자동화된 평가도구를 사용하여 평가해 본 후 스스로 수정 보완해보는 과정과 필요한 자료를 직접 제작하여 활용하는 ICT 능력이 필요하며, 복잡한 조건과 논리연산 활용 등 논리적 사고 요소를 이해하고 잘 활용될 수 있도록 교육될 필요가 있다.

엔트리와 스크래치를 활용한 초등학생의 논리적 사고력 신장에 관한 연구

이민영 ( Lee Min Young ),전석주 ( Chun Seok Ju ) 서울敎育大學校 初等敎育硏究所 2017 한국초등교육 Vol.28 No.1

스크래치는 교육용 프로그래밍 도구로 컴퓨터과학교육분야에서 많은 연구에 활용되고 있으며 대부분의 연구들에서 스크래치를 활용한 수업이 어린 학생들에게 매우 긍정적인 효과가 있음을 연구결과로 보여주고 있다. 엔트리 또한 프로그래밍 경험이 없는 학생들이 쉽게 프로그래밍에 접할 수 있도록 해주는 교육용 프로그래밍 언어이다. 엔트리와 스크래치 모두 프로그래밍 초급자들이 재미있게 알고리즘을 구현하도록 블록기반의 프로그래밍 환경을 제공하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 엔트리(Entry)와 스크래치(Scratch) 프로그래밍 언어를 이용하여 초등학생에게 프로그래밍을 교육하고 사전, 사후 논리적 사고력을 비교 및 분석한다. 연구를 수행하기 위해 초등학교 6학년 학생 실험집단 A(26명)와 실험집단 B(26명)으로 선정하여 3주간 각각 엔트리와 스크래치 교육을 8차시씩 시행하였다. 프로그래밍 교육에 대한 효과성을 확인하기 위해 논리적 사고력의 사전, 사후 점수에 대해 대응표본 t검정을 실시하였으며 학생들의 프로그래밍 교육에 대한 흥미도를 알아보기 위해 흥미도 설문을 실시하여 프로그래밍 교육에 대한 흥미도가 어떻게 달라지는지 조사하였다. 연구결과 엔트리와 스크래치로 프로그래밍 교육을 실시한 후에 논리적 사고력에 모두 향상되는 결과를 보였다. 특히, 보존논리, 비례논리, 확률논리, 조합논리를 발달시키기에 엔트리가 적합하고, 반면 확률논리를 제외한 보존논리, 비례논리, 변인통제논리, 상관논리, 조합 논리를 발달시키기에 스크래치가 적합한 것으로 실험결과는 보여준다. 흥미도 부분에서는 두 언어 모두 사전 사후 흥미도 점수가 많이 향상되었으나 엔트리가 스크래치 보다 향상 정도가 더 높게 나타났다. Scratch is an educational programming tool and is used in many studies in computer science education. Most of the studies report positive results by integrating Scratch into introductory programing courses. Entry is also an educational programming language which allows even the most inexperienced student to dive into programming with ease. Both Entry and Scratch provide a block-based programming approach so novice programmers can even implement an algorithm in a fun way. In this paper, we examine the logical thinking ability of the participated students after teaching programming to elementary school students with Entry and Scratch. During 3 weeks (totally 8 hours), we taught Entry and Scratch programming to 6th grade elementary student groups A(N=26) and B(N=26) respectively. We used a paired t-test to study the effectiveness of programming education in a logical thinking ability and also examined the students interest about programming class through after school survey. As a result, the average scores of a logical thinking test were elevated in both groups who learned Entry or Scratch. The experiment result shows that Entry is a good enough tool for enhancing conservational logic, proportional logic, probability logic, and combination logic, On the other hand, Scratch is a good enough tool for enhancing all sub categories of logical thinking except probability logic. The interest level of all students participated in the experiment was enhanced.

Characterizations of sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced scratching responses in ICR mice using naltrexon, capsaicin, ketotifen and Y-27632

Kim, Hyoung June,Kim, Hyuk,Han, Eun-Sil,Park, Sun-Mi,Koh, Jae-Young,Kim, Kwang-Mi,Noh, Min-Soo,Kim, Jung-Ju,Lee, Chang-Hoon Elsevier 2008 european journal of pharmacology Vol.583 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is upregulated in the stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis patients by sphingomyelin deacylase. We conducted an investigation, both to confirm that intradermal injection of SPC elicits scratching in mice, and to elucidate the detailed mechanism of the SPC-induced itch–scratch response. Intradermal administration of SPC increased the incidence of scratching behavior in a dose-dependent manner. SPC-induced scratching could be suppressed, significantly, by the μ-opoid receptor antagonist, naltrexon, the vaniloid receptor agonist, capsaicin, and the histamine H<SUB>1</SUB> receptor antagonist ketotifen. <SMALL>D</SMALL>-<I>erythro</I> SPC, one of the SPC stereotypes, could elicit the scratch response, but not <SMALL>L</SMALL>-<I>threo</I> SPC. Y-27632 (1?mg/kg, an inhibitor of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK)), was found to suppress SPC-induced scratching. Both the stereospecificity of SPC and the involvement of the Rho/ROCK pathway suggested that SPC-induced scratching is related to the receptor.</P>

Monitoring for Damage in Two-Dimensional Pre-Stress Scratching of SiC Ceramics

Gaofeng Zhang,Yijiang Zeng,Wenbo Zhang,Houming Zhou,Zhangya Wen,Yuan Yao 한국정밀공학회 2016 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.17 No.11

This paper reports an approach to use the acoustic emission (AE) technology for monitoring the surface/subsurface damage in twodimensional pre-stress scratching of SiC ceramics, in which the two-dimensional pre-stress is used to decrease the scratch-induced damage. Experiments in this study were conducted on a UMT-2 machine (CETR USA) utilizing a designed pre-stressing device under pressures of 0 MPa, 300 MPa and 500 MPa. The experimental results demonstrate that average frequency and magnitude of AE signals have a good correlation with the scratching tangential force and the scratch-induced surface /subsurface damage of materials. For a given normal load, the average frequency and magnitude of AE signals are observed to decrease with the increase in pre-stress, which indicates that surface/subsurface damage of SiC ceramics induced by two-dimensional pre-stress scratching is less than that induced by conventional scratching. The findings provide fundamental information for developing a practical on-line AE monitoring system that is effective in detecting surface/subsurface damage in scratching or grinding of ceramics. These results also demonstrate that two-dimensional pre-stress method contributes to decreasing the machining damage of brittle materials.

The Development of an Educational Robot and Scratch-based Programming

Young-Dae Lee,Jeong-Jin Kang,Kee-Young Lee,Jun Lee,Yongho Seo 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2016 Journal of Advanced Smart Convergence Vol.5 No.2

Scratch-based programming has come to be known as an effective programming tool because of its graphic instruction modules, which are designed to be assembled like the famous LEGO building blocks. These building block-like structures allow users to more easily program applications without using other more difficult programming languages such as C or Java, which are text-based. Therefore, it poses a good opportunity for application in educational settings, especially in primary schools. This paper presents an effective approach to developing an educational robot for use in elementary schools. Furthermore, we present the method for scratch programming based on the external modules need for the implementation of robot motion. Lastly, we design a systematic curriculum, titled “Play with a Robot,” and propose guidelines to using the educational programming language Scratch.

피부 소양 마우스 모델의 최근 연구 동향 -Scratching behavior model을 중심으로

김규석,김윤범,Kim, Keoo-Seok,Kim, Yoon-Bum 대한한방안이비인후피부과학회 2007 한방안이비인후피부과학회지 Vol.20 No.2

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the latest study tendency in mouse model of skin pruritus published since 2005 and to arrange various experimental methods. Methods : We examined the journal(such as Experimental dermatology and British journal of dermatology) and in Pubmed since 2005, regarded pruritus and scratching behavior model as key words. Results and Conclusion : 1. BALB/c, hairless, NC/Nga and ICR mice were the most used in scratching behavior model. According to scratching-induced agents. we need to select experimental mice. 2. There are various methods inducing skin pruritus; by cohabitation with NC/Nga mice having severe skin lesions, by injection intradermally(or subcutaneously) with agent inducing inflammation, by inducing contact dermatitis with TNCB, TNFB, destruction of skin barrier and by transgenic mice. 3. Injection intradermally(or subcutaneously) with agent inducing inflammation is the most used out of methods inducing skin pruritus. Compound 48/80, histamine, substance P and others(chloroquine, serotonin, carrageenin, TPA etc.) were included in agents inducing inflammation and pruritus in skin pruritus model. 4. Video camera, SCLABA system, MicroAct and acoustic evaluation system were included in evaluation methods of scratching behavior mouse model.