유니버설디자인 관점의 교통안전 개선방안 -어린이보호구역 내 교통안전시설물을 중심으로-

송영민 ( Youngmin Song ) 한국공간디자인학회 2016 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.11 No.6

The street that is used in daily life is a public facility for which the entire street environment should provide safety and convenience. For this purpose, the universal design connected to the concept of “design for all” has been introduced to the public area. Local governments have established the ordinance of universal design and have promoted a child-friendly city that includes the safety and convenience of streets as a part of the way in which to secure children`s human rights. Therefore, this study tried to determine whether the public facility for traffic safety provides safety and convenience from the viewpoint of universal design. The purpose of this study was to check and analyze the traffic safety facility in the school zone and propose a way to improve the traffic safety from the viewpoint of universal design. (Method)First, the study considered the concept and principles of universal design, child-friendly cities, school zones, and public facilities related to traffic safety. Second, the study checked the laws and guidelines related to universal design. Third, the present study researches the current status of traffic safety facilities through a case study to grasp the associated problems in the ordinance related to child safety and public design guidelines. Fourth, the study proposes a way to improve children`s traffic safety based on the concept of a child-friendly city, the ordinances related to child safety, and public design guidelines. (Results)With regard to the traffic safety facility in the school zone, the study proposes a way to improve the traffic safety from the aspect of implementing system from the plan, design, and maintenance aspects within the framework of universal design. First, consultations need to be pushed forward depending on the installing party and installation period. Specifically, it is necessary to map out a comprehensive facility plan for the entire district unit in the project-planning phase in tandem with the procedure for prior consultation involving each relevant organization and a subsequent consultation that aims to guarantee follow-up actions occur, such as alteration actions, etc., after installation. Second, the residents` regional solidarity activities should be promoted to ensure active repair and continuous maintenance. Third, public facilities that are installed by many different organizations need to be covered by an integration plan at the central government level. Local governments should incorporate public facility integration plans into sub-plans related to public design and develop a design encompassing the distinctive identity and safety functions of respective regions. Local governments should incorporate public facility integration plans into sub-plans related to public design. (Conclusions)Based on the aforesaid results of this study, public facilities in school zones designated to safeguard children from road traffic accidents should be installed and managed in such a way so as to ensure a continuous cycle of design, construction, and follow-up management with strong interest and active participation from local communities through cooperation among relevant organizations.

오산시 어린이 보호구역 보행안전 확보방안 연구

빈미영,김성하,김병관,손슬기,우리종합기술 경기연구원 2020 정책연구 Vol.- No.-

This is a municipal policy research to suggest an improvement strategy on the basis of the problems of transportation safety in school zones in the city of Osan. The reformed Road Traffic Act made a recent issue of the obligatory installation of transportation safety facilities in school zones and the strengthened punishment of drivers’ illegal action. School zones crowded with children commuting to schools should guarantee the pedestrian safety against the car traffic. The city of Osan requested a study of the improvement of school zone environments of four schools. The current study derived improvement strategies from an evaluation of the transportation safety of four elementary schools, a statistical analysis of children traffic accidents, and an investigation of the reformed act. The statistical analysis shows that the children traffic accident in the city of Osan annually increases by 12.5%, and the children traffic accident in school zones of the city increases by 31.6% per year. Traffic accidents in school zones are most often caused by a traffic signal violation at the intersection. Traffic accidents also take place mostly when children go home back from school in the afternoon than when they go to school in the morning. Children’s school commuting is normally well cared in the morning but not that well in the afternoon. The four elementary schools investigated by the current study were Semi elementary school, Hwaseong elementary school, Sungho elementary school, and OsanGohyeon elementary school. The study identified the problems and derived improvement strategies by conducting a field survey on school walkways and interviewing school personnel. More specifically, the study first suggested safety, amenity, self-regulation, and sustainability as the four principles that the city of Osan should consider for the pedestrian safety of children. Second, the study suggested an improvement strategy of transportation safety facilities in school zones focusing on the four elementary schools, and arranged the basis on which the governmental expenditure and the provincial budget can be implemented. Based on this, transportation safety facilities were suggested while distinguishing between essential and recommended facilities. Also, transportation safety facilities to be improved by each school were recommended. The investigation of the adequacy and necessity of transportation safety facilities revealed that approx. 26.2% of the total facilities should be improved. Third, the study suggested six projects of the pedestrian safety of children. The paper suggested the projects that the city of Osan should implement in corpore, which are assigning the safe pedestrian passages, developing the safe pedestrian maps of our community, supporting the employment to guide the safe parking of the cram school shuttles, and intensifying the crackdown of illegal parking in school zones. The paper also suggested the projects that the central government should implement. They include the projects of delineating the criteria to change existing transportation safety facilities and to install transportation safety facilities according to the types of policy effects.

아동대상 범죄안전을 위한 보호구역 지정에 관한 연구

이경훈;안은희 경찰대학교 2010 경찰학연구 Vol.10 No.1

The main objective of this study is to establish effective policies that protects children from crime by securing children safety zones through the proposals of spatial boundaries and other designated procedures and operating systems. With the consideration of existing theories, results from other previous studies, and the analysis of children's facilities, as well as statistical data in regards to crime directed towards children, the characteristics associated with the crime and the actual spatial surroundings around the children's facilities with frequent occurrences of crime were investigated. Surprisingly, the most crimes directed towards children were occurred at around the residence and schools, and the result of analysis strongly implies that effective measures to protect children against crime around the school area should be taken. This study also conducted survey targeted towards citizens residing in urban districts, asking the attitude and awareness of the citizens in relation to children safety zones. Questionnaire survey was conducted for two weeks, and 402 questionnaires were collected and used in the analysis. It was found that citizens aware the seriousness of crime directed towards children, and also feel the necessity of designating child safety zone against crime around school. 45.1% of respondents answered that proper spatial range of safety zone is 1 Km radius. Concerning the procedure of designating child safety zone, 45.0% of respondents answered that local authority should designate child safety zone without agreement of parents if the risk of crime is assessed to be high. Based on the analysis of literature review and questionnaire survey, proper range of the children safety zones and designation procedures for the children safety zones were proposed. Considering current average travel distances of children from their residences to their schools is 280 meter in metropolitan cities, and 374 meter in medium sized cities respectively, and 36.4% of crimes directed towards children were occurred in the 300 meter radius, it was proposed to designate child safety zone within 300-500 meter range according to the surrounding context of schools. Also, it was proposed that the chief officer of local police department designate child safety zone by the request of the principal of elementary schools.

실태조사를 통한 연안역 안전의 문제점 및 개선방향에 관한 소고-안전기준

이규세,성익현,배상원,임남형 한국방재학회 2011 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.11 No.2

Recently, the risk of safety accidents in the coastal zone has been increased due to revitalization of marine leisure and tourism. The effective measures, however, to prevent safety accidents in the coastal zone have not taken with increasing rate of the accidents. The nature of land and sea should be taken into account properly when the countermeasures to prevent the safety accidents in the coastal zone are devised, since the characteristics of land and sea are mixed in the environmental condition of the coastal zone. Through the field survey, this study analyzes the current problems on the safety in the coastal zone. Also, it suggests the future direction of the safety standards in the coastal zone on the basis of the safety improvement direction in the coastal zone. 최근 해양 레포츠와 관광의 활성화로 연안역에서의 안전사고 위험은 더욱 증가하고 있다. 그러나 연안역 안전사고를 방지하기 위한 대책이 안전사고의 증가속도에 적절하게 대응하지 못하고 있다. 연안역의 환경은 육역과 해역의 특성이 혼재된 복합 환경조건이므로 연안역 안전사고 대책방안 수립 시에는 육역과 해역의 특성이 적절히 고려되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 현장실태조사를 통해 연안역 안전에 대한 현 문제점을 분석하였으며 연안역 안전의 개선방향을 근거로 연안역 안전기준 정립방향을 제안하였다.

카노(KANO)모델을 이용한 어린이보호구역 안전시설 기능 도출

나호혁(NA, Hohyuk),강지혜(KANG, Jihye),김도경(KIM, Do-Gyeong) 대한교통학회 2022 대한교통학회지 Vol.40 No.3

어린이보호구역은 어린이의 안전을 위해 속도저감, 보호구역 알림, 무단횡단 및 주정차 금지기능 등을 가진 다양한 안전시설이 설치되고 있다. 그러나 이런 노력에도 불구하고 어린이 보호구역 내 사고건수는 지속적인 증가추세를 보이고 있어 어린이보호구역에 설치되는 안전시설의 기능이 제대로 발휘되고 있는지에 대한 제고가 필요한 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 상품기획 분야에서 주로 사용되는 분석기법인 카노(KANO)모델과 고객만족계수를 사용하여, 어린이보호구역에서의 안전성을 증진시키기 위해 필요한 가장 기본적이고 필수적인 시설물이 무엇인지를 고찰해보고자 한다. 일반인 운전자 172명을 대상으로 실시된 인터넷 기반 설문조사를 통해 총 18개의 도로 및 교통안전시설을 역품질 요소를 제외한 4가지의 품질요소로 구분하였다. 그 결과 3개의 매력적 요소, 7개의 당연적 요소, 3개의 일원적 요소, 그리고 5개의 무관심 요소로 구분되었으며, 역품질 요소로 구분된 시설은 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그 후 당연적 요소 및 일원적 요소로 분류된 총 10개의 도로 및 교통안전시설을 대상으로 시설물별 중요도를 도출하기 위해 고객만족계수를 적용하였고, 중요도가 높다고 판단된 상위 3개 시설은 속도제한표지판, 신호 및 과속단속카메라, 어린이보호구역 노면표시인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 어린이보호구역 내 어린이 안전성을 증진시키기 위해 필요한 가장 기본적이고 필수적인 안전시설을 도출할 수 있었으며, 개별 안전시설의 우선순위 또한 결정할 수 있었다. 이런 결과는 향후 안전개선사업에 투자할 예산이 제약된 상황에서 한정된 예산을 효율적으로 투자하여 어린이보호구역의 안전성을 향상시키는데 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다. The number of accidents occurred in school zones continues to increase despite the fact that school zones are protected with various safety facilities for the purpose of enhancing the safety of children, indicating that the functions of safety facilities installed in school zones need to be reconsider in terms of enhancing safety. With new analytical techniques such as KANO model and Customer Satisfaction Coefficients, which are widely used in the field of product planning, this study aims to discover some implications for installing safety facilities to efficiently reduce crash frequencies. Eighteen safety facilities were classified into four quality elements based on web-based survey data obtained from 172 drivers: three Attractive element, seven Must-be element, three One-dimensional element, and five Indifferent element. After that, the importance of 10 safety facilities classified into Must-be element and One-dimensional element were analyzed through Customer Satisfaction Coefficients. The top three facilities with the highest importance were found to be speed limit signs, enforcement cameras, and road markings for school zones. The major findings of this study are as follows: the most fundamental and essential safety facilities necessary for the proper functioning of the school zones to enhance children’s safety were identified and the priority of essential safety facilities were determined. These findings might be expected to enable us to install safety facilities efficiently in a budget constrained environment.

아동대상 범죄안전을 위한 보호구역 지정에 관한 연구

이경훈(Lee Kyung Hoon),안은희(An Eun Hee) 경찰대학 경찰학연구편집위원회 2010 경찰학연구 Vol.10 No.1

The main objective of this study is to establish effective policies that protects children from crime by securing children safety zones through the proposals of spatial boundaries and other designated procedures and operating systems. With the consideration of existing theories, results from other previous studies, and the analysis of children's facilities, as well as statistical data in regards to crime directed towards children, the characteristics associated with the crime and the actual spatial surroundings around the children's facilities with frequent occurrences of crime were investigated. Surprisingly, the most crimes directed towards children were occurred at around the residence and schools, and the result of analysis strongly implies that effective measures to protect children against crime around the school area should be taken. This study also conducted survey targeted towards citizens residing in urban districts, asking the attitude and awareness of the citizens in relation to children safety zones. Questionnaire survey was conducted for two weeks, and 402 questionnaires were collected and used in the analysis. It was found that citizens aware the seriousness of crime directed towards children, and also feel the necessity of designating child safety zone against crime around school. 45.1% of respondents answered that proper spatial range of safety zone is 1 Km radius. Concerning the procedure of designating child safety zone, 45.0% of respondents answered that local authority should designate child safety zone without agreement of parents if the risk of crime is assessed to be high. Based on the analysis of literature review and questionnaire survey, proper range of the children safety zones and designation procedures for the children safety zones were proposed. Considering current average travel distances of children from their residences to their schools is 280 meter in metropolitan cities, and 374 meter in medium sized cities respectively, and 36.4% of crimes directed towards children were occurred in the 300 meter radius, it was proposed to designate child safety zone within 300-500 meter range according to the surrounding context of schools. Also, it was proposed that the chief officer of local police department designate child safety zone by the request of the principal of elementary schools.

기업집단 내부거래의 안전지대

박세환 서울대학교 법학연구소 2024 서울대학교 法學 Vol.65 No.2

2022. 12. 9. 개정된 부당지원 심사지침은 사익편취 안전지대에서 사용 중인 ‘거래조건 차이’, ‘거래총액’, ‘거래비중’을 안전지대 기준으로 도입하였다. 이는 부당지원 안전지대의 예측가능성을 높이고, 안전지대의 기본 법리에 가까워지게 하며, 부당지원과 사익편취간의 체계정합성을 높였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 경쟁법상 안전지대 기준은. 첫째 안전지대 해당 여부를 가늠해 볼 수 있어야 하고(예측가능성), 둘째 규모에 따른 비례성을 유지하고, 셋째 행위유형별로 체계정합성을 갖추되, 넷째 대상행위의 특성과 동떨어지지 않는 것이 바람직해 보인다. 무엇보다도 해당 안전지대가 집행 효율성을 높이고 법적안정성을 유지하는 기능을 수행할 수 있는지가 중요하다. 이런 측면에서 볼 때 내부거래 안전지대 지표로서 사용되고 있는 ‘해당 연도 거래총액’은 일정 범위가 아닌 고정된 숫자라는 점에서 대상 사업자들의 규모(비례성)를 반영하기 곤란하다는 문제가 있다. 게다가 또다른 지표인 ‘거래조건 차이(정상가격)⋅지원금액’의 경우, 사건처리절차상 후반부에서 검토되는 실체적인 판단의 성격을 가지고 있고 사건에서 논란의 중심에 서는 경우가 많다는 점에서 예측가능성 측면에서 고민거리를 남긴다. 본문에서는 이러한 관점에서 관련 쟁점을 정리하고 개선안을 제시하였다. The guideline for undue support practice, revised on Dec. 9 2022, introduced the difference in transaction terms, transaction amount, and transaction proportion used in the safety zone of 'providing unfair advantage to specially related persons' as a threshold standard of the safety zone. This is significant in that it increases the predictability of the safety zone of undue support practice, gets closer to the theory of the safety zone. First, the threshold standards of safety zone must be able to gauge whether it falls within the safety zone, second, maintain proportionality according to scale, third, ensure system consistency for each type of behavior, and fourth, be consistent with the characteristics of the target behavior. Above all, it is important whether the safety zone can function to increase enforcement efficiency and maintain legal stability. From this perspective, this article reviews related issues and suggests improvements.

이중차분법을 활용한 어린이보호구역 교통안전정책 효과추정 연구 - 민식이법 시행 전・후 비교를 중심으로 -

김원철 한국도로학회 2024 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.26 No.2

PURPOSES : This study estimates the effects of traffic safety policies (e.g., the Minsik Act) on the seriousness of traffic accidents in children protection zones. METHODS : A difference-in-differences framework in which the change in the gap of seriousness of traffic accidents occurring in children protection zones and those occurring outside the zone before and after the implementation of the Minsik Act was applied. Furthermore, a placebo test, in which the samples are restricted to a specific period, is irrelevant to the time of students going to school. RESULTS : On average, when the factors causing traffic accidents are not controlled, the degree of damage in traffic accidents in children protection zones appears to be more serious The introduction of the Minsik Act has been shown to reduce the damage from traffic accidents in children protection zones. In particular, illegal U-turns and signal violations increased the severity of traffic accidents in children protection zones, and trucks caused the greatest damage. CONCLUSIONS : The traffic safety policy for children protection zones (Minsik Act) is effective in improving traffic safety by simply “strengthening legal regulations.” This strengthens the importance of traffic safety education to prevent drivers from engaging in driving behaviors such as illegal U-turns and traffic signal violations. It is necessary to ensure the traffic safety of children by establishing a truck operation policy that bypasses children protection zones.

비행안전구역의 사용에 대한 부당이득반환・손실보상 의무의 존부

권창영,박수진 한국항공우주정책⋅법학회 2020 한국항공우주정책·법학회지 Vol.35 No.1

우리나라는 국제정세에 능동적으로 대처하기 위하여 전국에 각종 군사가지를 설치하고, 군사기지의 보호와 비행안전을 위하여 군사기지 주변에 보호구역, 비행안전구역 등을 설정하고 있다(군사기지 및 군사시설 보호법). 국방부장관은 군사기지 주변에 비행안전구역(飛行安全區域)을 지정하거나 이를 변경 또는 해제할 수 있고, 비행안전구역 내에서 그 구역의 표면높이 이상인 건축물의 건축, 공작물ㆍ식물이나 그 밖의 장애물의 설치ㆍ재배 또는 방치행위는 금지된다. 대상판결에서는 국가가 비행안전구역을 설정하여 사용하는 경우 토지소유자는 국가를 상대로 부당이득반환 또는 손실보상을 청구하였다. 이 글은 원고의 청구의 정당성에 관하여 기존 법리를 바탕으로 분석한 것으로, 논의를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 비행안전구역은 국가안전보장의 구체적 내용인 군사기지의 안전을 위하여 군사기지 인근 주변의 재산권을 제한한다는 점에서 공용제한의 일종인 군사부담(軍事負擔) 중 군사제한(軍事制限)에 해당한다. 비행안전구역은 국가가 군용항공기의 이착륙에 있어서의 안전비행을 확보하기 위한 목적뿐만 아니라, 아울러 그 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 사고를 방지하고 인근 주민들의 생명・신체・재산을 보호하려는 목적으로 지정하는 것으로서, 그 공공성과 사회적 가치를 인정할 수 있다. 민법 제741조는 “법률상 원인 없이 타인의 재산 또는 노무로 인하여 이익을 얻고 이로 인하여 타인에게 손해를 가한 자는 그 이익을 반환하여야 한다”고 정하고 있다. 대상사안은 침해부당이득에 해당하므로, 피고가 이익을 보유할 정당한 권원이 있음을 증명하여야 한다. 국가는 군용항공기의 안전한 이착륙을 위하여 군사기지법이 정한 적법한 절차에 따라 비행안전구역으로 지정된 토지의 상공을 사용할 권리가 있다. 따라서 피고가 법률상 원인 없이 이 사건 부동산 상공에 대한 차임 상당의 부당이득을 얻었다고 할 수 없다. 군사기지법에 이 사건과 같이 부동산 상공에 비행안전구역을 설정한 경우에 관한 손실보상규정은 존재하지 않는바, 위헌 여부가 문제된다. 헌법재판소는 토지소유자가 수인해야 할 사회적 제약의 정도를 넘는 경우에도 아무런 보상없이 재산권의 과도한 제한을 감수해야 하는 의무를 부과하는 경우에는 위헌이라고 판시하였다(헌법재판소 1998. 12. 24. 선고 89헌마214 결정). 한편 대법원은 구 군사시설보호법에 따른 보호구역의 설정과 그로 인한 토지소유자의 재산권 행사의 제한은 군사시설의 보호와 군작전의 원활한 수행이라는 공익을 위한 사회적 제약 내에 있는 것으로 손실보상규정이 없다고 하여 위헌이 되는 것이 아니라고 판시한 바 있다(대법원 1992. 11. 24.자 92부14 결정). 비행안전구역으로 지정되어 사용·수익이 제한된다고 하더라도 손실보상 규정을 두지 않는 것만으로는, 비행안전구역제도의 목적의 정당성, 수단의 적정성, 침해의 최소성, 법익의 균형성 등이 인정되므로, 위헌이라고 보기는 어렵다. 공용제한으로 인한 손실보상에 대하여서는 공익사업법이 손실보상에 관한 근거법률이 되는 것이 아니라 공용제한을 규정한 개별 법률에 의하여 손실보상관계가 규율되는 것인바, 공용제한에 기한 손실보상의 규정이 없는 공익사업법을 근거로 손실보상을 구하는 원고의 주장은 부당하다는 대상판결의 결론은 타당하다. ‘Flight safety zone’ means a zone that the Minister of National Defense designates under Articles 4 and 6 of the Protection of Military Bases and Installations Act (hereinafter ‘PMBIA’) for the safety of flight during takeoff and landing of military aircrafts. The purpose of flight safety zone is to contribute to the national security by providing necessary measures for the protection of military bases and installations and smooth conduct of military operations. In this case, when the state set and used the flight safety zone, the landowner claimed restitution of unjust enrichment against the country. This article is an analysis based on the existing legal theory regarding the legitimacy of plaintiff's claim, and the summary of the discussion is as follows. A person who without any legal ground derives a benefit from the property or services of another and thereby causes loss to the latter shall be bound to return such benefit (Article 741 of the Civil Act). Since the subject matter is an infringing profit, the defendant must prove that he has a legitimate right to retain the profit. The State reserves the right to use over the land designated as a flight safety zone in accordance with legitimate procedures established by the PMBIA for the safe takeoff and landing of military aircrafts. Therefore, it cannot be said that the State gained an unjust enrichment equivalent to the rent over the land without legal cause. Expropriation, use or restriction of private property from public necessity and compensation therefor shall be governed by Act: provided, that in such a case, just compensation shall be paid (Article 23 (1) of the Constitution of The Republic of KOREA). Since there is not any provision in the PMBIA for loss compensation for the case where a flight safety zone is set over land as in this case, next question would be whether or not it is unconstitutional. Even if it is designated as a flight safety zone and the use and profits of the land are limited, the justification of the purpose of the flight safety zone system, the appropriateness of the means, the minimization of infringement, and the balance of legal interests are still recognized; thus just not having any loss compensation clause does not make the act unconstitutional. In conclusion, plaintiff's claim for loss compensation based on the ‘Act on Acquisition of and Compensation for land, etc. for Public Works Projects’, which has no provision for loss compensation due to public limits, is unjust.

항공안전규제와 새로운 이슈에 대한 ICAO의 대응

신동춘 ( Dong Chun Shin ) 한국항공우주정책.법학회(구 한국항공우주법학회) 2015 한국항공우주정책·법학회지 Vol.30 No.1

항공안전은 계속적인 위험성의 확인과 관리를 통하여 개인에의 위해나 재산 손실의 위험이 수용 가능한 수준으로 감소되거나 그 이하로 유지되는 상태를 의미하며, 항공 안전을 증진하기 위한 다양한 방법이 모색되고 있다. 최근 10여년 간 국제민간항공은 비교적 높은 수준의 안전을 유지하여 왔으나 2014년부터 여러 가지 사고가 발생하면서 국제민간항공계가 다시 긴장하고 있고 ICAO를 중심으로 다각적인 대응방안을 모색하고 있다. 항공안전은 국제민간항공을 지탱하는 가장 중요한 요소이다. 국제민간항공 협약(시카고협약)은 서문에서 안전과 질서가 중요함을 강조하였고, 협약의 다수 조문이 안전에 관계되어 있다. 부속서(1-19)는 몇 개를 빼고는 모두 안전에 관한 국제표준과 권고를 규정하고 있다. 특히 부속서 19는 안전관리체제에 대하여 기존의 부속서에 산재되어 있는 규정을 통합했고 도한 새로운 규정을 신설하였다. 또한 ICAO는 안전 문제를 증진하기 위한 의사결정과 입법 기능을 가지고 있으며 항행위원회, 법률위원회, 항공운송위원회 등과 이사회의 심의를 기초로 하여 총회가 최종 결정 권한을 가지고 있다. 보조 기구로서 전문가 그룹, 태스크포스 등을 수시로 설치, 운영하고 있고, 사무국은 이러한 제반 기구의 사무를 보조하고 있다. 또한 ICAO는 USAOP과 USAP 프로그램을 통하여 체약국의 안전 및 보안 수준을 점검하고 있고, 미국, EU, IATA 등이 별도의 안전점검제도를 운영하고 있다. 2014년에 발생한 MH370기 실종 사건은 회원국, 관제기관, 항행시설, 항공기 등이 제공한 정보를 토대로 전세계추적시스템(Global Tracking System)의 구축을 통하여 항공기의 위치를 실시간 추적 가능토록 하여 문제를 해결하려고 하고 있다. 또한 우크라이나 상공에서 격추된 MH17 사건 이후 ICAO는 회원국이 제공한 정보 및 NOTAM, AIP 등 운항정보를 기반으로 정보를 공유하는 웹사이트를 운영함으로써 분쟁지역에서의 위험관리를 통하여 유사한 사고를 방지 하려고 하고 있다. 에볼라가 서아프리카에서 발생한 이래 보건당국과 항공당국간의 긴밀한 협조를 통하여 항공기에 의한 전염병의 확산을 막도록 다각적인 조치를 강구하고 있다. 또한 QZ8501 사건은 악기상하에서 제대로 대처하지 못한 운항의 결과로서 이 또한 ICAO를 중심으로 추가적인 보완 조치를 강구하고 있다. 이밖에도 2015년 3월에 발생한 저먼윙즈의 부기장에 의한 항공기 추락사고와 관련 후속 조치의 강구가 요구되고 있다. 국제항공계는 이러한 사고를 예방하고 안전 수준을 더욱 제고하기 위해서는 안전 관련 데이터 및 정보의 보호와 공유가 필수적임을 인식하여 현재 있는 정보 보호 및 공유에 관한 조항 이외에 추가적인 규정을 제의하고 있으며 회원국에 의한 검토를 거쳐 부속서나 ICAO 안내 문서에 반영될 예정으로 있다. ICAO의 문제해결 방식은 네 가지 차원에서 접근되고 있다. 시간적으로 과거의 경험과 정보를 분석하는 토대위에서 단기, 중기, 장기의 대책을 마련하고, 공간적으로는 각 회원국, 지역, 전 세계에 적용될 수 있는 대책을 수립하고 있고, 항공사, 공항, 지역 사회, 소비자, 제조자, 항행서비스 공급자, 관제기관, 산업계, 보험업계 등을 망라하는 이해관계자를 고려하여야 하고, 규제적인 개선을 위하여 최선의 관행, ICAO 안내문서, 표준 및 권고 관행에 반영될 방안을 심의하고 결정하는 구조를 가지고 있다. Aviation safety is the stage in which the risk of harm to persons or of property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and risk management. Many accidents and incidents have been taking place since 2014, while there had been relatively safer skies before 2014. International civil aviation community has been exerting great efforts to deal with these emerging issues, thus enhancing and ensuring safety throughout the world over the years. The Preamble of the Chicago Convention emphasizes safety and order of international air transport, and so many Articles in the Convention are related to the safety. Furthermore, most of the Annexes to the Convention are International Standards and Recommended Practices pertaining to the safety. In particular, Annex 19, which was promulgated in Nov. 2013, dealing with safety management system. ICAO, as law-making body, has Air Navigation Commission, Council, Assembly to deliberate and make decisions regarding safety issues. It is also implementing USOAP and USAP to supervise safety functions of member States. After MH 370 disappeared in 2014, ICAO is developing Global Tracking System whereby there should be no loophole in tracking the location of aircraft anywhere in world with the information provided by many stakeholders concerned. MH 17 accident drove ICAO to install web-based repository where information relating to the operation in conflict zones is provided and shared. In addition, ICAO has been initiating various solutions to emerging issues such as ebola outbreak and operation under extreme meteorological conditions. Considering the necessity of protection and sharing of safety data and information to enhance safety level, ICAO is now suggesting enhanced provisions to do so, and getting feedback from member States. It has been observed that ICAO has been approaching issues towards problem-solving from four different dimensions. First regarding time, it analyses past experiences and best practices, and make solutions in short, mid and long terms. Second, from space perspective, ICAO covers States, region and the world as a whole. Third, regarding stakeholders it consults with and hear from as many entities as it could, including airlines, airports, community, consumers, manufacturers, air traffic control centers, air navigation service providers, industry and insurers. Last not but least, in terms of regulatory changes, it identifies best practices, guidance materials and provisions which could become standards and recommended practices.