숙지황(Rehmannia glutinosa)의 약리작용과 독성

박영철,이기용,백낙민,손혜영,국윤범,이선동,Park, Yeong-Chul,Lee, Gi-Yong,Baek, Lag-Min,Son, Hye-Young,Kook, Yoon-Boom,Lee, Sun-Dong 대한한의학방제학회 2011 大韓韓醫學方劑學會誌 Vol.19 No.1

Objectives : Rehmannia glutinosa has been used extensively in Korean traditional medicine. Although thorough clinical trials are lacking, Various pharmacological actions for Rehmannia glutinosa has been identified newly using animal models. In addition, it was reported that reactive intermediates, potentially causing toxic effects, was isolated from one of components in Rehmannia glutinosa. In this article, it is purposed for explanation and introduction of new studies for Rehmannia glutinosa in terms of pharmacological action and toxicology. Methods : New studies for Rehmannia glutinosa were reviewed and summarized in terms of pharmacological action and toxicity. Results and Conclusions : Rhmannia glutinosa and its components including iridoids, saccharides, as well as amino acid, showed a variety of pharmacological actions on the blood system, immune system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system and the nervous system. In addition, it was identified that aucubin, one of major components of Rhmannia glutinosa was biotransformed to reactive intermediates by ${\beta}$-glycosidase and acid-hydrolysis, resulting in forming aucubigenin- albumin adduct. Even if a lot of new pharmacological actions has been identified, it should be considered for Rhmannia glutinosa to contain the material producing reactive intermediates which may induce the side effects.

지황 배양묘 및 종근 생산을 위한 기원검증 및 최적기내배양조건 확립

강영민,이가연,김미선,최지은,문병철 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2016 농업생명과학연구 Vol.50 No.5

지황은 현삼과(Scrophulariaceae)에 속하는 다년생 초본식물 Rehmannia glutinosa(Gaertn.) DC.로 서 한의학에서는 뿌리를 지황(地黃)이라는 한약재로 이용하고 있다. 지황은 선지황(鮮地黃), 생지황(生 地黃), 숙지황(熟地黃) 등으로 널리 사용되고 있지만 종자파종에 의한 재배보다 종근을 이용한 영양번식 으로 재배하고 있다. 종근을 이용한 재배법은 뿌리 썩음병으로 인해 종근의 관리와 생산성이 높은 고품 질의 지황 생산이 어려운 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 형태적 특징과 유전자 분석을 통해 기원이 검증된 지황 기원식물을 이용하여 정확한 기원의 무균 배양묘와 종근 생산을 위한 최적 조건을 확립하고자 하 였다. 기내배양묘 생산에 필요한 최적의 생장율과 다개체 형성율, 그리고 뿌리 형성율 및 비대조건을 탐색한 결과, WPM 배지와 1.0mg/L의 IAA와 0.5mg/L의 IBA 옥신계 생장조절제가 첨가된 배지(WPM + IAA 1.0mg/L + IBA 0.5mg/L)에서 최적 생장율과 뿌리다개체 형성율을 나타내었으며, 0.1mg/L의 NAA가 첨가된 WPM 배지(WPM + NAA 0.1mg/L)에서 가장 많은 수의 뿌리가 형성되었고 비대율도 높 게 나타났다. 이러한 최적조건에서 생산한 기내식물체는 토양 순화 후 정식하였을 경우에도 높은 뿌리 형성율과 지속적인 비대 효과를 보였다. 이상의 결과는 지황의 무균 배양묘 생산과 배양묘기반 종근 생 산을 통해 지황 대량 생산에 필요한 배양묘와 종근 생산에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 고품질 지황 생산량에기여할 것으로 사료된다. Rehmannia glutinosa(Gaertn.) DC. is a herbaceous perennial plant and belonging to the Scrophulariaceae and used as roots for medicinal part and purpose. R. glutinosa is and usually used for fresh rehmannia root or prepared rehmannia root. However, it is very difficult to propagate using the seeds because of lack germination so it is propagated using the vegetative method as the rootstock. Currently, propagation and harvesting using the rootstock of R. glutinosa has difficulties about production of the high quality and quantity in R. glutinosa because of root rot disease. To optimize in vitro cultures and to improve the rootstock and seedling of R. glutinosa after morphological and genetical determination, 5 plant culture media (MS, DJ, LS, QL, and WPM) were used in this study then WPM was selected for better growth, for multiplication condition(WPM + IAA 1.0 mg/L + IBA 0.5 mg/L), and for root enlargement condition(WPM + NAA 0.1 mg/L) of R. glutinosa. Based on these results, in vitro seedlings of R. glutinosa were transferred to soil for acclimation with environment adaptation and shown the positive effects about root enlargement and root formation. Therefore, it can be used for high quality of R. glutinosa production and production of the rootstock based on propagation using in vitro seedlings of R. glutinosa.

국내 지황에 발생하는 바이러스병 발생 현황

권선정,윤주연,조인숙,최국선 한국식물병리학회 2019 식물병연구 Vol.25 No.1

While rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch) was identified as a host of at least five viruses, including Rehmannia mosaic virus (ReMV), Youcai mosaic virus (YoMV), Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), Plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV), and Rehmannia virus 1 (ReV1), viral incidence surveys have not been performed yet in rehmannia fields in Korea. In this study, we performed field surveys during 2017-2018 to investigate the incidence of 5 major viruses in rehmannia. A total of 145 symptomatic samples were collected from the rehmannia fields in major cultivation areas of Korea. Molecular diagnosis assays showed that all the collected leaf samples were infected with more than two viruses. Particularly, two species of Tobamovirus, ReMV and YoMV, were detected in all the samples. In addition, our analysis showed that the root stocks of 4 rehmannia cultivars were infected with at least two viruses. Since rehmannia is propagated by vegetative propagation, it is highly important to produce virus-free root stocks of rehmannia to control virus diseases in rehmannia.

Selection of disease resistant lines of Rehmannia glutinosa with mutant treatment

Yu, Chang-Yeon,Lee, Youn-Su The Korean Society of Medicinal Crop Science 2002 韓國藥用作物學會誌 Vol.10 No.4

Rehmannia glutinosa is one of the most important medicinal crops in Korea. However, various plant pathogens including Fusarium sp. cause great damages and cause enormous economic losses. Therefore, this study was conducted to select Fusarium resistant plants by using mutagen-treated Rehmannia glutinosa. The plant material used was a native accession of Rehmannia glutinosa. As a result, among the Rehmannia glutinosa treated with various concentrations of EMS, R. glutinosa treated with 0. 03M EMS showed higher resistance against infection of F. oxysporum in pot tests, and Rehmannia glutinosa plants treated with 0.12M EMS showed higher resistance against infection of F. oxysporum in field tests.

Effect of Drying Method on Antioxidant Activity of Jiwhang (Rehmannia glutinosa)

Jong-Whan Rhim,Yang Xi,Won-Chul Jeong,Kyung-Sik Ham,Ha-Sook Chung,Eun-Sil Kim 한국식품과학회 2009 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.18 No.6

Jiwhang (Rehmannia glutinosa), one of the most widely used medicinal herbs, was dried with various methods such as sun drying, hot air drying, vacuum drying, and freeze drying methods, and their effects on the antioxidant capacity in relation with the content of total phenolic compounds were studied with a steamed-and-dried rehmannia (sookjiwhang) for comparison. Generally, total phenolic contents decreased significantly by all of the drying treatments except the steamed-anddried rehmannia, in which total phenolic contents increased 2.4 fold compared with fresh rehmannia. Content of verbascoside, a functional phenolic compound, was the highest in the freeze-dried rehmannia (177.97±0.02 ㎍/g d.m.) followed by vacuumdried (105.55±0.07 ㎍/g d.m.), hot air-dried (23.01±0.02 ㎍/g d.m.), and sun-dried (4.89±0.13 ㎍/g d.m.) ones comparable to the fresh rehmannia (80.15±1.26 ㎍/g d.m.). Antioxidant capacity determined by both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) methods agreed with the result of total phenolic contents, that is, the antioxidant capacity was the highest in the steamed-and-dried rehmannia followed by fresh rehmannia, vacuumdried, hot air-dried, sun-dried, and freeze-dried ones. Conclusively, the total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of rehmannia were greatly affected by the drying methods used.

지황의 건조 방법에 따른 무기성분, 환원당, Catalpol 및 Benzo[α]pyrene의 함량 변화

장준복,길기정,이건희,지윤선,김보람,강기현,김미리,송미란,박종윤,도은수 한국약용작물학회 2011 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.19 No.6

This experiment was carried out in order to collect the basic data on the standardization of the manufacturing process of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. var. purpurea Makino drying. By the drying methods of R. glutinosa, the content of water, inorganic components, reducing sugar, catalpol and benzo[α]pyrene were investigated. The water content was 15.6~17.2% when R. glutinosa was dried by cold-warm air moisture absorption drying method (CAMAD) at 60℃ during 6 days. Among of the inorganic components of R. glutinosa the K content was the most followed by P, Na, Ca and Mg. The reducing sugar content of R. glutinosa by the hot air drying method (HAD) was much more than that by the CAMAD. The catalpol content of R. glutinosa was not different by the drying temperature when it was dried by the CAMAD. The catalpol content of the large size tuber (about 50.0 g/unit) showed a tendency to increase from 60℃ until 70℃ drying temperature, but that of the small size tuber(about 4.0 g/unit) was decreased as being a trend as the drying temperature high when R. glutinosa was dried by the HAD, But the catalpol content R. glutinosa had a tendency to drop significantly at drying temperature above 80℃. The benzo[α]pyrene content was little detected when R. glutinosa was dried by both the SLD and the CAMAD, and the sampling by the HAD indicated within the scope of 5 μg/kg which was the scope to regulate by Korean food and drug administration. In conclusion, it seemed that an appropriate drying temperature of R. glutinosa by the CAMAD and the HAD was about 60℃ and about 70℃, respectively, when we consider the catalpol content and benzo[α]pyrene detection in the manufacturing process of drying R. glutinosa.

The Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes in Response to Oxidative Stresses and Hormones in Paraquat-tolerant Rehmannia glutinosa Plants

( Dong Geun Choi ),( Nam Hee Yoo ),( Chang Yeon Yu ),( Benildo De Los Reyes ),( Song Joong Yun ) 생화학분자생물학회 2004 BMB Reports Vol.37 No.5

All members of R. glutinosa show the unique characteristic of intrinsic tolerance to paraquat (PQ). Antioxidant enzymes have been proposed to be the primary mechanism of PQ resistance in several plant species. Therefore, the antioxidant enzyme systems of R. glutinosa were evaluated by comparatively analyzing cellular antioxidant enzyme levels, and their responses of oxidative stresses and hormones. The levels of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), non-specific peroxidase (PDX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were 7.3-, 4.9-, 2.7- and 1.6-fold higher in PQ-tolerant R. glutinosa than in PQ-susceptible soybeans. However, the activity of catalase (CAT) was about 12-fold higher in the soybeans. The activities of antioxidant enzymes reduced after PQ treatment in the two species, with the exception of PDX and SOD in R. glutinosa, which increased by about 40%. Interestingly, the activities of APX, SOD and PDX in R. glutinosa, relative to those in soybeans, were further increased by 49, 67 and 93% after PQ treatment. The considerably higher intrinsic levels, and increases in the relative activities of antioxidant enzymes in R. glutinosa under oxidative stress support the possible role of these enzymes in the PQ tolerance of R. glutinosa. However, the relatively lower levels of SOD versus PQ tolerance, and the mixed responses of antioxidant enzymes to stresses and hormones, suggest a possible alternative mechanism(s) for PQ tolerance in R. glutinosa.

生地黃 증류 추출 약침액과 초임계 유체 추출물의 성분 硏究

허종원,육태한 대한침구의학회 2011 대한침구의학회지 Vol.28 No.2

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the composition of Rehmannia glutinosa’s essential oils with Rehmanniae Radix herbal acupuncture Methods : I obtained the essential oils of Rehmannia Radix by hydrodistillation extraction method and supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) method, and then I analyzed those by GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum). Results : 1. With GC(gas chromatography) and GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum) analysis. I identified 9 compounds in the Rehmanniae Radix’s essential oil obtained through the SFE method. The main compounds were as follows :Hexachloroethane(2.24%), N-Butyl-benzenesulfonamide(2.05%), hexadecanoic acid(1.93%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester(3.49%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid(z,z)(2.70%), (9E)-9-Octadecenoic acid(6.14%), ethyl linoleate(4.43%), ethyl oleate(5.80%). 2. I failed to get Rehmanniae Radix’s essential oil obtained through the hydrodistillation method. 3. With GC(gas chromatography) and GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum) analysis. I identified 4 compounds in the Rehmanniae Radix’s essential oil obtained through the hydrodistillation method. The main compounds were as follows :Ethylbis(trimethylsilyl)amine(1.04%), 2-(Trimethylsiloxy)benzoic methyl ester(2.65%), Hexadecanoic acid trimethylsilyl ester(12.61%), octadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester(6.28%). Conclusions : The substances by hydrodistillation method may not perfectly match with the substances by supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) method in essential oils extracted form Rehmanniae Radix. But, the main substances was assumed Hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid.

The Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes in Response to Oxidative Stresses and Hormones in Paraquat-tolerant Rehmannia glutinosa Plants

Choi, Dong-Geun,Yoo, Nam-Hee,Yu, Chang-Yeon,De Los Reyes, Benildo,Yun, Song-Joong Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2004 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.37 No.5

All members of R. glutinosa show the unique characteristic of intrinsic tolerance to paraquat (PQ). Antioxidant enzymes have been proposed to be the primary mechanism of PQ resistance in several plant species. Therefore, the antioxidant enzyme systems of R. glutinosa were evaluated by comparatively analyzing cellular antioxidant enzyme levels, and their responses of oxidative stresses and hormones. The levels of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), non-specific peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were 7.3-, 4.9-, 2.7- and 1.6-fold higher in PQ-tolerant R. glutinosa than in PQ-susceptible soybeans. However, the activity of catalase (CAT) was about 12-fold higher in the soybeans. The activities of antioxidant enzymes reduced after PQ treatment in the two species, with the exception of POX and SOD in R. glutinosa, which increased by about 40%. Interestingly, the activities of APX, SOD and POX in R. glutinosa, relative to those in soybeans, were further increased by 49, 67 and 93% after PQ treatment. The considerably higher intrinsic levels, and increases in the relative activities of antioxidant enzymes in R. glutinosa under oxidative stress support the possible role of these enzymes in the PQ tolerance of R. glutinosa. However, the relatively lower levels of SOD versus PQ tolerance, and the mixed responses of antioxidant enzymes to stresses and hormones, suggest a possible alternative mechanism(s) for PQ tolerance in R. glutinosa.

생지황을 이용하여 전통방법으로 제조한 숙지황의 항산화 활성

김효진,이지연,유보람,도은수,김미리 한국약용작물학회 2011 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.19 No.5

The objective of this study was to evaluate antioxidant activities of Rehmannia glutinosa (Raw Jihwang) by traditional method. The total phenol content of Rehmannia radix Preparata (the final cycle of Jihwang) was increased to 205%, compared with Rehmannia glutinosa. Antioxidant activities, determined by ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis(3 ethybenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, increased remarkably as the number of steaming-drying cycles increased. Especially, FRAP value increased 285%. Also, IC50 values for DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of the final 9th-cycling product, decreased 48.4% and 76%, respectively, compared with those of Rehmannia glutinosa. Our result was suggested that antioxidant activities of Rehmannia radix Preparata improve according to the increasing number of steaming-drying cycles.