핀 포토다이오드를 이용한 보급형 라돈 검출기의 구현

윤성하(Sung-Ha Yun),김재학(Jae-Hak Kim),김규식(Gyu-Sik Kim) 대한전자공학회 2016 전자공학회논문지 Vol.53 No.11

라돈이 기관지나 폐포에 머무르게 될 때 라돈의 붕괴로 인해 자핵종(알파선, 베타선, 감마선 등)들이 생성되면서 이것들이 방사선을 방출하는데 세포의 염색체에 돌연변이를 일으켜 폐암을 발생할 가능성이 존재한다. 다시 말해 폐암의 원인이 라돈가스 때문이라기보다는 흡수된 일부 라돈의 붕괴로 인해 생기는 부산물이 방사선을 방출하기 때문이라고 할 수 있다. 사람이 연간 노출되는 방사선의 82%가 자연방사선에 의한 것인데 그중 대부분이 라돈이다. 실내의 라돈 농도를 적절하게 제어할 수 있다면 폐암의 발생확률을 30%나 억제할 수 있다고 알려져 있다. 아직까지 실내의 라돈의 농도를 측정하는 데는 외국의 라돈센서를 사용하고 있는 실정이다. 실내 라돈 방출량에 대한 데이터 구축과 국내에 맞는 실용적인 라돈측정기기를 개발하도록 하는 연구가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 PIN Photodiode를 이용하여 라돈의 농도를 측정하는 라돈 검출기 구현 방법을 제안한다. 실험을 통해서, PIN photodiode의 라돈 센서 모듈로서의 이용 가능성에 대하여 확인하였다. When radon is staying at alveoli and bronchial tubes, the collapse of radon creates progeny nuclides (alpha ray, beta ray, gamma ray, etc.). They emit radiation causing a mutation in the chromosome of the cell, resulting in lung cancer. In other words, the main cause of lung cancer is radiation emitting as the result of radon collapse rather than radon gas. The 82% of radiation exposed to people is the natural radiation. Most of the natural radiation is radon. If we properly control the concentration of radon indoors, the probability of occurrence of lung cancer could be decreases to be 70%. Until now, to measure the indoor radon concentration, imported radon sensors are needed. So, DB construction of indoor radon emission and popular radon measuring apparatus should be developed. In this paper, we propose the radon detecting method using PIN photodiode. Also, we confirmed the PIN photodiode could be used as radon sensor module through some experimental studies.

Indoor radon exposure increases tumor mutation burden in never-smoker patients with lung adenocarcinoma

Lim, Sun Min,Choi, Jae Woo,Hong, Min Hee,Jung, Dongmin,Lee, Chang Young,Park, Seong Yong,Shim, Hyo Sup,Sheen, Seungsoo,Kwak, Kyeong Im,Kang, Dae Ryong,Cho, Byoung Chul,Kim, Hye Ryun Elsevier 2019 Lung cancer Vol.131 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Objectives</B></P> <P>Radon, a natural radiation, is the leading environmental cause of lung cancer in never-smokers. However, the radon exposure impact on the mutational landscape and tumor mutation burden (TMB) of lung cancer in never-smokers has not been explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the mutational landscape of lung adenocarcinoma in never-smokers who were exposed to various degrees of residential radon.</P> <P><B>Materials and methods</B></P> <P>To investigate the effect of indoor radon exposure, we estimated the cumulative exposure to indoor radon in each house of patients with lung cancer with a never-smoking history. Patients with at least 2 year-duration of residence before the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma were included. Patients were subgrouped based on the median radon exposure level (48 Bq/m<SUP>3</SUP>): radon-high <I>vs.</I> radon-low and targeted sequencing of tumor and matched blood were performed in all patients.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>Among 41 patients with lung adenocarcinoma, the TMB was significantly higher in the radon-high group than it was in the radon-low group (mean 4.94 <I>vs</I>. 2.6 mutations/Mb, <I>P</I> = 0.01). The recurrence rates between radon-high and radon-low group did not differ significantly. Mutational signatures of radon-high tumors showed features associated with inactivity of the base excision repair and DNA replication machineries. The analysis of tumor evolutionary trajectories also suggested a series of mutagenesis induced by radon exposure. In addition, radon-high tumors revealed a significant protein-protein interaction of genes involved in DNA damage and repair (<I>P</I> < 0.001).</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>Indoor radon exposure increased the TMB in never-smoker patients with lung adenocarcinoma and their mutational signature was associated with defective DNA mismatch repair.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Radon is the leading environmental cause of lung cancer in never-smokers. </LI> <LI> We investigated the mutational landscape in never-smokers who were exposed to residential radon. </LI> <LI> Indoor radon exposure increased tumor mutation burden. </LI> </UL> </P>

건축물 유형에 따른 라돈 저감 효과 평가

이동현 ( Dong Hyun Lee ),류승훈 ( Seung Hun Ryu ),조정흠 ( Jung Heum Jo ),서성철 ( Sung Chul Seo ) 한국산업보건학회 2014 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.24 No.4

Objectives: The adverse health effects attributed to exposure to radon have been well known over the world. However, the efforts for prevention and mitigation of radon have not been taken in Korea so far. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation methods applied for various types of houses and public buildings with high level of radon. Methods: Based on the results of National Radon Surveyperformed by the National Institute of Environmental Research(NIER) in 2010-2012, we selected 30 candidate buildings consisting of 20 houses and 10 public buildings with greater than 148 Bq/㎥ of radon level. We measured the concentration of radon in 30 buildings, using E-PERMs and RAD-7 during January to March of 2013. More than five E-PERMs and one RAD-7 per house were installed for seven days. Ten houses and five public buildings were finally chosen to be mitigated after mainly considering the level of radon and the location of buildings nationwide. Three mitigation methods such as Sealing, two types of Active Ventilation(window-shaped and wall-typed ventilations), and Active Soil Depressurization(ASD) were applied, and the concentrations of radon were measured before and after mitigation, respectively. To evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation methods, reduction rates of radon were calculated and Wilcoxon``s signed-rank test was performed. Results: The mean concentration of 15 buildings just before radon mitigation was 297.8 Bq/㎥, and most of the buildings were located in Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, and Daegu areas(73.3%), and built in 1959-1998. The level of radon decreased from 48% to 90% and kept the below recommendation limit of 148 Bq/㎥ after installation of radon mitigation. Among mitigation methods applied, the reduction rate(58.7-90.4%) of radon attributed to ASD was the greatest than that of other methods, followed by Active Ventilation(48.4-78.4%) and Sealing(<22%). The effectiveness of radon reduction by window-shaped Active Ventilation(63.2-75.2%) was relatively better than that of wall-typed Active Ventilation(48.4-54.3%). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that ASD could be more effective for radon mitigation. Moreover, our findings would be background information in future for making the strategy for radon mitigation nationwide, as well as for developing Korean-version of mitigation techniques according to types of dwellings in Korea.

도료 및 차단막을 이용한 철도 폐터널 방출 라돈 차단 효율 평가

김신애,김태응,이동현 한국냄새환경학회 2022 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.21 No.4

As awareness about the danger of radon in indoor air has increased, various studies have been conducted to reduce the source of radon. This study was performed to investigate the effect of radon mitigation technology in a railway tunnel. Radon barrier paint and radon shield membrane developed to reduce the concentration of radon in soil and construction material were applied in the tunnel. The tunnel was divided into three sections, A, B, and C, and radon barrier paint, a buffer section, and radon shield membrane were applied, respectively. After securing a sealing screen to the floor and division of each section, radon concentrations were measured and compared before and after each product was applied, and statistical significance was confirmed through the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Measurement was performed with the In-Situ Method and Closed Chamber Method. Radon concentration measured by the in-situ method changed in A section to 124.1 Bq/m2 /day from 614.1 Bq/m2 /day (79.8%, z=-2.521, p .

실내 라돈 무료측정 및 알람기 설치 후의 저감율 평가

조용석,진영화,이슬비,강대용,이철민 한국냄새환경학회 2016 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.15 No.2

This study aimed at providing fundamental information for development of governmental policy on radon management, investigated the radon levels of residential homes nationwide. It also suggested the necessity for policy development which focuses on management of the degree of harm through the installation of radon alarm devices and radon reduction consulting for homes with radon readings in excess of recommended threshold. Results showed that the radon level of the subjects of this study, 1,167 houses, was 97.3 ± 65.8 Bq/m3. Regionally, Seoul had the highest level, while Jeju had the lowest. In the first round of the investigation, the number of houses, with radon level which exceeded the recommended threshold, 148 Bq/m3, was 171. However, as a result of the radon alarm installation and radon reduction consultation, the indoor radon level of 137 households decreased to less than the recommended threshold. In the second round of the investigation, 80% of the households, the radon concentration of which exceeded the current recommended threshold in the first round, appeared to maintain their radon concentration below the recommended threshold. As a result of the communication about radon's harmfulness and the installation of the radon alarm device for recognition of harmful environments. It could be deduced from this result that the communication about harm contributes to the reduction of radon.

국내·외 라돈 관련 제도 비교를 통한 산업안전보건법 개선방안

임대성 ( Dae Sung Lim ),김기연 ( Ki-youn Kim ),조용민 ( Yong Min Cho ),서성철 ( Sung Chul Seo ) 한국산업보건학회 2021 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.31 No.3

Objectives: Concerns have been raised about the possible health effects of radon on both workers and consumers with the spread of social attention to the impact of radon exposure. Thus, an entire raw material handling workshop was investigated, and standards for radon levels in the workplace were newly established at 600 ㏃/㎥. However, regulations on the management of workers exposed to radon are still insufficiently developed. Therefore, by comparative analysis of overseas and domestic radon-related regulations for workplaces, this study aims to suggest improvement plans of protection regulations under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) for the prevention of health disorders of radon-exposed workers. Methods: For overseas case studies, we consulted radon-related laws and reports officially published on the websites of the European Union (EU), the United States (U.S.) and the United Kingdom (UK) government agencies. Domestic law studies were conducted mainly on the Act on Protective Action Guidelines against Radiation in the Natural Environment and the OSH Act. Results: In Europe, the basic safety standards for protection against risks arising from radon (Council Directive 2013/59/EURATOM of 5 December 2013) was established by the EU. They recommend that the Member States manage radon level in workplaces based on this criterion. In the U.S., the standards for workplaces are controlled by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Action on radon in the UK is specified in “Radon in the workplace” published by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Conclusions: The Act on Protective Action Guidelines against Radiation in the Natural Environment mainly refers to the management of workplaces that use or handle raw materials but does not have any provisions in terms of protecting naturally exposed workers. In the OSH Act, it is necessary to define whether radon is included in radiation for that reason that its current regulations have limitations in ensuring the safety workers who may be exposed to naturally occurring radon. The management standards are needed for workplaces that do not directly deal with radon but are likely to be exposed to radon. We propose that this could be specified in the regulations for the prevention of health damage caused by radiation, not in Article 125 of the OSH Act.

대학가 주변 원룸의 라돈(radon) 농도 평가

이석용,이영무,박지현,김순신,홍가연,안호기,양원호,Lee, Seokyong,Lee, Youngmoo,Park, Jihyun,Kim, Sunshin,Hong, Gayeon,Ahn, Hogi,Yang, Wonho 한국환경보건학회 2013 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.39 No.2

Objective: Building materials can generate radon in indoor environments. This study aims to assess the radon concentrations of studio apartments around a university. Methods: 25 studio apartments around a University in Gyoungsan, Korea were measured for concentrations of radon. We evaluated the radon concentrations by using short-term continuous radon monitors at the studio apartments around the university, and analyzed the correlation between indoor radon concentration and factors affecting it, such as year of construction. Results: The average concentration of radon was 2.03 pCi/L(75.11 $Bq/m^3$)${\pm}1.34$ in the studio apartments. This radon level was lower than the radon standard for public use facilities in Korea and US EPA's standard of 4 pCi/L. However the measured radon levels were much higher than those previously reported in conventional dwellings. There was a statistically correlation between year of construction and radon concentrations in studio apartment buildings. Conclusion: It is suggested that recently built studio apartments might be constructed with phosphogypsum board that features higher radon emissions, and occupants are highly exposed to radon.

From Radon and Thoron Measurements, Inhalation Dose Assessment to National Regulation and Radon Action Plan in Cameroon

Saïdou,Shinji Tokonami,Masahiro Hosoda,Augustin Simo,Joseph Victor Hell,Olga German,Esmel Gislere Oscar Meless 대한방사선방어학회 2022 방사선방어학회지 Vol.47 No.4

Background : The current study reports measurements of activity concentrations of radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) in dwellings , followed by inhalation dose assessment of the public , and then by the development of regulation and the national radon action plan (NRAP) in Cameroon . Materials and Methods : Radon , thoron , and thoron progeny measurements were carried out from 2014 to 2017 using radon-thoron discriminative detectors (commercially RADUET) in 450 dwellings and thoron progeny monitors in 350 dwellings . From 2019 to 2020 , radon track detectors (commercially RADTRAK) were deployed in 1 , 400 dwellings . It was found that activ- ity concentrations of radon range in 1 , 850 houses from 10 to 2 , 620 Bq/m3 with a geometric mean of 76 Bq/m3 . Results and Discussion : Activity concentrations of thoron range from 20 to 700 Bq/m3 with a geometric mean of 107 Bq/m3 . Thoron equilibrium factor ranges from 0 . 01 to 0 . 6 , with an arithmetic mean of 0 . 09 that is higher than the default value of 0 . 02 given by UNSCEAR . On average , 49% , 9% , and 2% of all surveyed houses have radon concentrations above 100 , 200 , and 300 Bq/m3 , respectively. The average contribution of thoron to the inhalation dose due to radon and thoron exposure is about 40% . Thus , thoron cannot be neglected in dose assessment to avoid biased results in radio-epidemiological studies . Only radon was considered in the drafted regulation and in the NRAP adopted in October 2020 . Reference levels of 300 Bq/m3 and 1 , 000 Bq/m3 were recommended for dwellings and workplaces . Conclusion : Priority actions for the coming years include the following : radon risk mapping , promotion of a protection policy against radon in buildings , integration of the radon prevention and mitigation into the training of construction specialists , mitigation of dwellings and workplaces with high radon levels , increased public awareness of the health risks associated with radon , and development of programs on the scientific and technical aspects .

IoT 기반 라돈 측정 제어시스템 설계 및 구현

안희학,구자영,이상윤 (사)디지털산업정보학회 2020 디지털산업정보학회논문지 Vol.16 No.1

This paper is a IoT-based radon meter control system and a radon meter control method using it. The IoT-based radon meter control system is control system for controlling a radon meter by network-connecting radon meter and a user terminal. The radon measuring device may be provided with a radon sensor to measure a radon value of a preset management target area, it collect and store numerical data. The radon meter control system monitors the condition of the radon meter, it includes control center configured to deliver radon meter management information generated to a user terminal. Also radon measurements to determine the exact amount of radon gas. Therefore, the situation-specific actions based on radon numbers can be promptly implemented to ensure adequate protection for those who are vulnerable to radon and those who live in the area. Condition monitoring allows the radon meter to respond quickly to failure or failure of the radon meter. In addition, it is possible to secure a baseline of radon's influence and to obtain research data to cope with radon by establishing big data with radon measurements.

Prediction of Indoor Radon Concentration through the Exhalation from Korean Yellow Residual Soil, Hwangtoh as a Building Material

( Ju Yong Lee ),( Seog Goo Kang ) 한국목재공학회 2021 목재공학 Vol.49 No.2

The radon gas from nature mainly considers a cause of radon problems, and it is closely affect human life cycle. Korean yellow residual soil, Hwangtoh, widely used as a building material, is considered to be one of major sources of indoor radon. However, there have, as yet, been no studies about radon from Hwangtoh in mass market brands. Here, we investigated the indoor radon concentrations and exhalation rates in four Hwangtohs from different brand names and regional features. The Closed Chamber Method (CCM) conducted by a Continuous Radon Monitor (CRM) has been used for the rates of radon exhalation. Based on equations of previous references, the indoor radon concentrations were deducted. As a result, the radon surface exhalation rates resulted in the 1.4208 to 3.0293 Bq·㎡·h^-1 range. Significant differences were found among Hwangtohs according to production regions. Materials with higher radon concentration required a longer time to reach a quasi-steady state in a given environment, in other words, the number of half-life cycles increased from a set starting point. The experimentally identified Hwangtohs demonstrated its safety for construction purposes. There exists, so far, a possibility to exert influence radon emanation due to unidentified factors. Therefore, it is necessary to corroborate with more research by increasing the number of Hwangtohs, considering the other references reported high radon exhalation rates. In addition, it is highly recommended that the radon exhalation rates should be measured for all building materials for preventing human health before the material usage.