Reduced Ovarian Cancer Incidence in Women Exposed to Low Dose Ionizing Background Radiation or Radiation to the Ovaries after Treatment for Breast Cancer or Rectosigmoid Cancer

Lehrer, Steven,Green, Sheryl,Rosenzweig, Kenneth E Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.6

Background: High dose ionizing radiation can induce ovarian cancer, but the effect of low dose radiation on the development of ovarian cancer has not been extensively studied. We evaluated the effect of low dose radiation and total background radiation, and the radiation delivered to the ovaries during the treatment of rectosigmoid cancer and breast cancer on ovarian cancer incidence. Materials and Methods: Background radiation measurements are from Assessment of Variations in Radiation Exposure in the United States, 2011. Ovarian cancer incidence data are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of ovarian cancer following breast cancer and rectosigmoid cancer are from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data. Obesity data by US state are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mean ages of US state populations are from the United States Census Bureau. Results: We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIR) from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data, which reveal that in 194,042 cases of breast cancer treated with beam radiation, there were 796 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months of treatment (0.41%); in 283, 875 cases of breast cancer not treated with radiation, there were 1,531 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months (0.54%). The difference in ovarian cancer incidence in the two groups was significant (p < 0.001, two tailed Fisher exact test). The small dose of scattered ovarian radiation (about 3.09 cGy) from beam radiation to the breast appears to have reduced the risk of ovarian cancer by 24%. In 13,099 cases of rectal or rectosigmoid junction cancer treated with beam radiation in the SEER data, there were 20 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months of treatment (0.15%). In 33,305 cases of rectal or rectosigmoid junction cancer not treated with radiation, there were 91 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months (0.27%). The difference in ovarian cancer incidence in the two groups was significant (p = 0.017, two tailed Fisher exact test). In other words, the beam radiation to rectum and rectosigmoid that also reached the ovaries reduced the risk of ovarian cancer by 44%. In addition, there was a significant inverse relationship between ovarian cancer in white women and radon background radiation (r = - 0.465. p = 0.002) and total background radiation (r = -0.456, p = 0.002). Because increasing age and obesity are risk factors for ovarian cancer, multivariate linear regression was performed. The inverse relationship between ovarian cancer incidence and radon background was significant (${\beta}=-0.463$, p = 0.002) but unrelated to age (${\beta}=-0.080$, p = 0.570) or obesity (${\beta}=-0.180$, p = 0.208). Conclusions: The reduction of ovarian cancer risk following low dose radiation may be the result of radiation hormesis. Hormesis is a favorable biological response to low toxin exposure. A pollutant or toxin demonstrating hormesis has the opposite effect in small doses as in large doses. In the case of radiation, large doses are carcinogenic. However, lower overall cancer rates are found in U.S. states with high impact radiation. Moreover, there is reduced lung cancer incidence in high radiation background US states where nuclear weapons testing was done. Women at increased risk of ovarian cancer have two choices. They may be closely followed (surveillance) or undergo immediate prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. However, the efficacy of surveillance is questionable. Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is considered preferable, although it carries the risk of surgical complications. The data analysis above suggests that low-dose pelvic irradiation might be a good third choice to reduce ovarian cancer risk. Further studies would be worthwhile to establish the lowest optimum radiation dose.

Effects of low dose γ-ray on the early growth of tomato and the resistance to subsequent high doses of radiation

Kim,Jin Kyu,Kim,Jae Sung,Back,Myung-Hwa,Kim,Dong-Hee 대한방사선 방어학회 2000 방사선방어학회지 Vol.24 No.3

저선량 γ선 조사한 토마토 2품종, 서광과 하우스모모타로 종자의 발아와 초기생육 및 후속고선량에 대한 생육효과를 조사하였다. 저선량에 의한 발아와 생육촉진효과는 품종에 따라 달랐다. 발아율의 경우 서광은 모든 저선량 조사구에서 증가되었으나, 하우스모모타는 오히려 감소되었다. 유묘초장은 지선량 조사에 의해 증가되었으며 두 품종 모두 4 Gy 와 8 Gy 조사구에서 가장 효과적이었다. 생육 2개월 후 서광의 초장은 억제되었으나 생체중은 4 Gy and 2 Gy에서 증가되었고, 하우스모모타로의 초장은 12 Gy 와 20 Gy에서, 생체중은 20 Gy and 4 Gy 에서 가장 높은 증가효과를 보였다. 토마토 식물체의 고선량 피폭에 의한 생육장해는 사전 지선량 조사에 의해 감소되었는데 서광의 경우 2 Gy 와 8 Gy 조사구에서 저항성이 높았으며 하우스모모타로의 경우 모든 저선량 조사구에서 저항성 효과가 나타났으며 특히 2 Gy 와 12 Gy 조사구에서 높았다. Tomato(Lycopericum esculentum M? cv. Seokwang and cv. Housemomotaro) seeds were irradiated with the doses of 1-23 Gy from ?Co r-ray source to investigate the effect of the low dose r-ray radiation on the early growth and resistance to subsequent high dose of radiation. Germination rate of seeds irradiated with low dose r0ray was enhanced in Seokwang cultivar but not in Housemomotaro cultivar. Seedling height increased in 4 Gy and 8 Gy irradiation group of both cultivars. Plant height of Seokwang cultivar was depressed in low dose irradiation group but fresh weight was increased in 2 Gy and 4 Gy irradiation group. In Housemomotaro cultivar, plant height increased in 12 Gy and 20 Gy irradiation group and fresh weight increased in 4 Gy and 20 Gy irradiation group. Growth inhibition of tomato plants by high dose radiation was notiation was enhanced in 2 Gy and 8 Gy irradiation group of Seokwang cultivar and in 2 Gy and 12 Gy irradiation group of Housemomotaro cultivar.

총설 : 식품에서의 hormesis 효과

김혜원 ( Hye Won Kim ),조용진 ( Yong Jin Cho ),길복임 ( Bog Im Gil ) 한국산업식품공학회 2014 산업 식품공학 Vol.18 No.4

The term hormesis is defined as stimulation by low doses of any potentially harmful agent. In the food industry, many attempts were made to apply hormeric phenomena to the process of improving food storage or increasing functional molecules in food. In this study, we reviewed the results of hormetic treatment including pressure, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet, heat and atmosphere modification from a variety of fruits and vegetables. The hormetic effects were quite diverse depending on the kind of food, cultivar and experimental environment. It was therefore difficult to derive the exact and consistent hormetic influences. Nonetheless, it is significant that this study is the first attempt to document the impact of various hormetic treatments on food.

양성자 및 감마선 처리가 유채 M₁ 세대의 감수성에 미치는 영향

은종선(Jong-Seon Eun),김준수(Jun-Su Kim),임환수(Hwan-Su Lim),한석교(Suk-Kyo Han),최소라(So-Ra Choi),장영석(Young-Seok Jang) 한국원예학회 2007 원예과학기술지 Vol.25 No.1

This experiment was carried out to increase the cultivation area of rape (Brassica napus) and develop this plant as a biodiesel so dry seeds of 3 cultivars, ‘Naehan’, ‘Hanla’, and ‘Tammi’ were irradiated with proton ion and gamma-ray at range of 0 to 2,000 Gy and then radiosensitivity of M1 generation were investigated. The germination rate were more than 95.3% regardless of radiation source, dosage and cultivar and emergence rate at 6 days after sowing were decreased by increasing dosage but those of 12 days as more than 91.7% were similar all together. Survival rate in 1,000 Gy and below at 7 weeks after sowing were similar but remarkably reduced 38.1~84.1% in 1,500 Gy and 2,000 Gy. The length and area of cotyledon, and hypocotyl length in all 3 cultivars were badly reduced with high significancy by increasing dosage of proton ion and gamma-ray irradiation and sensitive responses were showed in order of ‘Naehan’, ‘Hanla’, and ‘Tammi’. On the other hand, there was hormesis that the length and area of cotyledon were more increased at 100~200 Gy in the proton ion than control in ‘Tammi’. Chlorophyll content, number of true leaves and leaf area at 1 month after sowing were decreased by increasing radiation dosage regardless of radiation source so had high significancy. As the cotyledons at 1 month after sowing almost showed chlorosis in more than 800 Gy and chlorosis was especially serious in ‘Tammi’. The number of true leaves was about 2.3 in control and the low level of dosage but cotyledon didn’t grow in the high level dosage of 1,500 Gy and over. And the dosage in which leaf area was reduced to 50% compared to that of control were 800 Gy in ‘Naehan’ and 1,500 Gy in ‘Tammi’ and ‘Hanla’ by proton ion and 400 Gy in ‘Tammi’, 1,500 Gy both ‘Naehan’ and ‘Hanla’ by gamma-ray. The fresh weight of top land than root was more sensitive so dosage in which fresh weight reduced to 50% compared to that of control were 600 Gy in ‘Naehan’ and 1,000 Gy both ‘Tammi’ and ‘Hanla’. As the results, growth of seedling decreased over 50% in more than 1,000 Gy with high sensitivity to radiation and so it was appeared that proper dosage for mutation breeding in rape was 1,000 Gy and below.

묵은 배추종자의 발아와 생육에 미치는 저선량 ${\gamma}$선 효과

김재성,이영근,백명화,이영복,박영선 한국환경생물학회 1999 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.17 No.1

저선량 방사선에 의한 식물 유익효과를 구명하기 위하여 2개 종묘회사로부터 4년간 묵은 종자를 분양받아 저수준의 ${\gamma}$선을 조사하여 온실과 포장에서 재배하여 그 생육 상황을 조사하였다. 서울종묘의 한여름배추는 0.5 Gy 조사구를 제외하고는 발아율 증대효과는 없었고 8 Gy와 12 Gy 조사구에서 유묘초장과 생체중이 각각 평균 20%와 40%정도 증가하여 초기생육 촉진효과는 있었으나 포장수량 증가 효과는 볼 수 없었다. 흥농종묘의 tropic emperor 품종에서는 1 Gy 조사에서 발아율이 10% 정도 증가하였고 유묘초장과 생체중은 1 Gy와 12 Gy 조사구에서 평균 20% 정도 증가하였으며 포장수량에서도 0.5 Gy와 4 Gy에서 초장과 생체중이 각각 10%와 20%정도 증가하였다. 결과적으로 저선량 방사선에 의한 배추의 초기생육 촉진효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다. To investigate the stimulating effects of the low- dose radiation, the seeds of chinese cabbages (Brassica campestris L. cv. Hanyoreum and cv. Tropic emperor) were irradiated at the dose of 0.5 Gy~20 Gy with the ${\gamma}$-ray radition. In case of ‘Hanyoreum’cultivar, there were no significant promoting effects on the germination rate except the 0.5 Gy irradiated group. The increase in seedling height and fresh weight in 8 Gy and 12 Gy irradiated groups was 20% and 40%, respectively, which suggested the stimulating effect of the low-dose radiation on the early growth. In case of‘Tropic emperor’cultivar, the germination rate of 1 Gy irradiated group increased approximately 10% and the seedling height and fresh weight of 1 Gy and 12 Gy irradiated group in the greenhouse 20% on the average, and plant height and fresh weight of 0.5 Gy and 4 Gy irradiated group in the field increased 10% and 20% on the average, respectively.

Effects of low dose γ-ray on the early growth of tomato and the resistance to subsequent high doses of radiation

Jae Sung Kim,Jin Kyu Kim,Myung-Hwa Back,Dong-Hee Kim 대한방사선방어학회 1999 방사선방어학회지 Vol.24 No.3

저 선량 베타선의 조사에 의한 식물의 생장에 미치는 영향

이병구(Byung-Koo Lee),임인철(In-Chul Im),김종언(Jong-Eon Kim) 대한방사선과학회(구 대한방사선기술학회) 2010 방사선기술과학 Vol.33 No.2

본 연구는 저 선량 베타선의 장기간(31일) 조사에 의한 춘향이 열무와 알타리 무의 생장에 미치는 영향을 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 실험은 알타리 무와 춘향이 열무에 대하여 각각 1개 샘플의 대조군과 11개 샘플의 실험군으로 구성하였다. 대조군과 실험군의 종자들은 각각의 샘플에서 8개씩 선택되어 같은 조건의 배양토에 파종하였다. 실험군 샘플의 누적선량은 31일 동안 매일 같은 시간에 측정하였다. 생장과정과 발아율은 매주 2회 같은 시간에 측정하였다. 잎사귀 수, 초장의 길이와 생체중은 파종 후 20일과 25일에 각각 측정하여 평균값을 얻었다. 25일 동안 측정된 실험군의 결과에서, 알타리 무의 길이와 무게는 누적선량 0.01 Gy에서 대조군보다 각각 5%와 36%로 증가하였다. 또한 춘향이 열무에서 길이는 누적선량 0.01~0.08 Gy와 0.3 Gy에서 대조군보다 각각 13~17%와 1%, 무게는 누적선량 0.05 Gy와 0.23 Gy에서 대조군보다 각각 36%와 2%로 증가하였다. 잎 수에 대하여, 알타리 무는 누적선량 0.01~0.32 Gy에서 대조군보다 0~50%로 증가하였다. 그리고 춘향이 열무는 0.01~0.0.62 Gy에서 대조군보다 0~67%로 증가하였다. 이 결과로부터, 알타리 무와 춘향이 열무는 대체적으로 낮은 누적선량영역(0.01~0.2 Gy)에서 길이와 무게 그리고 잎 수가 증가하였다. 그리고 실험군의 세포의 크기,핵의 위치와 세포의 조밀도는 대조군과 거의 유사하게 현미경으로 관찰되었다. 결론적으로, 베타선에 조사된 알타리 무와 춘향이 열무는 방사선 호메시스 이론과 부합되어 낮은 누적선량영역에서 더 많은 생장을 한 것으로 추정된다. 추후 연구에서 방사선 호메시스와 식물생장의 관련성을 확증하기 위한 추가적인 실험이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. This study is to analyze effects of the growth of Chunhyang Young Radish (CYR) and Altari Radish (AR) according to the exposure for 31 days at low dose β-rays. This test has one contrast sample and eleven test samples each as to AR and CYR. The seeds from contrast and test sample were planted in the culture soil after 8 seeds were chosen from each with identical condition. The accumulated dose of test samples has been measured at consistent time on a daily basis for 31 days. The growing process and germination have been measured twice at consistent time in each week. The number of leaves, length of first leave and weight have been acquired average value by measuring for 20 and 25 days, respectively after being planted. The result of test sample in case of 25 days shows that 5% increase in length and 36% increase in weight for AR each at accumulated dose 0.01 Gy compared to the contrast sample. And the length of CYR has increased by 13~17% and 1% at accumulated dose 0.01~0.08 Gy and 0.3 Gy compared to the contrast sample. For the weight at accumulated dose 0.05 Gy and 0.23 Gy has increased by 36% and 2% compared to contrast sample. As to the number of leaves, AR has increased by 0~50% at accumulated dose 0.01-0.32 Gy compared to contrast sample. It also shows that the CYR has increased to 0~67% at accumulated dose 0.01-0.62 Gy compared to contrast sample. As a result of this study, it indicates that both AR and CYR has generally increased in their length, weight, and the number of leaves at low level accumulated dose part 0.01~0.2 Gy. The size of cell, area of nucleus and density of cell for test sample has been observed quite similar to the ones from contrast sample through microscope. In conclusion, AR and CYR irradiated by β-rays have estimated that they are achieved a rapid growth at low level accumulated dose region corresponding to its radiation hormesis theory. Further studies need to confirm the correlation between the radiation hormesis and the growth of the plants.

Radioresistance of Acorus calamus to Gamma Ray Irradiation

Ja- Hyun Lee,Si-Yong Kang,Geung-Joo Lee,Seong-Gene Lee,Tae-Ho Han,Sun-Kook Kim 한국화훼산업육성협회 2011 화훼연구 Vol.19 No.2

저선량 방사선에 의한 작물 초기생육 촉진효과

김재성 ( Jae Sung Kim ),송희섭 ( Hi Sup Song ),김진규 ( Jin Kyu Kim ),이영근 ( Young Keun Lee ),이영복 ( Young Bok Lee ) 한국환경농학회 1998 한국환경농학회지 Vol.17 No.2

저선량 ${\gamma}$ 선 조사가 배추와 무 종자의 발아와 양분흡수에 미치는 영향

윤영만,김남범,김재성,김정규,Yoon, Young-Man,Kim, Nam-Bum,Kim, Jae-Sung,Kim, Jeong-Gyu 한국환경농학회 1999 한국환경농학회지 Vol.18 No.4

배추와 무의 영양생리에 대한 저선량${\gamma}$선에 의한 자극작용의 영향을 파악하고자 1998년산 흑진주배추, 1995년산 서림엇갈이배추, 1998년산 청운무 종자에 1에서 10Gy의 저선량 ${\gamma}$선을 조사하고 생육시기에 따른 생장량과 무기양분의 변화를 분석하였다. 공시된 배추품종들은 조사선량의 증가에 따라서 발아율과 건물생산량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 건물생산의 증가는 흑진주배추에서 가장 현저하여 10Gy 처리구에서 143%로 증가되었고, 서림엇갈이배추는 10Gy에서 138%로 증가하였다. 청운무는 ${\gamma}$선 조사에 따른 발아율과 건물생산량의 일관된 경향성을 보이지 않았다. 무기영양소들의 함량변화는 선량-반응 곡선의 ${\gamma}$ 또는 ${\delta}$형을 나타내 ${\gamma}$선에 의한 자극효과가 일부처리구에서 나타나기는 하였지만 일반적 현상이라고 인정하기 어려웠다. 따라서 저선량 ${\gamma}$조사가 배추와 무의 영양생리에 미치는 영향을 정확하게 파악하기 위한 연구결과의 집적이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. To investigate hormetic effect of low dose ${\gamma}$-ray on the uptake of mineral nutrients in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris var. Hekjinju var. Surim and) and radish (Raphanus sativas var. Chung-un), seeds of these plants were irradiated with the dose of 1 to 10 Gy. Germination rate and dry weight were examined at pot experiment in greenhouse. Samples for analysis of mineral nutrient were harvested at 17 days and at 59 days after seedling and were analyzed by ICP. Brassica campestris varieties showed higher germination rate and dry weight production with increasing ${\gamma}$ ray dose. Dry weight of Hekjinju Surim and were 143% and 138% at 10Gy dose. respectively. There was no tendency in germination rate and dry weight production for Raphanus sativas var. Chung-un with ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation. The pattern of mineral nutrient content of these plants showed ${\gamma}$ or ${\delta}$ type of dose-reaction curve with no siginificant. This investigation suggests that the more results can be required to understand the hormetic effect of low dose ${\gamma}$ ray on the uptake of mineral nutrient for these plants.