持ち主のやりもらい構文の構造とヴォイス性 ー元になる文との関係からー

송혜선 전북대학교 인문학연구소 2020 건지인문학 Vol.0 No.29

In this paper, give/take-type verb sentence structure was analyzed using the concept of the original verb sentence structure. As a result, in the original verb sentence structure, the sentence structure that affects the part of the action object, that is, the body and possessions, constituted the “owner give/take-type verb” sentence structure. The “owner give/take-type verb” sentence structure is a verb sentence structure in which give/take-type verbs are combined with the transitive verb sentence structure that the “no” role action object affects the possessions of “wo” role and “ni” role. A verb sentence structure such as "Taro washed Jiro's hair" affecting the "wo" role possessions becomes a sentence like "Taro gave Jiro a wash to the hair" in the give-type sentence and it becomes the sentence structure like "Jiro got his hair washed by Taro." in a take-type sentence. In addition, the original verb sentence structure such as ``Taro applied a moxa on Jiro's back'' affecting the ``ni'' role possessions becomes a sentence like ``Taro gave Jiro a moxa on the back'' in a give-type sentence, and ``Jiro got a moxa from Taro on the back'' in a take-type sentence. In other words, the "no" role, which is the beneficiary in the give-type verb sentence, changed to the "ga" role in the take-type verb sentence, and the affected "wo" role and "ni" role do not change. In addition, as a result of examining the voice feature of the ``owner give/take-type verb sentence structure'', it is observed that there is a confrontation structure, the same structure as "owner passive form", in which the owner of ``no'' role is replaced with ``ga'' role in take-type verb sentence structure.

의자디자인 구조의 결합 유형에 관한 연구

오세환(Oh, Sehwan),박영순(Park, Young-Soon) 한국실내디자인학회 2009 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.18 No.6

Structure is one of the most important components in designing chairs, since a chair should support the weight of users and make them feel comfortable. However, previous studies have focused on examining the materials and the techniques of processing of chairs, but less on studying the structures to facilitate human friendly use enough to influence the change of the current chair design. The purpose of this study is to analyze the composition element in structure of the chair design specifically from 2000 to 2008 the fundamentals to achieve quality chair design. This study examined 386 chairs which the most reputable furniture fair, the Milan International Furniture Fair exhibited from 2000 to 2008. 386 chairs were chosen from 72 companies which passed the popularity and ranks. 24 Components of the structure of chairs were used to annalize the 386 chairs. The structural types of chair design included 51 kinds. Among them, the most representative types appeared to be 5 kinds. Particularly, the single structure chair was comprised of 25%, its productivity has increased steadily since 2004 which indicated that the structure of chair has become simplified. According to the components of chair, classified structure types were analyzed into (1) a single structure consisting of one component, (2) a simple structure with two components, (3) a complex structure with three components, and (4) a multiple structure with four components. The majority of chair types followed the order of the single structure, simple structure, complex structure, and multiple structure. The results of the analysis on the structure of chairs indicated that the structure of chairs has been changed toward single type No. 24 and simple type No. 6+13.

Influence of structure-soil-structure interaction on foundation behavior for two adjacent structures: Geo-centrifuge experiment

Ngo, Van-Linh,Kim, Jae-Min,Lee, Changho Techno-Press 2019 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.19 No.5

This paper illustrates the results of a series of seismic geotechnical centrifuge experiments to explore dynamic structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) of two structures (named S1 and S2) installed on ground surface. A dense homogeneous ground is prepared in an equivalent shear beam (ESB) container. Two structural models are designed to elicit soil-foundation-structure interaction (SFSI) with different masses, heights, and dynamic characteristics. Five experimental tests are carried out for: (1) two reference responses of the two structures and (2) the response of two structures closely located at three ranges of distance. It is found that differential settlements of both structures increase and the smaller structure (S2) inversely rotates out of the other (S1) when they interact with each other. S2 structure experiences less settlement and uplift when at a close distance to the S1 structure. Furthermore, the S1 structure, which is larger one, shows a larger rocking and a smaller sliding response due to the SSSI effects, while S2 structure tends to slide more than that in the reference test, which is illustrated by an increase in sliding response and rocking stiffness as well as a decrease in moment-to-shear ratio (M/H·L) of the S2 structure.

다중지점 지진하중에 대한 아치구조물의 지진응답 분석

김기철,강주원,Kim, Gee-Cheo,Kang, Joo-Won 한국공간구조학회 2013 한국공간구조학회지 Vol.13 No.4

Spatial structures have the different dynamic characteristics from general rahmen structures. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately analyze dynamic characteristics and seismic response for seismic design of spatial structure. Keel arch structure is used as an example structure because it has primary characteristics of spatial structures. In case of spatial structures with different ground condition and time lag, multiple support excitation may be subjected to supports of a keel arch structure. In this study, the response of the keel arch structure under multiple support excitation and with time lag are analyzed by means of the pseudo excitation method. Pseudo excitation method shows that the structural response is divided into two parts, ground displacement and structural dynamic response due to ground motion excitation. It is known that the seismic responses of spatial structure under multiple support excitation are different from those of spatial structure under simple excitation. And the seismic response of spatial structure with time lag are different from those of spatial structure without time lag. Therefore, it has to be necessary to analyze the seismic response of spatial structure under multiple support excitation and time lag because the spatial structure supports may be different and very long span. It is shown that the seismic response of spatial structure under multiple support seismic excitation are different from those of spatial structure under unique excitation.

<오륜가>의 구조적 표현과 구조 : -악장가사- 주세붕, 박선장 등의 작품을 중심으로

양희철 청주대학교 학술연구소 2014 淸大學術論集 Vol.2014 No.S-8

This paper looked upon structural expression and structure in O-Ryun-Ga edited in Ak-Jang-Ga-Sa and written by Ju, Se-bung and Park, Seon-jang. The result of this paper follow as; 1. In O-Ryun-Ga edited in Ak-Jang-Ga-Sa, we discovered to anti-climatic structure and symmetrical structure(A-B-C-A'-B'). 2. In O-Ryun-Ga written by Ju, Se-bung, we also discovered anti-climatic structure and symmetrical structure(A-B-C-A'-B'). 3. In O-Ryun-Ga written by Ju, Se-bung, we discovered three types of structural expression. First type is symmetrical expression which exposed the relational solidarity and paragraph of 2nd-6th unit. Second type is symmetrical expression which exposed the relational solidarity and paragraph of 2nd-6th unit and symmetrical structure(A-B-C-A'-B'). Third type is symmetrical expression which exposed the beginning and end of the work and the relational solidarity of first paragraph(1st unit) and second paragraph(2nd-6th unit). 4. In O-Ryun-Ga written by Park, Seon-jang, we discovered two structure. One is symmetrical structure(A-B-C-A'-B') which is discovered in O-Ryun-Ga edited in Ak-Jang-Ga-Sahe in O-Ryun-Ga written by Ju, Se-bung. The other is paratactic structure which have a change in ending. 5. In O-Ryun-Ga written by Park, Seon-jang, we discovered three types of structural expression. First type is symmetrical expression which exposed the relational solidarity and paragraph of 1st-5th unit. Second type is symmetrical expression which exposed the relational solidarity and paragraph of 1st-5th unit and symmetrical structure(A-B-C-A'-B'). Third type is symmetrical expression and the deviant expression which exposed the beginning and end of the work and the relational solidarity of first paragraph(1st-5th unit) and second paragraph(6th-8th unit).

인공지능 및 빅데이터 시대에서의 데이터 구조 (data structure)의 발명으로서의 성립성 및 진보성 판단

정차호,서광훈,이아람 성균관대학교 법학연구원 2023 성균관법학 Vol.35 No.2

Data structure refers to a physical or logical relationship between data designed to store, manage, and manipulate specific data under a certain structure. As big data becomes more important in the age of artificial intelligence and chat GPT, data structure inventions have also become more important. Accordingly, in this article, in order to propose legal principles for judging eligibility and inventive step of a data structure as an invention, US and European legal principles, which have been established to some extent, were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, this article proposes the following jurisprudence. First, printed matter, information or data structure itself does not satisfy eligibility requirement, and furthermore, simply combining it with a recorded medium or computer does not satisfy eligibility requirement. Second, if the data (information) structure has a functional relationship with the computer or recording medium on which it is recorded, eligibility requirement can be satisfied. For example, eligibility requirement may be satisfied when technical performance such as processing speed, storage efficiency, search speed, and security increases as a result of a specific structure of the certain data. Third, eligibility judgment method for a data structure is similar to that for a software program in many respects. A number of cases in which eligibility of a program is judged will be helpful in determining eligibility of a data structure. Fourth, our practice of directly judging inventive step without judging eligibility of a claim on data structure invites criticism. An active attitude is required to judge eligibility first. Fifth, in the case of claiming a data structure, in addition to a method invention, a product invention must also be claimed for thick protection as right. 데이터 구조(data structure)는 특정 데이터를 일정한 구조 하에 저장, 관리, 조작하기 위하여 설계된 데이터 사이의 물리적 또는 논리적 관계를 말한다. 인공지능 시대, chat GPT의 시대에서 빅데이터(big data)가 더 중요해짐에 따라 데이터 구조 발명도 더 중요해졌다. 그에 따라, 이 글에서는 데이터 구조의 발명으로서의 성립성(eligibility) 및 진보성(inventive step)을 판단하는 법리를 제안하기 위하여 관련 법리가 어느 정도 정립되어 있는 미국 및 유럽의 법리를 분석하였다. 그 분석의 결과로 이 글은 다음과 같은 법리를 제안한다. 첫째, 인쇄물, 정보 또는 데이터 구조 그 자체로는 성립성을 충족하지 못하며, 나아가 그것이 기록된 매체 또는 컴퓨터와 단순히 결합하는 것도 성립성을 충족하지 못한다. 둘째, 데이터(정보) 구조가 그것이 기록된 기록매체 또는 컴퓨터와 기능적 관계(functional relationship)를 가지는 경우 성립성이 충족될 수 있다. 한 예로, 해당 데이터의 특정 구조로 인하여 결과적으로 처리속도, 저장효율, 검색속도, 보안 등의 기술적 성능이 높아지는 경우 성립성이 충족될 수 있다. 셋째, 데이터 구조에 대한 성립성 판단방법이 많은 측면에서 소프트웨어 프로그램에 대한 성립성 판단방법과 유사하다. 프로그램에 대하여 성립성을 판단한 많은 사례들이 데이터 구조의 성립성을 판단함에 있어서 도움을 줄 것이다. 넷째, 데이터 구조에 관한 청구항에 대하여 성립성은 아예 판단하지도 않고 진보성을 바로 판단하는 우리 실무는 비판을 초대한다. 성립성을 먼저 판단하는 적극적인 자세가 요망된다. 다섯째, 기왕 데이터 구조를 청구하는 경우 권리로서의 두터운 보호를 위해 방법발명 외에 물건발명도 청구해야 한다.

미국자동차시장의 구조분석

Choi InHye(최인혜),Seo Goo Lee(이서구),Seong Keun Yi(이성근) 한국마케팅과학회 2008 마케팅과학연구 Vol.18 No.1

  본 연구는 미국의 자동시장의 시장구조를 분석한 것이다. 자동차 시장의 구조분석는 제품의 특성이냐내구재라는 점에서 의의가 있다. 그 동안 시장구조분석은 일반포장소비재를 중심으로 분석되어 왔으나 자동차의 시장구조분석는 자동차의 구매주기가 장기간이며, 다음 구매는 많은 소비자가 상위차급으로 이동한다는 점에서 기존의 분석에 사용되었던 상표전환자료를 사용하는데 한계가 있다. 이 때문에 본 연구에서는 구매고려상표군을 중심으로 우사성지수로 사용하여 시장구조분석을 하였다. 자료는 미국의 자동차구매에 관한 이차자료를 활용하였으며, 자료의 특성상 일부차종에 한정하여 사용하였다. 크게 세가지 형태-비용, 비용-형태, 비구조화의 가설적 시장을 비교분석하였으며, 결과적으로 형태-비용 구조가 가장 우수한 것으로 판단되었다.   Market structure analysis is a very useful tool to analyze the competition boundary of the brand or the company. But most of the studies in market structure analysis, the concern lies in nondurable goods such as candies, soft drink and etc. because of the their availability of the data. In the field of durable goods, the limitation of the data availability and the repurchase time period constrain the study. In the analysis of the automobile market, those of views might be more persuasive.<BR>  The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure of automobile market based on some idea suggested by prior studies. Usually the buyers of the automobile tend to buy upper tier when they buy in the next time. That kind of behavior make it impossible to analyze the structure of automobile market under the level of automobile model. For that reason I tried to analyze the market structure in the brand or company level.<BR>  In this study, consideration data was used for market structure analysis. The reasons why we used the consideration data are summarized as following. Firstly, as the repurchase time cycle is too long, brand switching data which is used for the market analysis of nondurable good is not avaliable. Secondly, as we mentioned, the buyers of the automobile tend to buy upper tier when they buy in the next time.<BR>  We used survey data collected in the U.S.A. market in the year of 2005 through questionaire. The sample size was 8,291. The number of brand analyzed in this study was 9 among 37 which was being sold in U.S.A. market. Their market share was around 50%. The brands considered were BMW, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Dodge, Ford, Honda, Mercedes, and Toyota. ? ratio was derived from frequency of the consideration set. Actually the frequency is different from the brand switch concept. In this study to compute the ? ratio, the frequency of the consideration set was used like a frequency of brand switch for convenience.<BR>  The study can be divided into 2 steps. The first step is to build hypothetical market structures. The second step is to choose the best structure based on the hypothetical market structures, Usually logit analysis is used for the choice best structure.<BR>  In this study we built 3 hypothetical market structure. They are type-cost, cost-type, and unstructured. We classified the automobile into 5 types, sedan, SUV(Sport Utility Vehicle), Pickup, Mini Van, and Full-size Van. As for purchasing cost, we classified it 2 groups based on the median value. The median value was $28,800.<BR>  To decide best structure among them, maximum likelihood test was used. Resulting from market structure analysis, we find that the automobile market of USA is hierarchically structured in the form of "automobile type - purchasing cost". That is, result showed that automobile buyers considered function or usage first and purchasing cost next.<BR>  This study has some limitations in the analysis level and variable selection. First, in this study only type of the automobile and purchasing cost were as attributes considered for purchase. Considering other attributes is very needful. Because of the attributes considered, only 3 hypothetical structure could be analyzed. Second, due to the data, brand level analysis was tried. But model level analysis would be better because automobile buyers consider model not brand. To conduct model level study more cases should be obtained. That is for acquiring the better practical meaning, brand level analysis should be conducted when we consider the actual competition which occurred in the real market. Third, the variable selection for building nested logit model was very limited to some avaliable data. In spite of those limitations, the importance of this study lies in the trial of market structure analysis of durable good.

從連謂結構的存在條件看其來源與發展

사위국 한국중국언어학회 2016 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.67

As the direct source of today`s Verb-Complement Structure, the Serial Verb Structure has unique conditions itself in syntax structure, semantic relation and pragmatic function. In syntax structure, according to the different semantic features from internal constituent parts V₁,V₂,O₁,O₂, the Serial Verb Structure has four kinds of structures, V₁V₂O,V₁OV₂,V₁O₁V₂O₂ and V₁V₂.In semantic relation, V₁ should show the “action”, V₂ should supplement and explain the result which is caused by the V₁, and there is a “action-result” semantic relationship between V₁ and V₂. In Pragmatic Function, the V₁ showing the “action” takes charge of the center of the structure, and the V₂ complementing and explaining the result takes charge of the core of the expression. Through the analysis of the conditions in syntax structure, semantic relation and pragmatic function, we can find the Descriptive Structure which has direct historical development relation with the Serial Verb Structure. Not only the semantic relation, but also the syntax structure, pragmatic function of this structure are fit for the demands from the Serial Verb Structure. And, as a dynamic developing syntactic structure, the Serial Verb Structure serves as a link between the past - the Descriptive Structure, and the future - the Verb-Complement Structure.

고려상표군을 이용한 내구재 시장구조 분석에 관한 연구:자동차 시장에 대한 탐색적 분석방법

이서구 한국마케팅학회 2012 ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL Vol.14 No.2

Brand switching data frequently used in market structure analysis is adequate to analyze non- durable goods, because it can capture competition between specific two brands. But brand switching data sometimes can not be used to analyze goods like automobiles having long term duration because one of main assumptions that consumer preference toward brand attributes is not changed against time can be violated. Therefore a new type of data which can precisely capture competition among durable goods is needed. Another problem of using brand switching data collected from actual purchase behavior is short of explanation why consumers consider different set of brands. Considering above problems, main purpose of this study is to analyze market structure for durable goods with consideration set. The author uses exploratory approach and latent class clustering to identify market structure based on heterogeneous consideration set among consumers. Then the relationship between some factors and consideration set formation is analyzed. Some benefits and two demographic variables – age and income – are selected as factors based on consumer behavior theory. The author analyzed USA automotive market with top 11 brands using exploratory approach and latent class clustering. 2,500 respondents are randomly selected from the total sample and used for analysis. Six models concerning market structure are established to test. Model 1 means non-structured market and model 6 means market structure composed of six sub-markets. It is exploratory approach because any hypothetical market structure is not defined. * Business Administration, Korea Nazarene University The result showed that model 1 is insufficient to fit data. It implies that USA automotive market is a structured market. Model 3 with three market structures is significant and identified as the optimal market structure in USA automotive market. Three sub markets are named as USA brands, Asian Brands, and European Brands. And it implies that country of origin effect may exist in USA automotive market. Comparison between modal classification by derived market structures and probabilistic classification by research model was conducted to test how model 3 can correctly classify respondents. The model classify 97% of respondents exactly. The result of this study is different from those of previous research. Previous research used confirmatory approach. Car type and price were chosen as criteria for market structuring and car type-price structure was revealed as the optimal structure for USA automotive market. But this research used exploratory approach without hypothetical market structures. It is not concluded yet which approach is superior. For confirmatory approach, hypothetical market structures should be established exhaustively, because the optimal market structure is selected among hypothetical structures. On the other hand, exploratory approach has a potential problem that validity for derived optimal market structure is somewhat difficult to verify. There also exist market boundary difference between this research and previous research. While previous research analyzed seven car brands, this research analyzed eleven car brands. Both researches seemed to represent entire car market, because cumulative market shares for analyzed brands exceeds 50%. But market boundary difference might affect the different results. Though both researches showed different results, it is obvious that country of origin effect among brands should be considered as important criteria to analyze USA automotive market structure. This research tried to explain heterogeneity of consideration sets among consumers using benefits and two demographic factors, sex and income. Benefit works as a key variable for consumer decision process, and also works as an important criterion in market segmentation. Three factors - trust/ safety, image/fun to drive, and economy - are identified among nine benefit related measu... 시장구조 분석에서 흔히 사용되는 상표전환 자료는 비내구재 분석에 적절한 방법이 될 수 있으나 자동차 같이 사용연한이 장시간인 내구재의 경우에는 소비자의 상표에 대한 선호도가 변할 수 있어 상표전환 자료의 사용에 문제가 있다. 따라서 경쟁을 잘 포착할 수 있는 다른 접근이 필요하다. 본 연구는 이에 대한 대안으로 상표간 경쟁 자료로써 고려상표군을 이용하여 자동차 시장의 구조를 Latent Class 군집분석을 활용한 탐색적 검증방법으로 분석하였다. 또한 소비자 행동분석에 근거하여 상표간 경쟁의 근간을 이루는 고려상표군 형성에 영향을 미치는 인자들을 밝히는데 중점을 두었다. 미국 자동차 시장을 대상으로 분석한 결과, 시장은 상표 원산지 효과에 의해 구분되었다. 즉, 미국 상표, 유럽 상표, 그리고 아시아 상표 등으로 시장이 구분되었다. 또한 각 시장구조 내 소비자들의 고려상표군 형성에 신뢰성/안전, 이미지/즐거움, 경제성 등의 편익과 성별, 소득 등 개인적 요인이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

한국군의 미래 군구조 개편에 관한 연구

김동삼 한국보훈학회 2022 한국보훈논총 Vol.21 No.4

Recently, the Korean military is pushing for a reorganization of the force structure to strengthen its defense power and solve the population cliff problem by introducing AI, robot combat systems based on the 4th Industrial Revolution. In response to these environmental changes, this study sought ways to develop force structures centered on military strategies for 'How will the future Korean military fight and win?' The factors influencing the determination of the group structure were classified as background factors and adjustment factors, and then the interaction between them affects military strategies that play a key role in force structure decision, and the process of determining force structure was analyzed. By organizing these processes, the 'force structure decision model' was derived, and the effectiveness was confirmed by applying it to the Korean military structure decision process. As a result of the study, through the application of the force structure decision model as a future force structure of the Korean military, the introduction of the "Enhanced Joint Chiefs of Staff" based on the military strategy of the "All Areas Integrated Defense Strategy" was proposed. In order to respond to various threats, a step-by-step promotion plan was designed by dividing it into an intermediate stage and a future stage. In the intermediate stage, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was strengthened, the commander-in-chief was given operational command, the unification of military administration and military command, the integration of each military headquarters and operations, the establishment of a joint force, and the establishment of an efficient military structure. Finally, several policy suggestions were mentioned for the successful implementation of the proposed force structure. 최근 들어 한국군은 제4차 산업혁명 기반하에 인공지능(AI), 유무인⋅로봇 전투체계를 조기 도입하여 국방력을 강화하기 위한 군구조 개편을 추진하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 미래 환경적 변화에 맞춰 한국군이 ‘어떻게 싸우고 이길 것인가 ?’에 대한 군사전략 중심의 군구조 개편방안에 대해 모색하였다. 군구조 결정에 영향을 주는 요인들을 배경요인과 조정요인으로 분류하고, 이들 간의 상호작용이 군구조 결정의 핵심적 역할을 하는 군사전략에 영향을 미치며, 최종적으로 군사전략이 조직구조 설계요소들과의 상호작용을 통해 군구조가 결정되고 있는 과정에 대해 분석을 하였다. 이러한 분석과정을 정리하여 ‘군구조 결정모형’을 도출하였으며 한국군 군구조 결정 과정에 적용하여 실효성을 확인해 보았다. 연구결과로써, 한국군의 미래 군구조 개편방안으로 ‘다영역 중층 통합방위전략’을 기반으로 하는 ‘강화된 합동형 합참의장제’를 제안하였다. 또한, 주권⋅반주권⋅국제공공 영역에서의 다양한 위협에 대응할 수 있도록 중간단계와 미래단계로 구분하여 단계별 추진방안을 구체화하였다. 중간단계에서는 합참의장의 권한 강화 및 각 군 참모총장에게 작전지휘권 부여를, 미래단계에서는 군정과 군령의 일원화, 각 군 본부와 작전사 통합, 합참 예하 전략사령부⋅특수작전사령부⋅합동부대 신설, 효율적 병력구조 구축 등을 제시하였다. 끝으로 제시된 군구조의 성공적인 실행을 위해 병행되어야 할 몇 가지 정책제언에 대해 언급하였다.