동영상 강좌에서 대학생의 주의집중 수준과 관심영역에 따른 시선응시 및 동공지름에 대한 분석

양은별 ( Yang Eunbyul ),류지헌 ( Ryu Jeeheon ) 안암교육학회 2020 한국교육학연구 Vol.26 No.1

이 연구는 이러닝 동영상에서 교사의 판서에 대한 학습자의 시각행동을 주의집중 수준에 따라 분석한 것이다. 이 연구의 참여자는 대학생 45명이고, 이들은 EBS에서 제작된 강의 동영상을 시청하였다. 실험에 사용된 동영상에서는 교사가 등장하여 판서하면서 강의식 수업을 진행하였다. 학습자의 주의집중 수준을 파악하기 위해 동영상 시청 과정에서 측정된 시선응시시간을 기준으로 실험참가자를 세 집단(주의집중 낮음, 중간, 높음)으로 나누었고, 집단에 따라 응시하는 영역을 알아보기 위하여 교수행동에 따라 영역을 구분하였다(얼굴, 손, 내용). 이렇게 설정된 영역에 대한 시선응시시간과 동공크기를 측정하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 주의집중이 높은 집단은 정보입력 영역인 판서 동작(손)에 대한 시선응시시간 가장 길었다. 그러나 주의집중이 낮은 집단은 어떤 영역도 더 길게 응시하지 않았다. 둘째, 주의집중 수준이 낮은 집단은 판서 내용을 읽으면서 동공지름이 가장 컸다. 이것은 정서적인 좌절이나 인지부하수준이 높아지고 있음을 의미한다. 그러나 주의집중이 높은 집단은 어떤 영역에서도 동공크기에 따른 차이가 없었다. 이 연구를 통해서 주의집중 수준에 따라 교수행동에 대한 학습자의 시각행동에서 차이가 나타남을 확인하였다. 이 연구는 학습자의 주의집중 수준을 고려한 교수설계의 필요성을 시선추적을 통해 실증적으로 밝혔다. The purpose of study was to analyze the learners’ eye gaze on a video lecture at the levels of attention. The participants were 45 college students, and they viewed an instructor lead video lecture. He used a blackboard for the instruction. To measure the learner’s attention eye-fixation duration, they were categorized into three levels of attention: high, medium, and low groups. Three areas of interest (AOI) were set up to evaluate where the participants look at longer at the different levels of attention. The first AOI was named as a face of the instructor. This AOI was to measure how long the participants want to make an eye-contact with the instructor of the video clip. The second AOI was named as a hand of the instructor, and it was to measure how long the learners look at the instructor’s hand when he is writing instructional information on the blackboard. The last AOI was named as a content of the blackboard area. It can be used for the participants to refer the written content on the blackboard. The dependent variables of this study were the fixation duration average and the pupil diameter. The fixation duration was to measure how much a participant gives attention to the learning content. The longer fixation duration means the higher attention on AOI area. The pupil diameter was to evaluate how much difficult to mange a learning process for the participants. The wider pupil diameter inicated the more difficult to process. First, the results revealed that the high attention group gives more attention to the hand of instructor to gain more information. However, the low attention group did not show any significant differences on the AOI’s. Second, the high attention group did not show any differences of pupil diameters on the AOI’s. However, the low attention group revealed significant differences of pupil diameters on the AOI’s. The instructional strategies should be included for the various types of learners.

Characteristics of Dynamic and Kinetic Visual Acuity in Young Myopic Eyes

Young-Cheong Kim ( 김영청 ),Sang-Woo Park ( 박상우 ),Hyun-Suk Shim ( 심현석 ) 한국안광학회 2017 한국안광학회지 Vol.22 No.4

Purpose: To investigate the characteristics of dynamic visual acuity (DVA) and kinetic visual acuity (KVA) in young myopic eyes and to investigate the clinical or ocular factors affecting DVA and KVA. Methods: Eighty subjects aged between 20-32 years old were recruited. Before measuring the DVA and KVA, visual acuity, spherical equivalent refractive error, intraocular pressure were measured, and axial length, central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, pupil diameter were obtained by optical low coherence reflectometry (Haag-Streit, Koniz, Switzerland) and central subfield thickness, cube volume, cube average thickness parameters of macular were measured using a Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) device (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA). Monocular and binocular DVA were measured using a dynamic visual acuity analyzer (designed by Jangill Moon, Hyunsuk Shim, and Youngcheong Kim). Monocular and binocular KVA were measured using a kinetic visual acuity meter AS-4A (KOWA, Tokyo, Japan). All measurements were repeated at baseline, 1 week, and 4 weeks. Results: In comparison between monocular and binocular viewing, binocular DVA was higher than monocular DVA. However, there was no difference in KVA. Men showed higher DVA and KVA than women at baseline, 1 week, and 4 weeks. The lower degree of myopia, shorter axial length, and longer pupil diameter were the higher DVA. Similarly, the lower degree of myopia and shorter axial length were the higher KVA. However, KVA did not show association with pupil diameter. Conclusions: DVA and KVA may be different by sex, degree of myopia, axial length, pupil diameter. Clinical factors and ocular biometry should be considered when measuring DVA and KVA. 목적: 젊은 근시환자를 대상으로 동체시력(Dynamic visual acuity, DVA)과 동적시력(Kinetic visual acuity, KVA)의 특징을 알아보고, 안구 인자와 임상 검사 결과들이 동체시력과 동적시력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 20-32세 사이의 80명 근시안을 대상으로 하였다. 동체시력과 동적시력을 측정하기 전, 나안시력과 구면등가굴절력, 안압을 측정하였고, 광학저간섭성 반사계(optical low coherence reflectometry)를 통해 안축 길이, 각막 두께, 수정체 두께, 전방 깊이, 동공크기를 측정하였으며, 빛간섭단층촬영(Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography)을 시행하여 황반부 두께를 측정하였다. 동체시력 분석기(제작 문장일, 심현석, 김영청)와 동적시력 측정기 AS-4A (KOWA, Tokyo, Japan)를 이용하여 단안과 양안의 동체시력과 동적시력을 각각 측정하였고, 1주 후와 4주 후에 반복하여 측정하였다. 결과: 단안시와 양안시 비교에서, 단안 동체시력보다 양안 동체시력이 더 좋았으나 동적시력은 차이가 없었다. 남자가 여자보다 동체시력과 동적시력이 기준일, 1주 후, 4주 후에서 모두 우수하였다. 동체시력은 근시가 낮을수록, 안축 길이가 짧을수록, 동공 크기가 클수록 우수하였고, 동적시력은 근시가 낮을수록, 안축 길이가 짧을수록 우수하였으나 동공 크기와는 관련을 보이지 않았다. 결론: 동체시력과 동적시력은 성별, 근시 정도, 안축의 길이, 동공 크기에 따라 차이를 보였다. 동체시력과 동적시력을 측정하고자 할 때 임상적, 안구 생체 요소가 영향을 준다는 것을 고려해야 할 것이다.

Long-Term Substance Use Can Cause Irreversible Photopic Vision Changes in Substance Use Disorder in Remission

Oguzhan Bekir Egilmez,Mehmet Hamdi Orum,Ali Kustepe,Ayse Sevgi Karadag,Aysun Kalenderoglu 대한신경정신의학회 2020 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.17 No.10

Objective Substance use has such effects on pupil diameter. Although there is knowledge about the acute effects of substances on pupils, studies showing their chronic effects are limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of long-term substance use on scotopic, mesopic, and photopic vision.Methods The present study with cross-sectional desgn was conducted at the Adiyaman Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry in Adiyaman. This study involved 110 substance use disorder (SUD) patients and 46 healthy volunteers as the control. The parameters were measured and recorded automatically by a device.Results The mean age was 23.44±5.53 years in the SUD group and 24.26±5.38 years in healthy controls (p=0.420). The mean age of onset of the substance was 17.74±3.89 years and the mean duration of substance use was 3.54±2.9 years. It was determined that the patients had not used any substance for a mean of 121.73±117.49 days. There was no significant difference between patient and control groups in terms of scotopic and mesopic measurements of both eyes (p>0.05). Photopic measurements were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p<0.05). Photopic measurements were significantly higher in the opioid, cannabis, ecstasy, and multiple substance use groups than in the control group (p<0.05).Conclusion The most important topic of this study is that photopic vision is permanently impaired in patients with a history of chronic substance use. This was attributed to disrupted sympathetic-parasympathetic hierarchy.

백내장 수술 또는 후발성백내장 수술 후 동공크기의 변화

김효진,김현진,주천기,Hyojin Kim,Hyun Jin Kim,Choun-Ki Joo 대한안과학회 2005 대한안과학회지 Vol.46 No.1

Purpose: To investigate the change of pupil diameter following cataract surgery or after-cataract surgery and the dependence of this change on the opacity at photopic and scotopic adaptation. Methods: Thirty-five eyes with cataract and 32 eyes with after-cataract were evaluated prospectively. The pupil diameter was measured at 220 lux (photopic) and 0.05 lux (scotopic) using a pupillometer. Cataract patients were examined preoperatively, and at 1 week and 2 months postoperatively, and after-cataract patients were examined preoperatively, and at 1 week postoperatively. The lens opacity was classified as opacity degree and the after-cataract was divided into pearl and fibrosis type. Results: Pupil diameter of cataract patients was reduced after surgery at photopic and scotopic adaptation (p<0.05). The pupil diameter of eyes with severe opacity degree was 4.3±1.1 mm and 5.0±1.1 mm at photopic and scotopic adaptation, respectively, and was larger than eyes with mild opacity degree (3.9±1.1 mm and 4.5±1.1 mm, respectively, p<0.05). At photopic and scotopic adaptation, pupil diameter of after-cataract patients was reduced by Nd:Yag laser (p<0.05). The pupil diameter of eyes with fibrosis type, 4.6±1.0 mm, was significantly smaller than that of eyes with pearls type (5.1±1.1 mm, p<0.05). Conclusions: The pupil diameter of eyes with severe opacity degree was larger that of eyes with mild opacity degree. In after-cataract patients, pupil diameter was significant different depending on opacification type at scotopic adaptation and it was reduced after Nd:Yag laser.

각막굴절력이 굴절이상과 동공크기에 미치는 영향

임동규,김대영,이군자 대한시과학회 2022 대한시과학회지 Vol.24 No.4

Purpose : To investigate the effect of corneal refractive power on refractive errors and pupil diameter in their 20s∼70s. Methods : Myopic (831 eyes, 34.55±13.17 years, -2.28±1.37 D) and hyperopic (369 eyes, 47.20±12.24 years, +1.22±0.72 D) subjects without any eye disease and refractive surgery were participated in this study. I-Profilerplus was used to measure corneal refractive power and pupil diameter and refractive errors in the eyes. Results : The corneal refractive power was significantly greater in the myopia group by about 0.35 D than in the hyperopia group, and and as the corneal refractive power increased, the refractive errors increased in the minus (-) direction (r=-0.182, p=0.023). The pupil diameter was significantly greater in the myopia group by about 0.40 mm than that of hyperopia group, and the refractive errors showed a weak correlation with the pupil size in the negative (-) direction (p<0.050). And as the corneal refractive power increased in the positive (+) direction, the pupil diameter significantly increased (p<0.050). Conclusion : The corneal refractive power affects refractive errors and pupil diameter measurements. The results of this study could be a cornerstone for understanding the pupil diameter and refractive error. 목적: 20~70대 성인을 대상으로 각막굴절력이 굴절이상과 동공크기에 미치는 영향에 대해서 확인하고자 하였다. 방법 : 안과질환과 각막굴절교정술 경험이 없는 근시안 그룹(831안, 34.55±13.17세, -2.28±1.37 D), 원시안 그룹(369안, 47.20±12.24세, +1.22±0.72 D)이 본 연구에 참여하였으며, I-Profilerplus를 사용하여 대상안의 각막굴절력과 동공크기 및 원점굴절도를 측정해 분석하였다. 결과 : 각막굴절력은 근시안 그룹이 원시안 그룹 보다 약 0.35 D 정도 유의하게 컸으며, 근시안과 원시안 및전체 굴절이상 그룹에서 원점굴절도가 마이너스(-) 방향으로 높을수록 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.050). 동공크기는 근시안 그룹이 원시안 그룹에 비하여 약 0.40 mm 정도 유의하게 컸고 근시안과 원시안 및 전체 굴절이상 그룹 모두에서 원점굴절도가 마이너스(-) 방향으로 높을수록 동공크기가 컸으며(p<0.050), 근시안과 원시안 그룹을포함하는 전체 굴절이상 그룹에서 각막굴절력이 플러스(+) 방향으로 클수록 동공크기는 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.050). 결론 : 각막굴절력은 굴절이상과 동공크기 측정값에 영향을 주는 것을 확인하였으며, 이 연구 결과는 굴절이상종류에 따른 동공크기 차이를 이해하는데 도움이 되는 기초자료가 될 것으로 생각한다.

Factors Influencing Higher Order Aberrations in Middle Aged Adults

Dong-Kyu Lim,Koon-Ja Lee,Dae-Yeong Kim 대한시과학회 2021 대한시과학회지 Vol.23 No.4

목적 : 40~50대 중년층에서 연령, 굴절이상도, 동공크기, 수평 및 수직 동공중심이동, 각막굴절력, 각막난시도가 고위수차에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 방법 : 안과질환과 각막굴절교정술 경험이 없는 40세에서 59세의 중년층 400안을 대상으로 I-Profilerplus (Zeiss, Berlin, Germany)를 사용하여 고위수차 및 굴절이상도, 동공크기, 수평 및 수직 동공중심이동, 각막굴절 력, 각막난시도를 측정하였으며, 측정값이 고위수차에 미치는 영향에 대해서 분석하였다. 결과 : 중년층에서 안구의 전체 고위수차는 연령이 증가하고, 각막굴절력, 각막난시도가 높을수록 양(+)의 방향으로 증가하였으며(all, p<0.050), 교정굴절력(등가구면굴절력)이 마이너스(-)의 방향으로 증가할수록, 동공크기가 클수록 음(-)의 방향으로 증가하였다(all, p<0.050). 수평 및 수직코마 수차는 연령, 각막난시도가 높을수록 양(+)의 방향으로 증가하였고 수평코마 수차는 동공중심이동이 이측, 수직코마 수차는 상측으로 이동할수록 양(+) 의 방향으로 증가하였으며(all, p<0.050), 교정굴절력이 마이너스(-)의 방향으로 증가할수록, 동공크기가 클수록 음(-)의 방향으로 증가하였다(all, p<0.050). 구면수차는 교정굴절력이 마이너스(-)의 방향으로 증가할수록, 동공 크기 및 각막굴절력과 각막난시도가 높을수록 양(+)의 방향으로 증가하였으며(all, p<0.050), 나이가 많을수록 음 (-)의 방향으로 증가하였다(all, p<0.050). 결론 : 40대에서 50대의 중년층의 고위수차는 연령, 굴절이상도, 동공크기, 수평 및 수직 동공중심이동, 각막굴 절력, 각막난시도에 따라 변할 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 고위수차를 제어한 안경렌즈 및 콘택트렌즈 설계를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. Purpose : To investigate the effects of age, refractive errors, pupil diameter, pupil center shift, corneal refractive power, and corneal astigmatism on higher order aberrations (HOAs) in middle aged adult. Methods : The middle subjects aged 40 to 59 years who had no ophthalmologic diseases and refractive surgery were recruited. I-Profilerplus (Zeiss, Berlin, Germany) was used to measure HOAs and refractive errors, pupil diameter, pupil center shift, corneal refractive power, and corneal astigmatism, and the effect of the measured values on HOAs were analyzed. Results : The total HOAs of the eye increased in a positive (+) direction with increasing age, corneal refractive power, and corneal astigmatism increased (all, p<0.050), and as the refractive errors increased in the minus (-) direction and as the pupil diameter increased, it increased in the negative (-) direction (all, p<0.050). Horizontal coma and vertical coma aberration increased in the positive (+) direction as age and corneal astigmatism increased, while horizontal coma increased in the positive (+) direction as the pupil center shifted to the lateral side and vertical coma increased to the upper side (all, p<0.050), As refractive errors increased in the minus (-) direction, and as the pupil diameter increased, it increased in the negative (-) direction (all, p<0.050). Spherical aberration increased in the positive (+) direction as refractive errors was higher in the minus (-) direction, and as the pupil diameter, corneal refractive power, and corneal astigmatism increased. (all, p<0.050), and increased in the negative (-) direction with increasing age (all, p<0.050). Conclusion : The ocular HOAs of the middle aged changes according to age, refractive errors, pupil diameter, pupil center shift, corneal refractive power, and corneal astigmatism. These results would be cornerstones in designing lenses for spectacle and contact lens.

Repeatability and Agreement of Chord Mu between Scheimpflug Tomography and Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography

Na Hyun Kim,Hyun Jin Kim,Soo Chang Cho,Kyung Eun Han 대한안과학회 2023 Korean Journal of Ophthalmology Vol.37 No.6

Purpose: To evaluate repeatability and agreement of chord mu between Scheimpflug tomography (Pentacam HR) and sweptsource optical coherence tomography–based optical biometer (IOLMaster 700). Methods: In this retrospective study, 63 eyes from 33 patients were included. Chord mu, X and Y Cartesian distances between the corneal vertex and the pupil center (Px and Py), and the pupil diameter were compared using two instruments. Repeatability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CoV), and within-subject standard deviation (Sw). Interdevice agreement was evaluated using paired t-tests and Bland-Altman plots. Results: Although Sw values for all parameters were similar between the two devices, CoV values of chord mu and pupil diameter were lower, and ICC values of those parameters were higher, in the IOLMaster 700 than in the Pentacam HR. Chord mu and pupil diameter values were higher in IOLMaster 700 than Pentacam HR (p < 0.01). The width of the 95% limit of agreement was wide for all parameters. Conclusions: IOLMaster 700 showed better repeatability than Pentacam HR in chord mu, Px, Py, and pupil diameter values. Because there were statistically significant differences and a low level of agreement in chord mu and pupil diameter values between the two devices, they cannot be used interchangeably.

Factors Influencing Higher-order Aberrations in Young Myopes

Dong-Kyu Lim,Koon-Ja Lee,Dae-Yeong Kim 대한시과학회 2021 대한시과학회지 Vol.23 No.2

목적 : 젊은 성인 근시안에서 연령, 굴절이상도, 각막굴절력, 동공크기, 동공중심이동이 고위수차에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 방법 : 안과질환과 각막굴절교정술 경험이 없고, 20세에서 39세 사이의 젊은 성인 근시안 200명을 대상으로 I-Profilerplus(Zeiss, Berlin, Germany)를 사용하여 고위수차 및 굴절이상도, 각막굴절력, 동공크기, 동공중심 이동을 측정하였으며, 고위수차에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해서 분석하였다. 결과 : 20~30대 젊은 근시안에서 안구의 전체 고위수차는 나이가 많을수록 양(+)의 방향으로 증가하였고 (p<0.001), 수평 코마, 수직 코마, 구면수차는 음(-)의 방향으로 증가하였다(all, p<0.001). 안구의 전체 고위수 차는 등가구면굴절력이 음(-)의 방향으로 증가할수록 음(-)의 방향으로 증가하였고(p<0.001), 구면수차는 양(+) 의 방향으로 증가하였다(p=0.004). 또한, 평균 각막굴절력이 증가하면 전체 고위수차와 구면수차는 음(-)의 방향 으로 증가하고(p<0.001, p=0.025), 수평 코마수차와 수직 코마수차는 양(+)의 방향으로 증가하였다(p=0.001, p<0.001). 동공크기가 클수록 수직 트레포일과 구면수차는 양(+)의 방향으로 증가하였고(all, p<0.001), 동공중 심 이동량이 귀 방향으로 증가할수록 수평 코마수차는 양(+)의 방향으로 증가하였고(r=0.207, p=0.003), 위 방 향으로 증가할수록 수직 코마수차는 양(+)의 방향으로 증가하였다(r=0.446, p<0.001). 결론 : 젊은 성인 근시안의 고위수차는 나이, 굴절이상도, 각막굴절력, 동공크기, 동공중심 이동에 따라 변할 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 수평 코마, 수직 코마, 구면수차를 제어한 안경렌즈 및 콘택트렌즈를 설계할 경우 기초 자료로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. Purpose : To investigate the effects of age, refractive errors, corneal refractive power, pupil diameter, and pupil center shift on high-order aberrations (HOAs) in young myopic eyes. Methods : The myopic eyes of aged 20 to 39 years who had no ophthalmologic diseases and refractive surgery were recruited. I-Profilerplus (Zeiss, Berlin, Germany) was used to measure HOAs and refractive errors, corneal refractive power, pupil diameter, and pupil shift, and factors affecting HOA were analyzed. Results : In young myopes, as the age increased, the total HOA was increased in the positive (+) direction (p<0.001), and the horizontal coma, vertical coma, and spherical aberration (SA) were increased in the negative (-) direction (all, p<0.001). As the equivalent spherical refractive errors increased in the negative (-) direction, the total HOA was increased in the negative (-) direction (p<0.001), and the SA was increased in the positive (+) direction (p=0.004). As the mean corneal refractive power increased, the total HOA and SA were increased in the negative (-) direction (p<0.001, p=0.025), and the horizontal coma and vertical coma aberration were increased in the positive (+) direction (p=0.001, p<0.001). As the pupil diameter increased, vertical trefoil and SA were increased in the positive (+) direction (all, p<0.001). As the pupil center shift increased toward the lateral, the horizontal coma aberration increased in the positive (+) direction (p=0.003), and as the pupil center shift increased toward the superior, the vertical coma aberration increased positive (+) direction (p<0.001). Conclusion : The ocular HOAs of the young myopes changes according to age, refractive error, corneal refractive power, pupil size, and pupil center shift and the results in this study would be cornerstones in designing lenses for spectacle and contact lens.

The Difference in Pupil Size Responding to Cognitive Load and Emotional Arousal Questions between Guilty and Innocent Groups

조아라,김기호,이장한 한국법심리학회 2020 한국심리학회지: 법 Vol.11 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of emotional arousal and cognitive load on pupil diameter during a lie detection interview. The guilty group (n = 30) committed a mock crime (i.e., stealing cash) and the innocent group (n = 30) performed a mission (i.e., sending a message) in the research assistant’s office. After that, their pupil size was measured using a wearable eye-tracker during the interview. The interview questions were classified with the three cognitive load, three emotional arousal, and three neutral questions. The results indicate that the main effects of group and time were not significant, but the interaction between group and time was significant. It means that when answering cognitive load questions, the guilty group showed larger increase in pupil diameter than the innocent group. The present study suggests that inducing cognitive load is more effective than inducing emotional arousal during an interview when using pupil diameter as an index of deception, and it is expected to improve the accuracy of lie detection.

Physical Characteristics of Lighting Environment and Physiological Change of Drivers in Tunnel

Can Qin,Bo Liang,Jinghang Xiao,Jia’an Niu,Shiyong He 대한토목학회 2023 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.27 No.5

The physical characteristics (i.e., road surface luminance, sidewall luminance, overall uniformity of luminance, and longitudinal uniformity of luminance) of the tunnel and the physiological change (i.e., pupil diameter and heart rate) of the drivers were investigated by the real vehicle tests and the whole scale model. Experiments were carried out in the real tunnel and the whole scale model with the sidewalls covered by the energy-storage and self-luminous material coating (ESMC) and the fireproof material coating (FMC). The results also show that compared to FMC, the luminance and the luminance uniformity were higher, and the pupil diameter and heart rate of drivers were smaller for ESMC. Furthermore, the physical characteristics of the light environment are negatively correlated with the physiological change of drivers. Moreover, each decrease of 1 cd/mm2 in road surface luminance and sidewall luminance, the pupil diameter increase by 0.54 and 1.06 mm, the heart rate increase 7.29 and 14.15 times/min, respectively. Each decrease of 0.1 in luminance uniformity, the pupil diameter increase by 0.33 mm, the mean heart rate increase 4.41 times/min, respectively.