발효방법에 의한 감염가금의 분해 및 발효소독 특성에 관한 연구

홍종태,유병기,김혁주,이성현,박경석,오권영,김대근,이진주,Hong, J.T.,Yu, B.K.,Kim, H.J.,Lee, S.H.,Park, K.S.,Oh, K.Y.,Kim, D.G.,Lee, J.J. 한국축산환경학회 2010 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.16 No.2

전염병발생 감염가금 매몰처리방법은 침출수 및 악취발생 등 환경오염의 원인이 되고 있어 폐사가금의 처리문제가 중요한 현안으로 대두하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 친환경 처리방법으로 감염가금 처리형태와 계분, 톱밥 등을 혼합한 퇴비화방법이 분해특성 및 발효 소독에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 연구결과, 소형 포트시험에서 가금 통처리에 비해 가금을 절단살균 처리한 경우 분해가 잘 되고 악취발생도 상대적으로 적게 나타났으며, 여기에 고온성 미생물을 처리한 경우 조기에 온도는 상승되었으나, 발효포트 규모가 소형으로 온도상승 및 온도지속기간이 길지 않았다. 그러나 절단살균한 가금처리량을 증대하여 중층처리법에 의한 발효시험결과 1일 만에 $54^{\circ}C$까지 온도가 상승되고 이후 4주간 $55^{\circ}C$ 이상 유지되었고, 분해도 잘 되었으며 악취발생도 하우스 외측에서는 경미하게 느끼는 정도인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 발효소독 효과를 알아보기 위하여 AI, ND를 분변에 접종하여 $56^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 바이러스의 증식여부를 조사한 결과 AI virus의 경우 60분 처리, ND의 경우 30훈 처리 이후 생존이 인정되지 않았다. 따라서 전염병 발생지역에서 가금류를 현지 살균한 후 사육장내의 분변, 톱밥 등을 혼합하여 퇴비화한다면 환경오염을 줄이고 발효소독 효과도 높일 수 있을 것으로 예상되어 금후 관련분야에서 퇴비이용 작물재배 적응성, 안전성 등 관련연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. Recently, the treatment of dead poultry has become more important issue because, the infected poultry, which was buried under the ground, causes environmental contaminations such as steep water and reek occurrence, etc. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the type of treatment and the composting methods influencing to the characteristics on decomposition and fermentative disinfection of dead poultry with poultry manure and sawdust. The results of the port tests showed that amputated poultry treated by the cut-sterilization were not only more decomposed, with less smell compared to the non-treated poultry carcass. When we treated thermophilic microorganism such as bacillus in this amputated poultry, the temperature of treated poultry increased much fester, the fermentation temperature didn't rise and not maintained constantly for long time due to the small size of the fermentation port. On the other hand, we did fermentation test by the layered disposal method with more poultry. In this experiment, the temperature of fermented poultry rose to $54^{\circ}C$ in a day and maintained around $55^{\circ}C$ during four weeks period. With less odor outside the experiment room. further. Also, we inoculated AI virus, ND virus in the excrement for studying the effect of fermentative disinfection. The result of the test revealed that AI virus was destructed within 60 minutes and ND virus was destructed within 30 minutes at the temperature of $56^{\circ}C$. Therefore, the investigations revealed scope of composting method for steam sterilized infected poultry in the originated area mixed with poultry manure, sawdust by thermophilic microorganism could increase the effectiveness of fermentative disinfection and decrease the environmental contamination.

Simulation of Poultry House Ventilation using Computational Fluid Dynamics

( Chih-hsiang Hsu ),( Sumingchen ),( Kuang-wen Hsieh ),( Chao-yin Tsai ),( Rou-yan Peng ),( Jin-ming Tsai ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

Poultry output value in Taiwan takes a large proportion of whole livestock production. However, in 2014, it was suffered from a serious bird flu invasion in Taiwan, culling a large number of poultries. Take geese as an example, almost 90% of the geese were culled in 2014. As a result, it caused serious losses to livestock industry. In order to prevent outbreak of bird flu, the government has stipulated that poultry houses must be rebuilt as non-open poultry houses and rehabilitated. Therefore, the development of the design in closed poultry houses is important. In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate a 30 m ^* 8.5 m ^* 3.6 m closed poultry house. There are two suction fans used for longitudinal ventilation. Through the different circulation fan setups to evaluate for the growth conditions of poultry and improve the ventilation of closed poultry houses, and reduce the possibility of invasion of pathogenic sources at the same time. The results showed when a circulation fan was not placed, there was a phenomenon of non-uniform airflow distribution within 6 m near water-cooled wall. When a circulation fan was placed 3 m away from the water-cooled wall, some parts of the airflow concentrated near the fan and caused non-uniform airflow distribution within 9 m near the water-cooled wall, which may be unsuitable for poultries living. The study showed that simulation of flow field facilitates designs of non-open poultry houses.

살모넬라 부재 계란 및 닭고기 생산을 위한 위생관리

양시용(S. Y. Yang),홍영호(Y. H. Hong),송창선(C. S. Song) 한국가금학회 2010 한국가금학회 심포지움 Vol.2010 No.5

축산물은 사람의 주요 식품원으로서 중요하지만, 식중독균의 주요 매개체이기도 하다. FAO/WHO(2002) 보고에 따르면 유럽에서 발생하는 식중독의 약 26 %가 닭고기 및 계란을 포함한 가금유래로서, 식중독 발생의 77.1 %가 살모넬라균이 원인으로 나타났으며, 특히, S.enteritidis가 1/3 이상을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 전 세계적으로 살모넬라 오염 가금생산물의 공중보건학적 위험을 해결하기 위한 제어방안과 프로그램에 대한 관심이 확산되고 있으며, EU와 미국을 중심으로 살모넬라 제어를 위해 사육단계에서부터 도축 및 가공단계까지 전 과정에서의 살모넬라 제어프로그램을 적용 확대해가고 있다. 식품 안전에 대한 요구가 증가되고 있는 현 시점에서 제시한 바와 같은 살모넬라 차단방역 시스템 설계, 현장에 쉽게 적용할 수 있는 수준의 가이드라인 개발 및 백신과 유기산, 경쟁적배제제, 프로바이오틱스, 박테리오파아지 등과 같은 살모넬라 저해제의 적용을 포함한 살모넬라 부재 가금 및 안전 계육 생산기법의 개발이 필요하다. Salmonella infections cause the disease in poultry and some zoonotic. Salmonella can be transmitted to human through poultry products, resulting in foodborne disease. The FAO/WHO report on foodborne diseases in EU reported that about 26 % of foods involve in outbreaks involves poultry and poultry products. Salmonella is the most frequently reported causal agent of outbreaks in the EU, being possible for 77.1 % of outbreaks. Of these, more than one third were confirmed to be caused by Salmonella enteritidis. Salmonella infections in birds are increasingly worldwide subject to control measures and programs due to the public health threats by Salmonella contaminated poultry products. The US and EU have initiated control programmes to reduce Salmonella in poultry. Control programmes include the whole poultry production chain, and include measures of biosecurity, Salmonella-free feed, management systems, hygiene and disinfection. Salmonella control programmes may include vaccinations and feed additives such as organic acids, competitive exclusion products, probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils and bacteriophages.

An updated review on probiotics as an alternative of antibiotics in poultry — A review

Yaqoob Muhammad Umar,Wang Geng,Wang Minqi 아세아·태평양축산학회 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.8

Antibiotics used to be supplemented to animal feeds as growth promoter and as an effective strategy to reduce the burden of pathogenic bacteria present in the gastro-intestinal tract. However, in-feed antibiotics also kill bacteria that may be beneficial to the animal. Secondly, unrestricted use of antibiotics enhanced the antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. To overcome above problems, scientists are taking a great deal of measures to develop alternatives of antibiotics. There is convincing evidence that probiotics could replace in-feed antibiotics in poultry production. Because they have beneficial effects on growth performance, meat quality, bone health and eggshell quality in poultry. Better immune responses, healthier intestinal microflora and morphology which help the birds to resist against disease attack were also identified with the supplementation of probiotics. Probiotics establish cross-feeding between different bacterial strains of gut ecosystem and reduce the blood cholesterol level via bile salt hydrolase activity. The action mode of probiotics was also updated according to recently published literatures, i.e antimicrobial substances generation or toxin reduction. This comprehensive review of probiotics is aimed to highlight the beneficial effects of probiotics as a potential alternative strategy to replace the antibiotics in poultry. Antibiotics used to be supplemented to animal feeds as growth promoter and as an effective strategy to reduce the burden of pathogenic bacteria present in the gastro-intestinal tract. However, in-feed antibiotics also kill bacteria that may be beneficial to the animal. Secondly, unrestricted use of antibiotics enhanced the antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. To overcome above problems, scientists are taking a great deal of measures to develop alternatives of antibiotics. There is convincing evidence that probiotics could replace in-feed antibiotics in poultry production. Because they have beneficial effects on growth performance, meat quality, bone health and eggshell quality in poultry. Better immune responses, healthier intestinal microflora and morphology which help the birds to resist against disease attack were also identified with the supplementation of probiotics. Probiotics establish cross-feeding between different bacterial strains of gut ecosystem and reduce the blood cholesterol level via bile salt hydrolase activity. The action mode of probiotics was also updated according to recently published literatures, i.e antimicrobial substances generation or toxin reduction. This comprehensive review of probiotics is aimed to highlight the beneficial effects of probiotics as a potential alternative strategy to replace the antibiotics in poultry.

Generation of reassortant influenza viruses within the non-industrial poultry system

Lee, H.J.,Lee, D.H.,Lee, Y.N.,Kwon, J.S.,Lee, Y.J.,Lee, J.B.,Park, S.Y.,Choi, I.S.,Song, C.S. Elsevier Science 2012 INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION Vol.12 No.5

We compared the genetic and biologic characteristics of 35 influenza viruses of different epidemiological backgrounds in Korea, including H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that chicken adapted H9N2 viruses (A/chicken/Korea/96006/96 [CK/Kor/96006-like]) have acquired aquatic avian gene segments through reassortment, and these reassorted H9N2 viruses were more frequently detected from minor poultry species than from industrial poultry. Conversely, gene segments from CK/Kor/96006-like viruses were also detected in most of the viruses from domestic ducks. Interestingly, domestic ducks, rather than wild aquatic birds, harbored close relatives of all eight gene segments of H3N2 CIV, which preferred binding to avian receptors. Therefore, bidirectional virus transmission events are assumed to have occurred between land-based poultry and aquatic poultry, in particular within the non-industrial poultry system. These events have contributed to the generation of a novel reassortant, H3N2 CIV. To prevent generating other reassortants capable of interspecies transmission, gene movements in the non-industrial poultry systems should be clarified and managed.

Use of Postbiotic as Growth Promoter in Poultry Industry: A Review of Current Knowledge and Future Prospects

Muhammad Saeed,Zoya Afzal,Fatima Afzal,Rifat Ullah Khan,Shaaban S. Elnesr,Mahmoud Alagawany,Huayou Chen 한국축산식품학회 2023 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.43 No.6

Health-promoting preparations of inanimate microorganisms or their components are postbiotics. Since probiotics are sensitive to heat and oxygen, postbiotics are stable during industrial processing and storage. Postbiotics boost poultry growth, feed efficiency, intestinal pathogen reduction, and health, making them acceptable drivers of sustainable poultry production. It contains many important biological properties, such as immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory responses. Postbiotics revealed promising antioxidant effects due to higher concentrations of uronic acid and due to some enzyme’s production of antioxidants, e.g., superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidases and peroxidases. Postbiotics improve intestinal villi, increase lactic acid production, and reduce Enterobacteriaceae and fecal pH, all of which lead to a better immune reaction and health of the gut, as well as better growth performance. P13K/AKT as a potential target pathway for postbiotics-improved intestinal barrier functions. Similarly, postbiotics reduce yolk and plasma cholesterol levels in layers and improve egg quality. It was revealed that favorable outcomes were obtained with various inclusion levels at 1 kg and 0.5 kg. According to several studies, postbiotic compounds significantly increased poultry performance. This review article presents the most recent research investigating the beneficial results of postbiotics in poultry.

Microsatellite Analysis of Three Poultry Breeds of India

Pandey, A.K.,Tantia, M.S.,Kumar, Dinesh,Mishra, Bina,Chaudhary, Preeti,Vijh, R.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.11

The genetic variability of three poultry breeds namely Aseel, Miri and Nicobari taken from different geographical locations of India were evaluated using 15 microsatellite loci. No. of alleles varied from 3 to 9 in Aseel, 3 to 8 in Miri and 2 to 7 in Nicobari. Mean PIC values in Aseel, Miri and Nicobari breeds were 0.64, 0.66 and 0.63, respectively. Average unbiased heterozygosity and direct count heterozygosity were 0.65 and 0.59, 0.68 and 0.61, and 0.64 and 0.57 in Aseel, Miri and Nicobari breeds, respectively. High heterozygosity values revealed in this study are indicative of low level of inbreeding, large population size and no or low selection pressure for commercial trait in all three populations. The estimate of genetic distances using Nei's standard, Nei's minimum and Reynold's distance revealed Aseel and Nicobari to be more closely related than Miri breed of poultry.

가금의 스트레스에 영향을 미치는 환경적인 요소

김지민,최양호 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2014 농업생명과학연구 Vol.48 No.1

Not only can corticosterone concentrations and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios in the blood but also feed and water intakes, body weight, egg production, and abnormal behaviors be used as indicators to evaluate stress in poultry. Environmental factors that may affect stress include ambient temperature, floor type, stock density, transportation, debeaking, feed restriction, and diseases. Among them, several factors are suggested to be used in order to evaluate stress in poultry rather than one specific factor. 가금에서의 스트레스 지표는 혈중 corticosterone의 농도, heterohphil/lymphocyte 비율 뿐만 아니라 사료 및 물의 섭취량, 체중, 산란율, 이상행동 등도 포함된다. 사육온도, 바닥형태, 사육밀도, 수송, 부리자르기, 제한급이, 질병 등이 사육현장에서 가금이 경험할 수 있는 스트레스 요인이 될 수 있다. 다양한 스트레스 지표 중에서 특정 지표만으로 스트레스의 여부를 평가하는 것은 오류를 범할 수 있으므로 동시에 여러 지표를 이용하여 평가하는 것이 스트레스에 대한 평가의 신뢰도를 향상시킬 수 있다.

DNA 지문을 이용한 가금의 유전분석과 개량

여정수 한국가금학회 1995 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.22 No.2

Recently, DNA fingerprinting has been utilized as the most powerful tool for genetic analysis and improvement of poultry. This technique enables us to solve several problems of poultry breeding ; traits of low heritability, difficulty in keeping the performance records, measuring in late of life, and sex limited traits. Application of DNA fingerprinting is chiefly focused to individual and population identification, evolution force, quantitative trait marker, introgression of new gene, and prediction of heterosis. Thus, research work on DNA fingerprinting will he accelerated to analyze genetic components exactly and improve the performance of poultry.

API STAPH-IDENT system에 의한 돼지 및 닭유래(由來) staphylococcus hyicus subsp hyicus의 동정(同定)

박청규,Park, Cheong-kyu 대한수의학회 1994 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.34 No.2

The API STAPH-IDENT system was evaluated as a means for identifying Staphylococcus hyicus subsp hyicus straints isolated from swine and poultry. Of 80 strains from swine, 68 (85%) were correctly identified by the API STAPH-IDENT system alone after 5 h of incubation. When results were determined after 24 h of incubation, the accuracy of this system alone was 93.8%. By additional tests in conjunction with the API STAPH-IDENT system, however, all 80 strains could be correctly identified. Of 120 strains from poultry, 87 (72.5%) required additional testing to achieve a correct identification, and 33 (27.5%) were incorrectly identified by this system after 5 h of incubation. After 24 h of incubation, 99 of 120 (82.5%) avian strains were incorrectly identified as Staph epidermidis owing to false-negative mannose and trehalose utilizations. Seventy-seven (96.3%) of swine strains were positive for ${\beta}-glucuronidase$, whereas all 120 strains recovered tram poultry were negative for it.