임기제 공무원의 근무기간 연장과 기대권

박수근,김우경 한국노동법학회 2023 노동법학 Vol.- No.87

In the eye of the law, public official is classified as general public official who can work until retirement age and as public official in a fixed term position who can work until the end of the period of service. It is the important matter for public official in a fixed term position that legal protection to employment instability. Former state public officials act has articles about ‘public official in contractual service’. It was changed to ‘public official in a fixed term position’ at 2012. The period of service of public official in a fixed term position shall termintate at the end of the period of service, but Degree On The Appointment Of Public Officials has articles about extension of the period service to 5 or 10 years. However, if a public official in a fixed term position wants to extend the period of service, there is no leal means to take. So, more research is necessary about the current law and solution for employment instability. This matter is located between administrative law and labor law, so it could be difficult matter. In this paper, we reviewd this matter at three aspects. 1st, in comparison with general public official, verify the legal characteristics of public official in a fixed term position. 2nd, based on legal charateristics, seek the application possibility of theory of the right of expectation through the principle of trust protection and theory of contracts under public law. 3rd, find legal means can be taken by public official in a fixed term position who wants to extend the period of service.

정년퇴직 후 촉탁직 취업(재고용)에 대한 기대권 인정여부 ‒ 대상판결: 대구고등법원 2018.9.5. 선고 2018나20454 판결 해고무효확인(제1심판결: 대구지방법원 포항지원 2017. 12. 22. 선고 2015가합40284, 2015 가합41065(병합) 판결) ‒

김희성 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2019 江原法學 Vol.56 No.-

이 글에서 다루고자 하는 것은 대상판결이 기간제 근로계약에 적용되는 이른바 ‘갱신기대권 법리’를 원용한 것의 타당성 여부를 포함하여 정년퇴직 후 ‘촉탁직’ 취업에 대한 이른바 ‘기대권’이 인정될 수 있는지 여부이다. 정년퇴직을 전제로 그 직후에 첫 번째 촉탁직 계약 체결이 쟁점인 대상판결 사건에서는 기간제 근로자의 일반적인 갱신기대권 법리는 직접적용되거나 유추적용될 수 없다. 위에서 본 바와 같이 일본의 판례도 마찬가지의 태도를 취하고 있다. 대상판결의 사건의 경우 정년이 경과하고 1~2개월 이후에 최초로 촉탁직으로 고용할지 여부에 관한 문제이다. 즉 정년이 이미 경과한 상태에서 기간제 근로계약을 이미 체결한 상태가 아니므로 정년 이후 기간제 근로계약을 체결한 자에 대한 갱신기대권 법리가 적용될 사안도 아니다. 대상판결의 사실관계의 경우도 피고 취업규칙에는 촉탁직에 대한 근거 규정이 없고, 채용 신청 및 평가기준만을 만들어서 시행하고 있다. 정년퇴직자를 촉탁직으로 채용하는 것이 피고의 의무라고 해석될 수 있는 명시적인 규정이 없는 상태에서, 정년이 도래한 근로자들에게 계약체결에 대한 기대권이 발생한다는 것에 대해서는 의문이 있다. 그렇다면, 정년퇴직자의 촉탁직 재고용과 관련해서는 어떠한 기준에 의해 판단해야 할 것인가? 정년퇴직자의 촉탁직 재고용은 정년 이후에 촉탁직으로 재고용되는 관행이 형성되어 사실상 제도로 확립되었다고 볼 수 있는 경우에 이를 근거로 인정될 수 있다. 사용자의 지속적으로 반복된 행위가 노동관행을 성립시키는 경우에는 이를 근거로 정년퇴직자의 촉탁직 재고용기대권이 인정될 수 있을 것이다. 대상판결을 위와 같은 법리와 판단기준에 따라 검토해 보면, 대상판결은 이 사건을 일반적인 기간제 근로자의 갱신기대권에 대한 문제로 오인하여, 이에 대해 판단을 제대로 하지 않은 판시라는 점에 문제가 있다고 할 것이다. 대상판결의 경우 상고심에서 정년퇴직 직후 촉탁직 고용에 대한 기대권이 인정여부에 관해 올바른 법리와 판단기준을 가지고 판결이 이루어지길 기대한다. What this paper seeks to handle is whether or not this judgment can be recognized in the application of the so-called ‘Renewal Right’ to a temporary position after retirement including whether or not the so-called ‘Principle of Renewal Expectation Rights’ adopted to the fixed-term employment contract can be used In the case which has the issue of the first temporary contract after the premise of retirement, the principle of the general renewal rights of a fixed-term worker cannot be directly applied or inferred. As seen above, the Japan’s precedent also has the same attitude. In the case, it is a matter of whether one shall be employed as a temporary position for the first time in a month or two after the retirement age. In other words, since the fixed-term employment contract has not already been entered into at the end of the retirement age, it is not an issue that the persons who enter into the fixed-term employment contract after the retirement age are adopted for the renewal right. In the facts of the case, the defendant's employment rules do not have any provisions for the temporary position, and the criteria for applying for and assessing employment are only made and implemented. With no explicit provision that it is the defendant's duty to hire retired workers as a defendant, there is a question that the expectation rights to enter into contracts arise for workers who reach the retirement age. If so, what criteria shall be used to determine the retirees’ reemployment in the temporary position? The retirees’ reemployment in the temporary position may be recognized on this basis if the practice of reemployment as a temporary position after the retirement age can be considered, formed, and in effect established as a system. If the employer's repeated actions establish labor practices, this would recognize the retirees’ reemployment in the temporary position of the retired employee. If the judgement is reviewed in accordance with the above legal and judgment criteria, it will be problematic because the case is mistaken for the renewal right for general fixed-term workers and the judgment is not made appropriately. In the case, one shall expect that the Supreme court make a decision with the correct legal and judgment criteria concerning whether or not the expectation right to be reemployed as a Temporary Position immediately after retirement is recognized.

임기제공무원제도의 바람직한 운영방안에 관한 연구 - 사법부 임기제공무원을 중심으로 -

서현웅 ( Seo Hyunwoong ) 사법정책연구원 2019 연구보고서 Vol.2019 No.5

공직사회에서 임기제공무원들의 위상이 갈수록 높아지고 있고 역할도 확대되고 있다. 임기제공무원제도의 취지는 민간 영역의 우수한 인재를 공공부문에 유입하여 공직의 전문성 및 효율성을 제고하는 데 있다. 또한 강한 신분보장으로 편익 대비 비용이 높은 기존의 직업공무원제도를 개선하여 공직 인사의 유연성을 증대하기 위함이다. 본 연구는 임기제공무원제도가 시행 된 지 약 5년이 경과한 시점에서 임기제공무원 인사 실무의 문제점을 살펴보았다. 그리고 그에 대한 개선방안을 임기제공무원 측면과 임용권자인 국가기관 측면에서 각각 고찰하고 개선점을 구체적으로 제시하였다. 임기제공무원 측면에서 바라본 인사실무 개선사항으로 근무기간과 관련된 특이한 인사 실무를 살펴보았다. 특히 우리나라의 임기제공무원 인사실무에서는 근무기간 만료 후 재채용을 통해 본래의 근무기간보다 장기 근무하는 사례가 자주 발생하고 있다. 이와 관련해 신규채용을 통한 재임용이 나타나게 된 배경, 이러한 절차의 위법성 및 합목적성 여부를 살펴보고 이러한 재채용 과정상에서 나타나는 문제점 및 개선방안을 고찰하였다. 그리고 2015년 도입된 성과가 탁월한 임기제공무원에 대한 근무기간 연장규정 적용과 관련해 각 국가기관이 탁월한 성과 판단 시 어떠한 기준을 적용해야 하는지 실무적 논의를 진행하였다. 아직 대부분의 국가기관이 이 규정을 어떻게 활용하여야 할지 구체적 지침이나 규정이 없는 상황에서 최소한의 실무적 가이드라인을 제시하였다. 이 밖에 현행 법령상 허용되지 않는 임기제공무원의 승진임용제도 도입방안, 근무성적 평정제도에 대한 문제점 및 개선방안을 논의하였다. 임용권자인 국가기관 측면에서 바라본 제도 개선사항으로는 임기제공무원의 복무관리 및 임용권 남용 문제를 고찰하였고 장기적으로 국가전체의 임기제공무원 활용 정책을 어떠한 방향으로 나아가야 할지에 대한 제언을 포함하였다. 특히 사법부에 대한 제언으로 현임기제공무원 인사 관련 규정 및 실무상 개선분야를 논의하였고, 장기적으로 사법 행정 분야의 관리자급 직위에 임기제공무원들의 임용 확대에 대비한 인사정책방향을 제시하였다. In the public sector, the status of fixed-term civil servants has been elevated and their roles also has been gradually expanding. The purpose of the system of fixed-term civil servants is to improve the professionalism and efficiency of the public sector by introducing high-performing civilian personnel into the public sector. It is also aimed at improving the flexibility of the personnel management system by improving the existing vocational public servant system which entails considerable expense, compared to the benefits by guaranteeing a person’s status. This report examines the problems of the personnel affair practices of fixed-term civil servants during the period of about 5 years after the implementation of the system of fixed-term civil servants. The improvement plan would reviewed in terms of fixed-term civil servants and the respective state institution making the appointment. The improvement of personnel practices from the viewpoint of fixed-term civil servants can be considered unusual personnel practices related working period. In particular, in the personnel practices of fixed-term civil servants in Korea, there are frequent cases of longer term employment by means of reemployment following the expiration of original working period. In this regard, this report examines the background of reemployment through new recruitment process, the illegality and purposefulness of such a procedure, and considers the problems and remedies in the recruitment process. In addition, a practical discussion would be made on what criteria should be established when each state institution applies the new rule introduced in 2015 that extends the working period for fixed-term civil servants with outstanding performance. Because there is still no specific guidance or regulation on how most national authorities should use this rule, this research proposes practical directions and guidelines. This report also included a discussion the application of the promotion system for fixed-term civil servants who are not allowed by the current legislation, and the problems and improvement plans for the work performance evaluation system. From the aspect of the state institution, which is the appointment authority of fixed-term civil servants, this report identifies problems of work management and abuse of appointment rights, and suggests on how to pursue the long-term policy in employing fixed-term civil servants. In particular, this report offers measures to improve the regulations for human resources and practices of the current fixed-term civil servants, especially for the judiciary.

주관적 심각도, 사회적 지지와 성장적 반추가 유방암 여성 환자의 수술 후 신체상 위기 대처에 미치는 영향

김다명(Da-Myoung Kim),조성호(Seong-Ho Cho) 한국여성정책연구원 2015 여성연구 Vol.88 No.-

In this study, I have attempted to figure out how positive rational acceptance, avoidance, appearance fixing, which are coping strategies for changes in body image caused by surgery, are affected by the level of seriousness of surgery, intentional rumination and social support perception. The participants for this study are 124 women including patients from breast cancer self-help groups having total mastectomy, outpatients of plastic surgery having breast-reconstruction. After path analysis, it was revealed that subjective surgery seriousness level had positive indirect effect on positive rational acceptance fully mediated by intentional rumination. Surgery seriousness level had direct positive effect on appearance fixing. seriousness level of body change had direct positive effect on positive rational acceptance and avoidance. Next, social support perception had direct negative effect on avoidance. This study has significance in that, realizing that worries about body image persisted even after posttraumatic growth was reported, it looked into coping strategies depending on cognitive and social resources and tried to seek psychological counseling methods to reduce worrying and help patients accept new body images from the feministic point of view. 본 연구에서는 유방암 외과 수술로 인해 신체 변화를 겪은 여성 124명을 대상으로 신체상 위기 대처전략 중 긍정적 합리적 수용, 회피, 외모 고치기가 신체 변화의 주관적 심각도, 수술 경험의 주관적 심각도, 사회적 지지, 성장적 반추에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 채택된 최종 경로 모델에서 수술 경험의 주관적 심각도가 성장적 반추를 완전매개로 긍정적 합리적 수용에 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 수술 경험 심각도는 외모고치기에 정적인 직접효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 신체 변화 심각도는 긍정적 합리적 수용과 회피에 정적인 직접 영향을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 사회적 지지는 회피에 직접적인 부적 영향력을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 유방암 환자처럼 심각한 신체적 외상을 경험한 내담자들의 신체변화와 수술경험에 대한 주관적 심각도와 인지적, 사회적 자원에 따른 싱체상 위기 대처전략을 이해할 수 있는 연구로 활용될 수 있으며, 변화된 신체상에 대한 회피와 걱정을 줄이고 자신의 몸에 대해 여성 스스로의 목소리를 낼 수 있는 심리상담 개입에 있어서 시사점을 제공하였다.

ON POSITIVE DEFINITE SOLUTIONS OF A CLASS OF NONLINEAR MATRIX EQUATION

Fang, Liang,Liu, San-Yang,Yin, Xiao-Yan Korean Mathematical Society 2018 대한수학회보 Vol.55 No.2

This paper is concerned with the positive definite solutions of the nonlinear matrix equation $X-A^*{\bar{X}}^{-1}A=Q$, where A, Q are given complex matrices with Q positive definite. We show that such a matrix equation always has a unique positive definite solution and if A is nonsingular, it also has a unique negative definite solution. Moreover, based on Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury formula, we derive elegant relationships between solutions of $X-A^*{\bar{X}}^{-1}A=I$ and the well-studied standard nonlinear matrix equation $Y+B^*Y^{-1}B=Q$, where B, Q are uniquely determined by A. Then several effective numerical algorithms for the unique positive definite solution of $X-A^*{\bar{X}}^{-1}A=Q$ with linear or quadratic convergence rate such as inverse-free fixed-point iteration, structure-preserving doubling algorithm, Newton algorithm are proposed. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of all the theoretical results and the behavior of the considered algorithms.

On positive definite solutions of a class of nonlinear matrix equation

Liang Fang,San-Yang Liu,Xiaoyan Yin 대한수학회 2018 대한수학회보 Vol.55 No.2

This paper is concerned with the positive definite solutions of the nonlinear matrix equation $X-A^{*}\bar{X}^{-1}A=Q$, where $A, Q$ are given complex matrices with $Q$ positive definite. We show that such a matrix equation always has a unique positive definite solution and if $A$ is nonsingular, it also has a unique negative definite solution. Moreover, based on Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury formula, we derive elegant relationships between solutions of $X-A^{*}\bar{X}^{-1}A=I$ and the well-studied standard nonlinear matrix equation $Y+B^{*}Y^{-1}B=Q$, where $B, Q$ are uniquely determined by $A$. Then several effective numerical algorithms for the unique positive definite solution of $X-A^{*}\bar{X}^{-1}A=Q$ with linear or quadratic convergence rate such as inverse-free fixed-point iteration, structure-preserving doubling algorithm, Newton algorithm are proposed. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of all the theoretical results and the behavior of the considered algorithms.

견관절 Superoinferior axial 검사 시 Tiltable standing detector의 유용성에 관한 고찰

이동희,김병기,김기정,김민현,이민우,김순배,김경수,Lee, Dong-Hee,Kim, Byung-Ki,Kim, Ki-Jung,Kim, Min-Hyun,Lee, Min-Woo,Kim, Sun-Bae,Kim, Gyeong-Soo 대한디지털의료영상학회 2009 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지 Vol.11 No.1

In this study, we compared the alteration of test positions according to various test equipments when testing shoulder joint superoinferior axial to estimate the clinical usefulness of tiltable standing detector. Our objectives were patients who visited our hospital. Among them we chose patients who were prescribed to get a shoulder axial test, again we selected 30 patients whose abduction is more than 90 degree.(2008. Nov.$\sim$2009 Jan.) With the patients cooperation, we used CR(Agfa, Belgium), fixed-detector(Canon, japan), Tiltable-detector(Philips, Netherlands). Tested with only one equipment(tiltable detector), and posed with the other two. We surveyed 5 inspectors and 30 patients, asking them to rate the convenience of test position. Also, we checked how long it takes to have the image appear on screen after testing with the equipment We provided a standard for an assessment of the image to an expert in bone radiology, an orthopedist and a radiologist with 5 years experience. When the patients were asked about the convenience of the equipments, 15 people(50%) answered CR is convenient and 14 people(46.7%) answered the Tilting detector is convenient, showing not much difference. However, when the inspectors were asked the same question, 4people(80%) out of 5 answered that the Tilting detector is more convenient The time test showed that CR takes 2 minutes and 50 seconds, the Fixed detector 1minute and 48 seconds andor had no distortion showing the shoulder joint space. However, even though the Fixed detector showed ac the Tilting detector takes 1 minute and 43 seconds to bring the image to the screen after the position. The results of the value of image taken by each equipment, CR and the Tilting detectromion, coracoid process, due to the unstable pose, they were quite distorted and scored poor in observing glenoid fossa. By this study, we can see that testing the shoulder joint superoinferior axial projection with a detector that has a tilting device would be more convenient than testing it with a CR.

Development of a Robotic Patient Positioning System with a Wide Beam-Angle Range for Fixed-Beam Particle Therapy

Hongseok Choi,Jong-Oh Park,Seong Young Ko,Sukho Park,Sungho Cho,Won-Gyun Jung,Yong Kyun Park,Jung Suk Kang 한국물리학회 2016 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.69 No.8

This paper describes a robotic patient positioning system (PPS) for a fixed-beam heavy-ion therapy system. In order to extend the limited irradiation angle range of the fixed beam, we developed a 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) serial-link robotic arm and used it as the robotic PPS for the fixed-beam heavy-ion therapy system. This research aims to develop a robotic PPS for use in the Korea Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator (KHIMA) system, which is under development at the Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS). In particular, we select constraints and criteria that will be used for designing and evaluating the robotic PPS through full consultation with KIRAMS. In accordance with the constraints and criteria, we develop a 6-DOF serial-link robotic arm that consists of six revolute joints for the robotic PPS, where the robotic arm covers the upper body of a patient as a treatment area and achieves a 15 roll and pitch angle in the treatment area without any collision. Various preliminary experiments confirm that the robotic PPS can meet all criteria for extension of the limited irradiation angle range in the treatment area and has a positioning repeatability of 0.275 mm.

자동 분주기 Fixed Tip의 Carryover 방지를 위한 개선 방안

황보라,어두희,배진수,박종오,김지영,석재동,Hwang, Bo-Ra,Au, Doo-Hee,Bae, Jin-Su,Park, Jong-O,Kim, Ji-Young,Seok, Jae-Dong 대한핵의학기술학회 2009 핵의학 기술 Vol.13 No.3

목적 : 자동 분주기 (TECAN)의 fixed tip 사용 시 충분한 세척에도 불구하고 고농도 검체 뒤에 연이은 검체가 영향을 받는 carryover 현상이 발생되는 경우가 있다. 이는 검사결과가 위 양성으로 나타날 수 있는 위험성이 있으므로 이상유무 판단을 위해 잦은 재검을 실시해야 하는 번거로움이 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 경제성이 높은 fixed tip을 사용하면서 carryover를 방지할 수 있는 방법을 개선하고자 한다. 실험재료 및 방법 : 자동분주기(Tecan)를 이용하여 HBs Ag, HBs Ab, HBc Ab(IgG) 검사를 대상으로 실행하였으며, fixed tip 방식의 분주시스템으로 일반 환자의 검체 분주 후에 생리식염수를 분주 할 수 있도록 배치하였다. 세척 단계는 0.25mol/L NaOH용액을 이용하였으며, 생리식염수의 검사결과 cpm을 측정하여 carryover의 발생 유무를 확인하였다. 또한 3가지 검사를 0.25 mol/L NaOH 용액이 검사에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 결과 : 생리식염수 결과는 100% 음성결과를 보였으며, 0.25 mol/L NaOH를 세척액으로 사용한 fixed tip에서 검체분주 시 환자 혈청은 HBc Ab (IgG)검사에서 cut-off zone (cut-off${\pm}$10%)을 제외한 모든 결과에서 기존 외래보고 결과와 동일한 값을 얻었다. 결론 : 생리식염수 검사결과 100% 음성을 보인 것은 실험에서 사용한 세척액으로 fixed tip을 세척하는 방법이 carryover를 방지할 수 있고, 이로 인해 발생하는 위양성을 방지할 수 있었다. 또한, 환자 검체의 결과 값이 기존 보고 결과와 일치함으로 0.25 mol/L NaOH 용액이 간염 검사결과에 영향을 끼치지 않음을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 실험에서 실시한 방법이 disposable tip보다 상대적으로 경제적인 fixed tip을 사용하면서도 carryover가 없는 정확한 결과를 얻을 수 있는 효과적인 방안임을 알 수 있다. Purpose: Automated system that immunoassay examination are used widely. However, sample to sample carryover can cause that the next patient sample is false positive. Materials and Methods: We test HBs Ag, HBs Ab, HBc Ab(IgG) with Automated pipetting system (Tecan). It was placed with very high concentrations followed by saline solution. During this experiment, The fixed tip of Automated system wash With 0.25 moL/L NaOH. The Measurement results of saline solution confirm the occurrence of carryover. Results: Results of saline solution with 0.25 moL/L NaOH cleaning process was measured 100% negative, And results of patient serum with 0.25 moL/L NaOH cleaning process is similar reported results. Conclusion: As Results, 0.25 moL/L NaOH cleaning process was avoid carryover in experiment, And we know results of the hepatitis test did not affected by this solution we recommend 0.25 moL/L NaOH cleaning process as the Prevention of carryover in the automated system with fixed Tips.

Dynamic threshold location algorithm based on fingerprinting method

Xuxing Ding,Bingbing Wang,Zaijian Wang 한국전자통신연구원 2018 ETRI Journal Vol.40 No.4

The weighted K‐nearest neighbor (WKNN) algorithm is used to reduce positioning accuracy, as it uses a fixed number of neighbors to estimate the position. In this paper, we propose a dynamic threshold location algorithm (DH‐KNN) to improve positioning accuracy. The proposed algorithm is designed based on a dynamic threshold to determine the number of neighbors and filter out singular reference points (RPs). We compare its performance with the WKNN and Enhanced K‐Nearest Neighbor (EKNN) algorithms in test spaces of networks with dimensions of 20 m × 20 m, 30 m × 30 m, 40 m × 40 m and 50 m × 50 m. Simulation results show that the maximum position accuracy of DH‐KNN improves by 31.1%, and its maximum position error decreases by 23.5%. The results demonstrate that our proposed method achieves better performance than other well‐known algorithms.