New evaluation of interfacial and mechanical properties of thermally- treated Pine/CFRP composites using electrical resistance measurement

Shin, Pyeong-Su,Kim, Jong-Hyun,Baek, Yeong-Min,Park, Ha-Seung,Kwon, Dong-Jun,Moon, Sun-Ok,DeVries, K. Lawrence,Park, Joung-Man Elsevier 2018 Composites Part B, Engineering Vol.151 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Interfacial and mechanical properties of two thermally-treated (at 160 and 200 °C) pine/carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites were evaluated using mechanical wettability and electrical resistance (ER) methods. The wetting affinity between pine and epoxy adhesive and the associated spreading of epoxy resin on pine a surface was measured by placing drops of epoxy directly on the surface. Izod, 3-point bending and lap shear tests combined with ER measurements were used to determine the mechanical and interfacial properties of pine and pine/CFRP composites. The interfacial properties pine treated at 160 °C, exhibited the highest mechanical properties than those of the untreated and 200 °C treated pines. Changes in ER for the 160 °C treated pine for the Izod and 3-point bending tests results was small, but significant changes in ER were observed for both neat pine and pine treated at 200 °C for these tests. This is likely due to mechanical deterioration as a result of thermal degradation for 200 °C treated pine. This improvement in interfacial and mechanical properties at 200 °C is attributed to the hardening and reinforcement effects at the interface possibly due to the reduction in moisture in the pine. If the impact shock was applied to the pine parts in pine/CFRP composites, the monitored ER was dependent upon the thermal treated pine conditions. There was the some correlation among thermal treated pines, ER, and their fracture patterns.</P>

영남지방 일제강점기 송탄유가마 연구

주영민 영남고고학회 2018 嶺南考古學 Vol.- No.82

Since there are few relics excavated, research on pine oil kilns in Yeongnam Province has been mostly focused on figuring out the historical meaning of them relying on literatures with no precise analysis on the remains. Therefore, it has failed to give clear explanation about the fact that the firing room of pine oil kilns was rebuilt twice with different materials. Based on the awareness of the problem, this author conducted analysis on the relics of pine oil kilns that have been excavated so far. According to the analysis results, at first, the pine oil kiln was similar to the one producing oil made of pine resin collected. Furthermore, this author found the pine oil kiln first devised around 1938 and also two photos showing how the pine oil kiln was working. Along with that, this author suggests the valid possibility of colony Chosun’s traditional masters mobilized to apply their technique and operate the kilns in the background of the pine oil kilns completely equipped to the extent of performing their functions properly after several times of improvements made although they had exhibited many problems before. Next, this author analyzed the attributes related to the standardization of pine oil kilns and learned that building pine oil kilns was led by the colonial government systematically based on thorough planning as part of securing resources they needed. Also, to induce the people to participate in it voluntarily, at first, they encouraged it as a side job for farm families; however, in the end, the colonial government enforced the monopoly system for pine oil to control it. Accordingly, pine oil kilns were built mostly in the foot of a mountain near the village where there were many people residing. In fact, all the colonized people including children got mobilized systematically to collect the byproducts of pines. 영남지방 송탄유가마 연구는 발굴유적이 소수여서, 대상 유구에 대한 세심한 분석 없이 문헌기록에 의지한 역사적 의미 파악에 치우쳤다. 그렇기 때문에 송탄유가마의 소성실을 두 번에 걸쳐 다른 재료로 재축한 것에 대한 명확한 설명을 제시하지 못했었다. 본고는 이러한 문제의식을 근간으로 현재까지 영남지방에서 발굴된 송탄유가마 유적에 대한 분석을 실시해보았다. 분석 결과 송탄유가마는 처음에는 채취된 송지를 원료로 사용해서 기름을 생산하는 가마와 모습이 유사했던 것을 확인하였다. 아울러 1938년경 처음 고안된 송탄유가마의 조업 모습이 담긴 2장의 사진을 새롭게 찾는 성과도 있었다. 이 밖에도 처음 송탄유가마를 축조 했을 때에 많은 문제점이 있었던 것을 확인하였다. 이후 일제가 여러 차례 송탄유가마를 개량하여 조업할 수 있을 정도로 완비할 수 있었던 배경에 식민지 조선의 전통 장인의 기술과 가마 운영에 이들이 동원되었을 가능성을 제시하였다. 아울러 송탄유가마의 속성분석을 실시하여 규격화된 송탄유가마의 축조는 부족한 자원의 확보를 위한 일환으로, 식민정부의 치밀한 계획 하에 관주도로 조직적으로 실시되었던 것을 조선총독부 기관지인 매일신보 기사를 활용하여 재차 확인하였다. 또한, 일제는 송탄원유 생산의 주민 참여를 유도하기 위해서 처음에는 농가부업으로 장려하고, 송탄유가마를 인구 밀집 지역 인근의 산기슭에 축조하여 아동에 이르기까지 소나무 부산물 채취에 조직적으로 동원하였다. 그러나 종국에는 정부가 가격을 통제하는 전매제도를 실시하여 식민지인을 기만하였다.

Planning on Theme Park Utilizing Pine Forest Landscape

Nara Jeong,Sanghui Kang,Deugsoo Ahn 전북대학교 휴양및경관계획연구소 2016 휴양및경관연구 (J East Asian Landscape Studies) Vol.10 No.4

The goal of this master plan is to revitalize the local economy and provide local citizens with a place for leisure activities by transforming the magnificent pine forestscape at Geumam neighborhood park into a tourism resource. The present study has analyzed and synthesized the natural and human environments of the target site, which is located in Noam-dong, Namwon-si, in Jeollabuk-do. This master plan has adopted a motto, “engage five senses in pine trees; entertain five senses for fine life”, to express its philosophy of how to utilize the resources of pine trees. To this end, the present study has specified the suggested contents based on literature review of the studies on pines. Beyond an ordinary theme park, this master plan has been designed to create a central space that connects many rural village forests located in Namwon. In this master plan, main facilities have been suggested: the pine exhibition/experience hall, where visitors can appreciate and experience various materials related to pines; and the pinewood cabin, which is built with huge pine trunks, providing multiple functions as a space for rest and recreation ; the healing forest, which utilizes the existing pine forest; the pine sculpture garden; and the pine poem garden. In addition, the present study suggests two representative tourism resources of Namwon as symbolic elements: the herbs and royal azaleas of Mt. Jiri. unique hands-on pine experience activities available at these spaces have been proposed in two categories: festival programs and year-round programs.

The Effects of Cone Harvesting on the Regeneration of Korean Pine and the Life of Animals in Mt. Changbai Nature Reserve

Tie Feng Piao,Ji Hong Kim,Sang Hoon Chung 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2008 Journal of Forest Science Vol.24 No.2

Based on the former researches, this article studied the influence of cone harvesting of Korean pine on the regeneration of Korean pine trees and the life of animals in Mt. Changbai Nature Reserve. When the cone matures, scales of the cone do not open so the seeds can not be released automatically. And the seeds, if left inside, are hard to germinate and can not grow further into seedlings. The seeds of Korean pine have deep dormancy characteristics. Natural regeneration of Korean pine is very poor under mother trees. Hoarding behavior of dispersing animals not only helps animals for food shortage period but also contributes to the dispersion of seeds of Korean pine. Among those hoarding animals, squirrel and Eurasian nutcrackers are found to be the most important dispersing agents for the seeds of Korean pine. After cone harvesting, the number of those dispersers reduced a lot since the seeds of Korean pine are very important food for them. Seed quantity of Korean pine on surface layer became very few and most of them only showed single distribution. Most of the seeds were buried under litter layer and showed a single or 2-4 seeds/cluster distribution. The case of more than 4 seeds in one cluster was few. The seed quantity of Korean pine forest on steep slopes of the research area was only 0.3% of the seed quantity in 1980 for the same forest type. If seed source of Korean pine are not protected, Korean pine forest in Mt. Changbai Nature Reserve would not maintain present feature in the future.

생태관광자원으로서 도서지역 곰솔의 생태적 특성

홍선기(Sun-Kee Hong),박정원(Jeong-Won Park),양효식(Hyo-Shik Yang) 목포대학교 도서문화연구소 2006 島嶼文化 Vol.28 No.-

우리나라의 서남해안의 도서의 자연문화자원을 생태관광자원으로서 활용하고자 하는 논의가 많이 이루어지고 있다. 전남 신안군의 도서는 자연해수욕장과 더불어 곰솔림이 발달하여 많은 관광객들에게 훌륭한 휴식처를 제공하고 있다. 그 밖에 해수욕장의 숲들은 방풍림으로써 문화적, 생태적으로 많은 가치를 가지고 있다. 이러한 시점에 무분별한 숲의 이용은 생태자원으로서의 부가가치를 상실하여 결국 도서 관광에도 영향을 줄 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 도서지역의 곰솔림을 보존하고 관리하는 방안을 수립하기 위하여 전라남도 신안군 증도면의 주요 곰솔군락의 생태적 특성을 조사하였다. 인위적 관리 정도를 세 등급별로 구분하여(해수욕장, 사구, 임도) 각 유형별 곰솔림의 흉고직경급과 개체 수, 그리고 임상특성을 조사하여 관리정도가 수목성장에 어떤 영향을 주는지를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 해수욕장에 가까울수록, 임도에서 멀수록, 사구에서 멀수록 수목의 흉고직경급은 높았다. 해수욕장의 수목의 직경급은 제일 높았으나 지나친 임상관리에 의하여 재생되는 유목이 부재하였다. 산불의 영향으로 임도가 있는 산림지역의 곰솔림은 매우 밀도가 높았으나 거의 어린 유목이었다. 즉 이 지역은 자연적인 갱신이 활발하게 진행되고 있으며 한편으로는 개체군내 경쟁에 의하여 자연도태과정이 있을 것이 예상된다. 따라서 이와 같은 교란지역은 선별하여 의도적인 밀도조절을 통하여 곰솔림의 복원을 유도할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.   Black pine is representative natural resource for ecotoursim in coast and island landscape in Southwestern Korea. Owing to intensive human impact on pine forest in sand bar, ecological function of pine forest is deteriorated. It is necessary to make an implement for sustainable management strategy of pine forest in island landscape as natural resource. In order to clarify the ecological characteristics of black pine(Pinus thunbergii) of island vegetation, community structure of black pine at Jeungdo in Shinan-gun, South Korea was surveyed. Three study areas were selected considering intensity of human impact(management) on vegetation. To know effect of intensity of human management on population growth of pine, we measured the DBH (diameter at breast height), individual number, understory vegetation as tree census methods in 3 areas. As results, as nearer beaches, as far forest road, as far sand bar, DBH class of black pine tree became larger. Although DBH class of black pine in beach was highest, saplings(young tree) of pine were not appeared owing to strong forest management. Because of fire effect, population density of black pine in vegetation area that forest road is located was high. However, most dominant tree was juvenile pine. It means there is occurring active regeneration process and also self-thinning by inter-specific competition. Such disturbed area can be selected as restoration site of black pine. Selective density control of young pine trees is reasonable way to restore good pine forest as one of island vegetation in Jeungdo. In future landscape ecological research on island vegetation including pine forest is needed for implementing sustainable management strategy of ecotourism resource.

ExpansinB3 as a marker for detecting pine wood nematode-infected pine trees

김영하,김아영,최보혜,한혜림,고영호 한국응용곤충학회 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.20 No.4

To develop a method for recognizing pine trees infected with pine wood nematodes (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, we have constructed a monoclonal antibody (Mab) library for Expansin B3 (EXPB3), which is one of the known proteins that is secreted by PWN. We conducted a primary screening by using the EXPB3 peptides and selected 96 fusion cell lines with a high immunoreactivity. A secondary screening was performed using the PBS extracts of the PWN-infected pine trees (PWNIPTs). Thirteen clones, including 9 clones with high immunoreactivities, were selected, and limited dilutions were performed to establish Mab-secreting hybridoma lines. A total of 74 PWN infected pine trees collected from 9 PWN-affected areas in the Republic of Korea were analyzed by using EXPB3-Mab-3-1-H3-C11-E4 (EXPB3-C11-E4). EXPB3-C11-E4 recognized all of the infected pine trees with some variations. This Mab demonstrated a significantly higher reactivity to the black pines when compared to the red pines. This Mab recognized both PWN-infected red and black pine trees collected from different regions, but were able to displayed regional differences with the black pine trees. In addition, the EXPB3-C11-E4 immunoreactivity in black pine trees had a significant correlation regarding the degree of PWN infection and the perimeters of the trees. The results of this study reveal that EXPB3, an antigen secreted by PWN, and its specific Mabs may be used for the diagnosis of PWNIPTs.

No Trace of Introduced cpDNA of Pinus thunbergii in Pinus densiflor for. erecta Postulated as an Introgressive Hybrid between Pinus densiflora and Pinus Thunbergii

홍용표,김규식,노의래,신은명,김진수,Hong, Yong-Pyo,Kim, Kyu-Sik,Noh, Eui-Rae,Shin, Eun-Myeong,Kim, Zin-Suh Korean Society of Forest Science 1998 한국산림과학회지 Vol.87 No.4

Portions of chloroplast genes(psbD and rbcL) were amplified from Pinus thunbergii(Japanese black pine : black pine) and Pinus densiflora(Japanese red pine : red pine) by PCR and digested by a restriction enzyme, HaeIII, respectively. Two species specific cpDNA markers were identified. With the observed cpDNA markers, paternal inheritance of cpDNA in pine hybrids was verified in an artificial hybrid family between black pine(Chollanam 37) and red pine(Chungchongbuk 3). On the basis of paternal inheritance of chloroplast genome in a hybrid, 2 portions of cpDNA amplified from 115 individuals of Pinus densiflora for. erecta were screened to detect any traces of black pine specific cpDNA markers in P. densiflora for. erecta which has been postulated as an introgressive hybrid between red pine and black pine(Hyun el al., 1967). All the analyzed individuals of Pinus densiflora for. erects revealed the identical profiles of HaeIII digested psbD and rbcL genes to red pine. This result suggests that there is no introduced chloroplast genome of black pine in Pinus densiflora for. erecta and that there is no concrete evidence of treating P. densiflora for, erecta as an introgressive hybrid between red pine(♀) and black pine(♂). 소나무와 해송으로부터 엽록체상의 두 유전자 psbD와 rbcL를 PCR에 의해 증폭한 후 제한효소 HaeIII를 사용해서 절단했다. 두 개의 종 특이적 엽록체 DNA 단편이 확인되었고, 이 두 개의 표지자를 이용하여 소나무(충북3호)와 해송(남난37호)의 인공교잡 가계로부터 엽록체 DNA의 부계 유전양식이 확인되었다. 인공교잡 가계에 있어서 엽록체 DNA의 부계 유전양식을 근거로 해송으로부터 소나무로의 이입교잡에 의해 생겨났다는 가설(현신규 등, 1967)이 지배적인 금강송 115개체로부터 이입교잡에 의해 유입되어진 흔적을 구명하기 위하여 해송 특이 엽록체 DNA의 존재 여부를 검색하였다. 분석에 사용된 금강송 전 개체에서 소나무에서 관찰된 엽록체 DNA(psbD와 rbeL)의 절편 분획 양상과 동일한 절편 분획 양상이 확인되었다. 본 실험의 결과로부터는, 금강송에는 해송으로부터 유입된 엽록체 게놈의 흔적을 찾아 볼 수 없었으며, 따라서 금강송을 소나무(♀)약 해송(♂)의 이입교잡종이이라고 간주할만한 확고한 증거를 제시할 수 없었다.

국내산 소나무와 금강송의 헤미셀룰로오스 비교 분석

송우용(Woo-Yong Song),권희애(Hee-Ae Kwon),김병로(Byung-Ro Kim),신수정(Soo-Jeong Shin) 한국펄프·종이공학회 2016 펄프.종이기술 Vol.48 No.4

Hemicelluloses difference between Korean red pine and Geumgang pine was investigated by acid hydrolysis and ¹H-NMR spectroscopic method. In galactoglucomannan of sapwood, acetic acid:galactose:mannose ratio was 4.0:1.9:11.5 for Geumgang red pine but 3.8:6.1:10.2 for Korean red pine, which meant Korean red pine had galactose-rich glucomannan but Geumgang pine had galactose-poor glucomannan. In arabinoglucuronoxylan, arabinose:glucuronic acid:xylose ratio was 0.9:0.9:4.2 in Geumgang red pine but 1.0:1.2:4.0 in Korean red pine, which meant higher arabinose to xylose ratio in Geumgang red pine than Korea red pine. Based on hemicelluloses analysis, it is possible to distinguish between Korean red pine and Geumgang red pine.

오프셋印刷用 傳統 松烟墨의 開發에 관한 實驗的 硏究

박문열 한국서지학회 2013 서지학연구 Vol.54 No.-

The purpose of this experimental study is to development of Korean traditional pine pitch soot ink for offset printing. The major findings are as follows:(1) Korean traditional inks have been classified into pine-pitch ink and oil-pitch ink by the type of their main ingredient, soot. It has been known that pine-pitch ink is appropriate for block printing, while oil-pitch ink is suitable for printing with movable types. (2) To develop Korean traditional pine pitch soot ink for offset printing, various types of PS(pre-sensitized) plates which imitated manuscripts, woodblocks, wooden and metal type plates were produced, and a special pine pitch soot ink was made from mixing traditional pine pitch soot ink and ink softener such as soybean oil, castor oil, etc. Using those PS plates and a special pine pitch soot ink, this study compared and examined offset printed materials which were printed trially on printing papers and Korean traditional mulberry papers. (3) The study confirms that the materials printed with special pine pitch soot ink were shown a much higher quality than other materials using existed soot ink when they were printed on Korean traditional mulberry papers by offset printing method. This result suggest that this special pine pith soot ink can be possible to make original state reproduction or existing state reproduction having affinity and durability but without flotation. (4) It is necessary to progress the studies to develop various Korean traditional pine pitch soot ink for offset printing and to find new ink softeners which have a higher material affinity with offset printing, pine-pitch soot ink and Korean traditional mulberry papers. According to these following studies, the manufacturing method of Korean traditional oil pitch soot ink will be excepted to restore and industrialize. 본 硏究는 代替本의 製作에 필요한 오프셋印刷用 傳統 松煙墨의 개발을 위한 實驗的 考察로, 그 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. (1) 傳統 墨은 主成分인 炭粉의 종류에 따라 松烟墨과 油煙墨으로 나누어지며, 版印刷에는 松烟墨이 적합하고 活字印刷에는 油煙墨이 적합한 것으로 알려져 왔다. (2) 오프셋印刷用 傳統 松烟墨의 개발을 위하여 筆寫本․木版本․木活字本․金屬活字本 등 각종 版本의 書影을 PS版으로 제작하고 傳統 松烟墨과 柔軟劑를 배합한 特殊 松烟墨으로 印刷用紙와 傳統 韓紙 등에 實驗用으로 印刷한 오프셋印刷物을 다각도로 比較․檢討하였다. (3) 전통 松烟墨에 大豆油․蓖麻油 등의 柔軟劑를 배합한 特殊 松烟墨으로 傳統 韓紙에 오프셋印刷를 할 경우 旣存의 잉크墨을 이용한 오프셋印刷보다 훨씬 高品質의 印刷가 가능하며, 따라서 代替本의 製作에 있어서도 浮遊感이 없고 親和力과 耐久力이 강한 原狀複製나 現狀複製가 충분히 可能하다. (4) 오프셋印刷에 적합한 다양한 傳統 松烟墨의 製造法의 개발은 물론 오프셋印刷와 傳統 松烟墨 및 傳統 韓紙 등 物性間의 親和力이 더욱 높은 柔軟劑를 찾는 後續 硏究가 절실하며, 이러한 硏究를 통해 傳統 松烟墨의 製造法이 완벽하게 復元되고 産業化될 수 있기를 기대하는 바이다.

황장목(黃腸木)의 해부학적 특성

이애희,장재혁,박병호,김남훈 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2014 Journal of Forest Science Vol.30 No.1

Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of Yellow-hearted pine and Red pine were investigated. Wood color, annual ring width and latewood percentage were observed by the naked eye. Anatomical properties as the structure of three sections and cell dimensions were examined by an optical microscopy. As a result, the color of bark in Yellow-hearted pine was Reddish-grey, and Red pine showed brown or gray. The color of heartwood and sapwood in Yellow-hearted pine was deep-yellow to brown and creamy-white. And the color of heartwood and sapwood in Red pine was light-brown and light-yellow. The annual ring width of Yellow-hearted pine was narrower than that of Red pine, and the latewood percentage of Yellow-hearted pine was a little higher than that of Red pine. There was no significant difference in the anatomical characteristics between Yellow-hearted pine and Red pine.