북한과 미국의 핵정책 대안의 선택과 상호작용: 정책결정과저오가 경험적 접근

이헌경 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2010 동서연구 Vol.22 No.1

The purpose of this article is to analyze the policy alternative option of DPRK and US. For this, this focuses on analyzing not simply actor's perception against the party but perception over situation, and grasping what aim and means in policy alternative option are. Based on this, it intends to inquire into what policy objective and option of DPRK and US are and what disposable means to achieve are. In addition, On the basis of the action-reaction framework, it is going to analyze mutual interaction process of DPRK and US. After the second North Korean nuclear crisis resulted from its uranium enrichment nuclear development, the first mutual interaction had been proceeded by ‘US action’ - ‘North Korean reaction’ - ‘US reaction’. The second one had been done by the process of ‘US action’ - ‘North Korean reaction’ - ‘US reaction’ - ‘North Korean reaction.’ And the third one had made process of ‘North Korean action’ - ‘US reaction’ - ‘North Korean reaction’ - ‘US reaction.’ Such a feedback of mutual interaction has been to apply for the logics of ‘stimulus - response’ and ‘action - reaction’ as they are. There were a compromise after the first interaction, and another one after the second interaction. If a feedback of action-reaction by North Korea and US had been proceeded without compromises, North Korean nuclear matter would be confronted as serious crisis. But it had not been proceeded like that. This is to indicate not to avoid driving into catastrophe by mixed interaction occasionally although North Korea and US are in a situation of competitive interaction. At the same time, it is to indicate to resolve North Korean nuclear matter if the US presents a proper means of settling on condition of North Korean nuclear abandonment, together with throwing away mirror image as well as refraining from competitive interaction against North Korea and US, respectively. 본 논문은 북한과 미국의 핵정책 대안의 선택과 상호작용을 분석하는데 주목적이 있다. 이를 위해 행위주체의 상대에 대한 인식과 상황에 대한 인식을분석하고, 정책대안의 선택에 있어 목적과 수단이 무엇인지를 파악하는데 초점을 두고 있다. 이를 토대로 북한과 미국의 정책목표의 선택이 무엇인지 그리고이를 달성하기 위한 가용수단이 무엇인지를 알아볼 것이다. 그리고 작용과 반작용의 틀을 토대로 북한과 미국의 상호작용의 과정을 분석할 것이다. 북한의 농축우라늄 핵무기 개발로 기인된 제2차 핵위기 이후 첫 번째 상호작용은 ‘미국의 작용’-‘북한의 반작용’-‘미국의 반작용’으로 이어 졌다. 두번째는 ‘미국의 작용’-‘북한의 반작용’-‘미국의 반작용’-‘북한의 반작용’으로진행되었다. 그리고 세 번째는 ‘북한의 작용’-‘미국의 반작용’-‘북한의 반작용’-‘미국의 반작용’으로 진행되었다. 이러한 상호작용의 순환은 ‘자극-반응’의 논리와 ‘작용-반작용’의 논리가 그대로 적용된 것이다. 첫 번째 경쟁적 상호작용 뒤 타협이 있었고, 두 번째 뒤 또 다른 타협이있었다. 만약 타협 없이 북한과 미국이 작용-반작용의 악순환을 이어갔다면북핵문제는 걷잡을 수 없는 순간에까지 도달하였을 것이다. 그러나 그렇게진행된 것은 아니었다. 이는 북한과 미국이 경쟁적 상호작용을 하더라도 때때로 혼합적 상호작용을 통해 파국으로까지 몰고 가지 않겠다는 것을 예시한다. 동시에 북한과 미국이 영상의 이미지를 버리고 경쟁적 상호주의를 지양한 채, 북한의 핵포기를 전제로 미국이 적절한 해결책을 제시한다면 북핵문제 해결이 가능하다는 것을 예시한다.

북한과 미국의 핵정책 대안의 선택과 상호작용: 정책결정과정과 경험적 접근

이현경(Lee, Hun Kyung) 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2010 동서연구 Vol.22 No.1

본 논문은 북한과 미국의 핵정책 대안의 선택과 상호작용을 분석하는데 주목적이 있다. 이를 위해 행위주체의 상대에 대한 인식과 상황에 대한 인식을 분석하고, 정책대안의 선택에 있어 목적과 수단이 무엇인지를 파악하는데 초점을 두고 있다. 이를 토대로 북한과 미국의 정책목표의 선택이 무엇인지 그리고 이를 달성하기 위한 가용수단이 무엇인지를 알아볼 것이다. 그리고 작용과 반작용의 틀을 토대로 북한과 미국의 상호작용의 과정을 분석할 것이다. 북한의 농축우라늄 핵무기 개발로 기인된 제2차 핵위기 이후 첫 번째 상호작용은 ‘미국의 작용’-‘북한의 반작용’-‘미국의 반작용’으로 이어 졌다. 두번째는 ‘미국의 작용’-‘북한의 반작용’-‘미국의 반작용’-‘북한의 반작용’으로 진행되었다. 그리고 세 번째는 ‘북한의 작용’-‘미국의 반작용’-‘북한의 반작 용’-‘미국의 반작용’으로 진행되었다. 이러한 상호작용의 순환은 ‘자극-반응’ 의 논리와 ‘작용-반작용’의 논리가 그대로 적용된 것이다. 첫 번째 경쟁적 상호작용 뒤 타협이 있었고, 두 번째 뒤 또 다른 타협이 있었다. 만약 타협 없이 북한과 미국이 작용-반작용의 악순환을 이어갔다면 북핵문제는 걷잡을 수 없는 순간에까지 도달하였을 것이다. 그러나 그렇게 진행된 것은 아니었다. 이는 북한과 미국이 경쟁적 상호작용을 하더라도 때때로 혼합적 상호작용을 통해 파국으로까지 몰고 가지 않겠다는 것을 예시한 다. 동시에 북한과 미국이 영상의 이미지를 버리고 경쟁적 상호주의를 지양한 채, 북한의 핵포기를 전제로 미국이 적절한 해결책을 제시한다면 북핵문제 해결이 가능하다는 것을 예시한다. The purpose of this article is to analyze the policy alternative option of DPRK and US. For this, this focuses on analyzing not simply actor s perception against the party but perception over situation, and grasping what aim and means in policy alternative option are. Based on this, it intends to inquire into what policy objective and option of DPRK and US are and what disposable means to achieve are. In addition, On the basis of the action-reaction framework, it is going to analyze mutual interaction process of DPRK and US. After the second North Korean nuclear crisis resulted from its uranium enrichment nuclear development, the first mutual interaction had been proceeded by ‘US action’ - ‘North Korean reaction’ - ‘US reaction’. The second one had been done by the process of ‘US action’ - ‘North Korean reaction’ - ‘US reaction’ - ‘North Korean reaction.’ And the third one had made process of ‘North Korean action’ - ‘US reaction’ - ‘North Korean reaction’ - ‘US reaction.’ Such a feedback of mutual interaction has been to apply for the logics of stimulus - response’ and ‘action - reaction’ as they are. There were a compromise after the first interaction, and another one after the second interaction. If a feedback of action-reaction by North Korea and US had been proceeded without compromises, North Korean nuclear matter would be confronted as serious crisis. But it had not been proceeded like that. This is to indicate not to avoid driving into catastrophe by mixed interaction occasionally although North Korea and US are in a situation of competitive interaction. At the same time, it is to indicate to resolve North Korean nuclear matter if the US presents a proper means of settling on condition of North Korean nuclear abandonment, together with throwing away mirror image as well as refraining from competitive interaction against North Korea and US, respectively.

North Korean Nuclear Armament and Perspective on Nuclear Domino in Northeast Asia

이헌경 사단법인 한국평화연구학회 2013 평화학연구 Vol.14 No.2

North Korea had shown its nuclear capability through three nuclear tests. This threatens peace and stability in the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia. When North Korea increases nuclear warheads with its miniaturization and has transportation measure, it is to intimidate neighboring countries directly, being under situation to be received nuclear horror and menace. If a nuclear-armed DPRK is not tolerable to Japan, a nuclear-armed Japan would be not likewise tolerable to its neighboring countries. The neighboring countries, which possess nuclear science and technology, under the logic of deterrence and mutual action may make progress nuclear armament in opposition to North Korean nuclear threat. It is neither desired nor happened. In order not to realize that possibility, international society should make efforts. Even though the US and PRC have been playing for the positive role with patience for North Korean nuclear nonproliferation, they have to contribute for North Korean nuclear abandonment. This is to keep the Non-Proliferation Treaty system and contribute to stop the nuclear domino in Northeast Asia.

양성자 에너지 변화에 따른 핵반응 생성핵종 분석

이삼열 한국방사선학회 2019 한국방사선학회 논문지 Vol.13 No.5

본 연구에서 서로 다른 양성자 에너지를 사용하여 핵반응에 의해 생성된 감마선의 차이를 통해 고에너지 양성자 Pb(p, nx) 핵반응에서 생성된 동위원소를 식별하는 방법을 제안했다. 한국원자력연구원의 100-MeV 양성자 선형 가속기에서 생성된 고 에너지 양성자를 이용하여 실험을 수행 하였다. 양성자 핵반응을 통해 생성된 다양한 핵종에 의해 생성된 감마선은 HPGe 검출기로 구성된 감마선 분광법 시스템을 사용하여 측정되었습니다. 감마선 표준선원은 감마선 검출기의 정확한 에너지교정 및 효율측정을 위해 사용되었습니다. 제안한 방법을 위하여 동일한 천연 납 시료에 서로 다른 100 및 60 MeV 양성자 에너지빔을 사용하였다. 이 방법은 동일한 시료에서 발생되는 감마선들을 서로 비교함으로써 생성된 핵종들을 확인하는데 매우 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 이 연구의 결과는 향후 다른 양성자 핵반응 결과를 얻는데도 매우 효과적으로 적용될 것이라 생각된다. In this study, we proposed a method for identifying isotopes generated from high-energy proton natPb(p,xn) nuclear reactions through the difference of gamma rays generated through nuclear reactions using different proton energies. The experiment was performed by using a high energy proton generated from a 100 MeV proton linear accelerator of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Gamma rays generated by various nuclides generated through proton nuclear reactions were measured using a gamma-ray spectroscopy system composed of HPGe detectors. Gamma-ray standard sources were used for accurate energy calibration and efficiency measurements of HPGe gamma-ray detectors. For the proposed method, 100 and 60 MeV proton energy beams were used for the same natural lead samples. This method was found to be very effective in identifying nuclides produced by comparing gamma rays generated from the same sample with each other. The results of this study are expected to be very effective in obtaining other proton nuclear reaction results in the future.

Review the Corrosion Mechanism in the Spent Nuclear Fuel Cask Through the Mass-Balance Equations and Chemical Reactions

Seongwon Ham,Sangtae Kim,Sergi Hong 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.2

For the sake of future generations, the management of radioactive waste is essential. The disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is considered an urgent challenge to ensure human safety by storing it until its radioactivity drops to a negligible level. Evaluating the safety of disposal facilities is crucial to guarantee their durability for more than 100,000 years, a period sufficient for SNF radioactivity to become ignored. Past studies have proposed various parameters for forecasting the safety of SNF disposal. Among these, radiochemistry and electrochemistry play pivotal roles in predicting the corrosion-related chemical reactions occurring within the SNF and the structural materials of disposal facilities. Our study considers an extreme scenario where the SNF canister becomes compromised, allowing underground water to infiltrate and contact the SNF. We aim to improve the corrosion mechanism and mass-balance equation compared with what Shoesmith et al. proved under the same circumstances. To enhance the comprehensibility of the chemical reactions occurring within the breached SNF canister, we have organized these reactions into eight categories: mass diffusion, alpha radiolysis, adsorption, hydrate formation, solidification, decomposition, ionization, and oxidation. After categorization, we define how each species interacts with others and calculate the rate of change in species’ concentrations resulting from these reactions. By summing up the concentration change rates of each species due to these reactions, we redefine the mass-balance equations for each species. These newly categorized equations, which have not been explained in detail previously, offer a detailed description of corrosion reactions. This comprehensive understanding allows us to evaluate the safety implications of a compromised SNF canister and the associated disposal facilities by numerically solving the mass-balance equations.

100 MeV 양성자빔을 이용한 208Pb(p,x)Bi의 상대단면적 측정

이지은,윤정란,노태익,이삼열 한국물리학회 2015 새물리 Vol.65 No.9

In this study, we measured the energy spectrum of the delayed gamma-ray from the 208Pb(p,x)Bi reaction for a NatPb Target by using a High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) spectrometer system and the 100 MeV proton beam. The proton beam in the experiment was derived from 100 MeV proton linear accelerator in the Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC). We measured the relative cross-section by measuring the branching ratio of the 208Pb(p,x)Bi reaction. The results were compared with analytical results obtained by using Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF/B-VI) and Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data (EXFOR). 본 연구에서는 100 MeV 양성자 빔을 이용한 NatPb의 (p,x) 반응을 통하여 발생되어지는 지발 감마선의 에너지 스펙트럼을 고순도 HPGe (High-Purity Germanium) 검출기를 이용하여 측정하였다. 실험에 사용한 양성자 빔은 양성자 가속기 연구센터 (Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex, KOMAC)에 설치되어 있는 100 MeV 양성자 선형가속기를 사용하였다. NatPb에 대한 핵반응 중 208Pb(p,x)Bi 반응에 대한 분기비를 측정하여 상대단면적을 측정하였다. 측정된 결과는 ENDF/B-VI (Evaluated Nuclear Data File)와 EXFOR (Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data)에 등록되어 있는 결과들을 이용하여 비교 분석하였다.

Hyperpolarized NMR Analysis of Enzymatic Reaction: Extension of Observable Reaction Time by Deuterium Isotope Labeling

이영복 대한화학회 2016 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.37 No.6

Affording several orders of signal enhancement compared to conventional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enables direct observation of the most common13C nuclei in organic chemistry and biochemistry at low concentrations. These nuclei have poor sensitivity due to low natural abundance and a low gyromagnetic ratio. Herein, we report an application of this technique to a multi-step enzymatic reaction. The main aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of deuteration on specific spins of interest for the real-time trypsin hydrolysis reaction of synthesized N α-benzoyl- l -arginine methyl-d3 ester (BAME-d3 ). Kinetic parameter and fit accuracy were analyzed in order to determine the influence of deuteration.

Neutron-Induced Activation Cross Sections on Hafnium Isotopes from the Threshold to 20 MeV

V. Semkova,N. Janeva,N. Koyumdjieva,R. Jaime Tornin,A. Moens,A. J. M. Plompen,K. Volev 한국물리학회 2011 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.59 No.23

Results of new cross section measurements are presented for the following neutron-induced reactions: ^(178)Hf(n,α)^(175)Yb, ^(180)Hf(n,α)^(177)Yb, ^(177)Hf(n,p)^(177)Lu^g, ^(178)Hf(n,x)^(177)Lu^g, ^(180)Hf(n,p)^(180)Lu, ^(180)Hf(n,n'α)^(180)Hf^m, ^(174)Hf(n,2n) ^(173)Hf, ^(176)Hf(n,2n)^(175)Hf, and ^(177)Hf(n,3n)^(175)Hf obtained with the activation technique. The irradiations were carried out at the 7-MV Van de Graaff accelerator at IRMM, Geel. Quasi monoenergetic neutrons with energies between 14.8 and 20.5 MeV were produced via the ^3H(d,n)^4He reaction at E_d = 1, 1.4, 2, 3, and 4 MeV. The ^3H(p,n)^3He reaction was employed for the production of neutrons in the 2 - 3 MeV energy range. Both natural and enriched samples were used to facilitate correction for interference between reactions leading to the same product. The radioactivity of the samples was determined by standard γ-ray spectrometry using HPGe detector. The current measurements are compared with the data from other authors and Evaluated Nuclear Data Files. Cross sections for three of the studied reactions are reported for the first time.

저에너지 중핵반응에 대한 결합채널 및 광학모델 방법의 소개

소운영,김태형,김경식,최기석,천명기 한국물리학회 2016 새물리 Vol.66 No.12

We describe theoretical backgrounds for the coupled channel and the optical model approaches for explaining low-energy heavy-ion reactions. In order to explain the physics behind the reactions, first, we extract the total fusion cross-sections for the $^{9}$Be + $^{208}$Pb system by using the coupled channel method in which both projectile and target excitations can be included. Also, for a more intuitive understanding, we introduce the optical model method and apply it to the elastic scattering for the ${}^{11}$Be+${}^{64}$Zn system when ${}^{11}$Be nuclei are weakly-bound neutron-rich nuclei. The Coulomb dipole excitation and the long-range nuclear potentials turn out to be effective for describing the heavy-ion reactions for neutron-rich nuclei. Finally, we introduce a nuclear reaction experiment that can be performed using the RAON accelerator. 저에너지 중핵반응을 설명하기 위한 결합채널 및 광학모델 방법에 대한 이론적 배경과 관련데이터를 설명하였다. 구체적인 계산 방법을 설명하기 위해, 우선, 결합채널 방법을 이용하여 $^{9}$Be + $^{208}$Pb계의 총 핵융합 단면적 $\sigma_{TF}$을 계산하였다. 또한, 느슨하게 묶인 중성자 과잉 핵종인 ${}^{11}$Be을 이용하여 광학모델 방법으로부터 ${}^{11}$Be+${}^{64}$Zn계의 탄성산란 단면적을 잘 설명하였다. 이 결과로부터 우리는 중성자 과잉 핵종의 중핵반응을 설명하기 위해서는 쿨롱 쌍극자 들뜸 및 원거리 핵퍼텐셜을 고려해야함을 알 수 있었다.

NON DESTRUCTIVE APPLICATION OF RADIOACTIVE TRACER TECHNIQUE FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL GRADE ANION EXCHANGE RESINS INDION GS-300 AND INDION-860

Singare, P.U. Korean Nuclear Society 2014 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.46 No.1

The paper deals with the application of radio isotopic non-destructive technique in the characterization of two industrial grade anion exchange resins Indion GS-300 and Indion-860. For the characterization of the two resins, $^{131}I$ and $^{82}Br$ were used as tracer isotopes to trace the kinetics of iodide and bromide ion-isotopic exchange reactions. It was observed that the values of specific reaction rate ($min^{-1}$), amount of iodide ion exchanged (mmol), initial rate of iodide ion exchange (mmol/min) and log $K_d$ were calculated as 0.328, 0.577, 0.189 and 19.7 respectively for Indion GS-300 resin, which was higher than the respective values of 0.180, 0.386, 0.070 and 17.0 calculated for Indion-860 resins when measured under identical experimental conditions. Also at a constant temperature of $40.0^{\circ}C$, as the concentration of labeled iodide ion solution increases 0.001 M to 0.004 M, the percentage of iodide ions exchanged increases from 75.16 % to 78.36 % for Indion GS-300 resins, which was higher than the increases from 49.65 % to 52.36 % compared to that obtained for Indion-860 resins. The overall results indicate that under identical experimental conditions, Indion GS-300 resins show superior performance over Indion-860 resins.