현대중국어 이중부정문의 출현 양상과 화용적 선택 조건

김은주 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2024 中國學論叢 Vol.- No.85

This study explores the various discourse contexts in which double negation sentences appear and analyzes the speaker’s intentions embedded in these sentences, using pragmatic strategies to clarify the unique features of double negation sentences. Double negation, a cross-linguistically universal linguistic phenomenon, typically refers to sentences that incorporate two negators. In essence, when two negators in a single sentence perform the function of negation, each negator semantically marks negation, which leads to the overall negation being nullified, thus resulting in the loss of the negative meaning. Despite the fact that double negation sentences can convey the same meaning as their affirmative counterparts, speakers in specific contexts choose to use the longer and more intricate double negation structure. This study examines the appearance patterns and usage contexts of five types of double negation formed through the combination of the Chinese negators ‘不’ and ‘沒有’. The five structures analyzed—’不是不X’, ‘不是沒(有)X’, ‘沒(有)不X’, ‘沒有X不Y’, and ‘不M不X’—were chosen due to their relatively high frequency of appearance in corpus observations. This analysis revealed that the speaker’s decision to employ a double negation form rather than an affirmative one to express a particular meaning reflects pragmatic strategies such as avoiding direct assertion, emphasizing the statement, maintaining discourse coherence, and utilizing metalinguistic negation. Additionally, it was argued that discourse-related factors significantly influence these strategies.

영어의 부정과 초점

이정민(Lee, Chungmin) 한국영어학회 2013 영어학 Vol.13 No.1

This paper addresses how negation is associated with focus within its scope to negate a specific constituent or alternative, leaving some implicit (presupposed) positive part in English. Focus is comprised of various sorts such as information focus, contrastive focus, and the focal component of contrastive topic, evoking different kinds of alternatives. We first examine constituent negation, and further examine oppositional negation together with metalinguistic negation, proposing a novel classification of structurally plausible oppositional negation into truth-sensitive negation and the narrow type of non-truth-sensitive metalinguistic negation. Oppositional negation is based on implicit alternative question that evokes contrastive focus, which has a closed given set of alternatives. An alternative question requires the semantically strengthening presumption of exactly one alternative holds. The paper discusses the two general directions of negation interpretation with focus: contrastive focus and contrastive topic. The former is oppositional and the latter, which is both topical and focal, is scaler. We further discuss how negation is sensitive to bias, particularly in interrogative sentences. We showed how negation is marked and how metalinguistic negation is more marked with interaction of scope and focus.

Negation and Scope in English

강승만 ( Seung-man Kang ) 대한영어영문학회 2013 영어영문학연구 Vol.39 No.1

This paper delves into some interesting aspects of negation in terms of Negative Concord (NC), negation classification, and negative scope ambiguity in English. In this paper, I defend the view that English is an NC language and it thereby has the functional phrase NegP headed by Neg. The distinction, however, should be made between NC and DN (Double Negation), in which two negatives cancel each other out in order to yield one affirmative statement. As for the classification of negation, I argue that negation is virtually reduced to clausal versus phrasal negation. If the Neg head projects NegP selected by T, it is referred to as clausal negation. If a negator adjoins to any phrase, on the other hand, it is simply treated as a negative adverbial. Negation in English gives rise to scope ambiguity against negated elements, yielding a surface scope reading and an inverse scope reading. The inverse scope reading usually occurs when negated elements are focused via the stress or intonation. I propose that the focused elements and the Neg head share the focus (FOC) feature and they undergo feature checking by reconstruction at LF. (Chungbuk National University)

On the Incompatibility between Short Negation and Imperatives

최재훈 한국중원언어학회 2024 언어학연구 Vol.- No.73

This paper aims to offer an account for why imperatives are not derived from the syntactic structure of short negation in Korean. In so doing, the notion of the Fusion operation in Distributed Morphology is revisited through the lens of the distribution of the morpheme mal- used to negate imperatives. Korean is well-known for its two types of sentential negation: long negation and short negation. Though both forms are typically used to negate declarative and interrogative clauses, imperatives uniquely require the use of the morpheme mal-, resisting both long negation and short negation. Han & Lee (2007) propose a Distributed Morphology account: the imperative negation has the syntactic structure of long negation and the morphological difference is due to the Fusion operation triggered by the deontic modality. However, their approach to why imperative negation cannot be derived from short negation is untenable. I offer an alternative account by (i) reformulating the short-negation derivation and (ii) redefining the notion of Fusion.

한중 잉여부정의 형태와 의미

김용군 중국인문학회 2016 中國人文科學 Vol.0 No.64

The purpose of this study is to examine the redundant negation expressed in various forms in Korean and Chinese, and to identify commonalities and differences in the use of redundant negation in Korean and Chinese according to the structural and semantic characteristics of redundant negation. Redundant negation is a sentence in which a negative sign is used to represent an equivalent meaning to the affirmative statement, without expressing any negative meaning. The negative marker of redundant negation, which is a semantic redundant expression, is not a necessary condition of sentence semantic expression in the surface structure, but it is a necessary component in terms of phonetics or cognition because it expresses the subjective attitude or intention of the speaker by using negative form in the deep structure. Although there have been many studies on redundant negation in each language, the comparative study of the redundant negation in Korean and Chinese is still insufficient and it is merely mentioned in some discussions. Since the redundant negation is greatly influenced by the use of phonetic factors in use, the implementation method of Korean and Chinese is often different even if the same semantic expression is used in the same situation. Therefore, in order to accurately grasp the redundant negation, it is necessary to examine how the redundant negation appears in different languages. This paper examines the forms of redundant negation in Korean and Chinese according to their structural and semantic characteristics and analyzes their common and differences, and summarizes the characteristics of the use of redundant negation in Korean and Chinese. The research on the redundant negation is not only a part of the study on the negation category of Korean and Chinese, but it also has a significance in that it can provide the theoretical basis for the accurate use and understanding of the redundant negation to Chinese and Korean learners.

중국어에 나타나는 잉여부정 현상에 대한 유형학적 해석

김혜경 ( Kim Hyekyung ) 한국중국언어학회 2024 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.113

Expletive negation refers to a type of negation that does not alter the truth value of a sentence. This phenomenon is found cross-linguistically and is extensively observed in various syntactic structures in Chinese. Since negation conveys critical information in communication, it can be marked multiple times to increase accuracy, with the additional effect of emphasis. When certain words in a sentence imply a negative meaning, expletive negators can be used to explicitly convey the implicit negation, thus emphasizing it. However, expletive negation contradicts the principle of linguistic economy and risks reversing the propositional meaning of the entire sentence. Therefore, expletive negators are only used when the communicative precision they provide outweighs the loss of linguistic economy and when it is guaranteed that the meaning will be not misconveyed. In other words, expletive negation occurs only when the scope of the expletive negator is separate from the proposition conveyed by the entire sentence. This condition for expletive negation is realized differently depending on the typological characteristics of each language. In Chinese, expletive negation can occur when the negator marks tense or modality, or when the predicate of the main clause leads the subsequent content to be interpreted as a reporting clause, thereby separating the scope of the negator from the main clause. In Chinese, the observed are propositional attitude and speech report triggers, temporal operator triggers, and logical operator triggers. Most instances of expletive negation occur at the syntactic level. However, some cases occur at the lexical level, such as ‘不+一會兒’ (not for a while). Additionally, specific instances of expletive negation have been identified in Chinese, including cases where the interpretation of ‘差點兒’ (almost/nearly) varies depending on context and the use of ‘好不+A’(vary), which exhibits an atypical motivation for negation.

「冬のンナタ」에 나타난 부정접두사

이하자 한국일본어교육학회 2016 日本語敎育 Vol.0 No.78

As a result of a research study of the negative prefixes appearing in Winter Sonata ( 冬のソナタ ), the words to which Chinese negative prefixes are connected are classified into Chinese characters and pure Japanese words. They have a meaning of the addition of `negation` and sometimes, change the meaning of the original word that follows, as well. The order of frequency of examples appears as follows: `不`(22/66), `無`(14/45), `未`(2/5) `非`(2/3), and `否`(1/3). For negative prefixes of native words, the order of frequency of examples is as follows: `別`(3/3), `空`(3/2), `裏`(1/1), `殺`(1/1) and `反`(1/1). The examples of `不` and `無` are classified into `negation, change into another meaning and combination with pure Japanese,` but those of `非`, `未` and `否` are limited to negation. Unlike Korean, in Japanese, a Chinese negative prefix may be combined with a native word as in `不安げに.` In Korean, there is no change, either, in the meaning of the original word that follows before the combination of a negative prefix as in `不思議` and `無口.` In addition, it is noted that the words used are different between Japanese and Korean as in `不備な/未 備, 一心不亂/一絲不亂and `不思議/不可思議.` The meanings of negative prefixes are classified into `the negation of a concept`, `the negation of existence`, `the negation of an action`, `the negation of a status` and `the negation of a value.` In the classification of the meanings of negative prefixes, the meaning of `the negation of a concept` is 「 でない」(Japanese), `-이 아니다 ` (Korean), is not (English), and among the negative prefixes, only Prefix `非` appears as in `非常識な` and `非協力的な.` This is because the component of the construction of a sentence is a predicate, which scarcely represents a subject`s property. In `the negation of existence,` Prefix `無` appears mostly. This is a word with the form of the opposition between `無` and `有.` Prefix `無` is usually combined with a root or a meaning unit which usually has the property of a noun. In `the negation of an action,` there are no words that come under Chinese negative prefixes `不`, `非`, `未` and `無,` and examples such as `空元氣`(2 203) and `空笑い`(3 315) appear, which are formed by pure Japanese prefix `空(から/そら).` In `the negation of a status,` the words of which the most examples appear are those to which `不` is connected. The prefixes of the negation of a status negates a status or property, which have a function that modifies a noun by the use of an adjective.

영어와 한국어의 부정에 관한 유형적 비교

조경숙 ( Kyung Sook Cho ) 21세기영어영문학회 2004 영어영문학21 Vol.17 No.2

The Typological Comparison of Negation between English and Korean Cho, Kyung-Sook(Honam University) This paper aims to compare the phenomena of negation between English and Korean on the syntactic typological base, especially the phenomena of standard negation as well as quantifier negation and adverbial negation. In standard negation, these two languages show typological similarities of using a negative particle, and of accompanying a secondary modification of inserting an auxiliary verb. However, we can find important differences in two languages: First, in the contraction structures, English language uses the device of morphological negatives, while Korean language uses an auxiliary negative verb. Second, Korean has alternative negative particles, which show complementary distribution depending on the types of predicates and sentences. Moreover, Korean negative particles have much flexibility in their position of the sentences than English negative particle. More typological differences are found in the realms of quantifier negation and adverbial negation. English has four devices of expressing quantifier or adverbial negation; negated quantifiers, inherently negative quantifiers, negated adverbials, and inherently negative adverbials. However, Korean doesn't have any forms of inherently negative quantifiers and inherently negative adverbials. It only permits the devices of negated quantifiers and negated adverbials, in very limited cases, such as in the case of predicate derivation forms. Therefore, the semantic equivalents of quantifier negations and adverbial negations in Korean, are mostly the forms of indefinite expressions or adverbials combined with standard negation.

러시아어에서 부정의 영향권 연구 : 부정어의 위치와 부정 영향권의 상관관계를 중심으로

길윤미 한국러시아문학회 2021 러시아어문학 연구논집 Vol.75 No.-

The correlation between the syntactic position of negative particle and the scope of negation in Russian is more complex than expected. This paper proposes rheme-negation and theme-negation as a classification of negation which can reveal this correlation more effectively. This classification is a method that considers the communicational structure of negative sentences, and is advantageous in grasping their actual meaning. This study examines the displaced negation as a representative case of the theme-negation. Displaced negation in Russian has unique prosodic characteristics as a theme-negation, and there is a rheme-negation that is semantically similar to this. We investigate in two aspects the reasons why displaced negation is used, despite the fact that rheme-negation exists. First, it is related to the universal linguistic phenomenon in many languages of the world and second, it is necessary to consider the unique discourse function that stands out in Russian displaced negation. Another case of theme-negation is the causative construction. We classify the two types of personal construction among the causative constructions and present the various differences of the two types systematically and analytically. The cases of theme-negation show that the correlation between syntactic position of negative particle and scope of negation in Russian is never simple, and furthermore, it confirms that scope of negation is a issue that should be considered integrally in terms of semantics, pragmatics, and discourse functions.

Translating Korean Negation : Based on the Lexically Layered Model

Won, Hohyeuk,Kim, Hyoungyoub 한국중앙영어영문학회 2017 영어영문학연구 Vol.59 No.4

This study explores the hierarchy of negative prefixes in English and Korean. English prefixes could be divided into class Ⅰ affixes and class Ⅱ affixes. Korean short-form negation has five limitations of prefixes, and Korean short-form negation has broader productivity, precedes negative prefixes, works in post-lexical boundary, and has word boundary. However, Korean negative prefixes have few applications and cannot transgress short-form negation, work in lexical boundary, and has syllable boundary. We could consider Korean short-form negation as a class Ⅱ affixes and Korean negative prefixes as a class Ⅰ affix. We also could apply this hierarchy to Korean-English translation&interpretation. With regards to long-form negation working in sentence boundary as class Ⅲ negation, the model matches each language’s negation to other language’s negation. If there are no appropriate expressions in one category, we move to a higher boundary. However, in spoken text, we return to class Ⅱ affixes when translating English to Korean because short-form negations are used more commonly in spoken text than long-form negations.