이름과 禁忌

연호택(Yeon Ho-tak)(延昊鐸) 한국사회언어학회 2014 사회언어학 Vol.22 No.1

This paper is concerned with a comparative analysis of the naming taboo of Kihwee(忌諱) and the so-called name-friendly attitude of Chinhwee(親諱), the willing adoption of one's ancestor's name. The goals of this study are to investigate the origin, the evolution, the objects and methods of the naming taboo, and to compare it with the naming practice of Chinhwee which seems presumably opposed to it in terms of showing how each one of them is realized in the agricultural society based on Confucianism and in the nomadic culture sphere, respectively. A naming taboo is a socio-cultural taboo against speaking or writing the given names of exalted persons in Confucian countries including Korea and China. There are several kinds of naming taboo: the naming taboo of the state (國諱); the naming taboo of the clan (家諱); the naming taboo of the holinesses (聖人諱). People tend to figure out plausible reasons and methods not to violate a naming taboo. There existed at least three ways to avoid using a taboo character: changing the character to another one which usually is a synonym or sounds like the character being avoided; leaving the character as a blank; omitting a stroke in the character, especially the final stroke. The problem is that the custom of naming taboo had a contradiction in itself: without knowing what the emperors' names were one could hardly be expected to a void them, so somehow the emperors' names had to be informally transmitted to the populace to allow them to learn them in order to avoid them. Since every reign of every dynasty had its own naming taboos, the study of naming taboos can help date an ancient text, and understand the culture concerned.

뷰티 서비스 프로그램의 네이밍 효과 : 명시적 네이밍 vs. 암시적 네이밍

김미성 ( Miseong Kim ),윤남희 ( Namhee Yoon ) 한국미용학회 2017 한국미용학회지 Vol.23 No.4

The purpose of the study is to determine naming effect of program in beauty service area. It verifies an influence of service program`s explicit naming and implicit naming on interest, trust, and acceptance intention in service program, and a moderation effect of beauty service store`s reputation on naming effect. Based on th experiment designed according to the types of service program`s explicit naming and implicit naming, an empirical study is conducted. An online survey is conducted targeting twenties to forties women who have experience of using skin care service in less than a year the latest, and a total of 299 responses is analyzed. The result shows that trust is significantly high in explicit naming, and interest in implicit naming. And there is the interaction effect between program naming and store reputation on interest. The result beauty service program`s implicit naming attract consumers` interest, and induces their positive response. Its use is more effective in high-renowned store, and it is suggested that low-renowned store should try to communicate precisely information of service program`s naming, which could induce consumers` positive feeling. The effects of trust and interest on program acceptance intention are significant. And in case of using explicit program naming, the moderating effects of store reputation on the relationship between trust and intention and between interest and intention. it is verified that whereas low-renowned shop gets to have a higher influence on acceptance intention through interest, high-renowned shop gets to have a higher influence on acceptance intention through trust.

작명·개명의 사회적 현상에 따른 성명학(姓名學)의 용신(用神) 적용에 대한 고찰

이재승 ( Lee Jaeseung ),김만태 ( Kim Mantae ) 아시아문화학술원 2017 인문사회 21 Vol.8 No.4

현재 우리나라에서 이름은 개인의 정체성을 나타내는 수단이면서 또 한편으로는 이름을 통해 현세적 복(福)을 기원하는 기층심리(基層心理)가 함께 존재하고 있다. 2015년 한 해에만도 총 14만 8천여 명이 개명을 하였는데 삶이 잘 안 풀릴 때 다복(多福)을 기원하는 성명으로 돌파구를 찾기 위해 개명을 하는 추세이다. 특히 신생아 작명과 성인 개명을 할 때 성명학적으로 복된 이름을 짓고자 하는 사회적 현상이 일반화되었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 사회적 현상에 맞추어 대중이 좋은 이름을 사용할 수 있게하고 사주명리학에 기반을 둔 성명학이 더욱 발전할 수 있게 할 목적으로 사주의 중화를 이루는데 주요한 역할을 하는 용신(用神)을 도출한 후 한글 발음오행(發音五行)과 한자자원오행(漢字字源五行)에서 용신을 적용하여 작명하는 용신성명학(用神姓名學)을 고찰하였다. 먼저 명리학의 용신론을 살핀 후 한글 발음오행과 한자 자원오행의 개요를 각각 설명하였고 현재의 성명학에서 용신의 적용에 관한 문제점을 파악하고 그 해결책을 모색하였다. 현재 성명학의 발음오행 적용에 대해서는 초성(初聲)만을 사용하고 용신을 미반영하는 문제점을 살피고, 『훈민정음』 제자해(制字解)의 합자(合字) 원리에 따라 초성·중성·종성을 모두 반영하면서 용신을 적용하는 발음오행 성명학을 제안하였다. 또한 현재 성명학의 발음오행 적용에 대해서는 성(姓)의 한자 자원오행을 무시하고, 자원오행의 상생상극을 배제하며, 사주원국(四柱原局)에 존재하지 않는 오행으로만 작명하는 시류들의 문제점을 지적하고 한자 자원오행에 용신을 적용하는 새로운 자원오행 성명학을 제안하였다. Modern Korean society gives importance to name as it expresses the identity of the individual and also represents base course mentality that wishes to be blessed in present life. A around 148,000 people changed their names in 2015 and the most common reason was to find a breakthrough by a blessed name when their life did not turn out well. Especially, referring to the science of naming to choose a blessed name when naming a newborn child or changing an adult`s name has become the general social trend. Following this social phenomenon, this study extracted yongshin which plays an important role in balancing the fortune so that the science of naming based on the four pillars of destiny theory may advance further and people would find better names and examined the science of naming using yongshin which applies yongshin to the arrangement of five elements according to Korean pronunciation and Chinese characters in naming. First, this study examined yongshin in the four pillars of destiny theory, outlined five elements according to Korean pronunciation and Chinese character, respectively, identified problems in applying yongshin in modern science of naming, and sought for solutions. This study examined the problem of employing the initial phoneme and ignoring Yongshin in the science of naming according to pronunciation and proposed a new science of naming according to pronunciation which reflects all of the initial, middle, and final phonemes while applying Yongshin based on the principle of creating alphabet and combining characters of the 『Hunminjeongeum(Korean Script)』. This study also identified the problems in the modern trend of the science of naming according to Chinese character which ignores the five elements in the Chinese character for the last name, excludes compatibility and incompatibility between five elements in Chinese characters, and only uses the five elements that do not exist in the original four pillars theory and proposed the science of naming according to Chinese character which applies Yongshin to the five elements in Chinese characters.

창씨개명 시기에 전파된 일본 성명학(姓名學)의 영향

김만태 ( Man Tae Kim ) 한양대학교 동아시아문화연구소(구 한양대학교 한국학연구소) 2014 동아시아 문화연구 Vol.57 No.-

일본 성명학의 시조인 구마사키 겐오(熊琦健翁)가 1920년대 후반에 창안한 오격부상법(五格剖象法)에 기원을 둔 수리(數理) 성명학은 현재 우리나라에서 가장 널리 활용되고 있는 작명법이다. 수리성명학은 성명과 연계된 81가지 수의 신령한 뜻에 의해 그 사람의 운명이 좌우된다고 간주하고 성명을 천(天)·인(人)·지(地)·총(總)·외(外)의 5가지 격(格)으로 나눈 후, 그 각각에 해당하는 성명의 한자 획수를 계산하여 운명의 길흉을 판단하는 방법이다. 1940년 당시 조선에서의 창씨개명 강행은 일본의 작명가들에게 자신들의 경제적 이익 창출과 일본식 성명학 전파를 위해서 더할 나위 없이 좋은 기회였으므로 연일 대대적으로 그들의 일본식 성명학을 과장해서 홍보하였다. 이로 인해 창씨개명 시기 후에는 이름이 일생의 길흉과 깊이 연관된다는 운명론적 인식이 한국에서도 생겨났으며, 길한 이름과 흉한 이름을 가리는 기준으로서 일본식 수리성명학이 유행하기 시작하여 지금에 이르고 있다. 본디 한국인에게 이름은 서로를 호칭하거나 가문을 나타내는 부호였으나 창씨개명 시행 이후에는 복잡한 운명 부호의 역할도 겸하게 되었고, 그 길흉의 판단 기준은 일본식 성명학이 되었던 것이다. 내선일체란 명분하에 조선인의 황민화(皇民化)정책을 본격화하려고 강행한 창씨개명은 일본 제국주의의 패배로 비록 5년 만에 그쳤지만 일본식 성명학으로 한국인의 이름을 작명하는 관행과 이름이 일생의 길흉을 좌우한다는 과장된 운명 논리는 통계학이란 미명하에 불식되지 않은 채 여전히 고착되어 성행하고 있다. Mathematical(數理) naming-ology, originated from Ogyeogbusangbeob(五格剖象法), which is a method of inference upon the classification of 5 forms created by Gumasaki Genoh(熊琦健翁), a father of Japanese naming-ology in the late 1920s, is the most widely adopted naming method in South Korea. The mathematical naming-ology assumes that the destiny is dependent on 81 mythical meanings of the calculation(數), and classifies a name into 5 forms-Cheon(天, heaven)·In(人, human)·Ji(地, earth)·Chong(總, whole)·Oe(外, outside) and computes the number of strokes for the name for each of the 5 forms to tells a person`s fortune. In the 1940s, the enforcement of the name changing program in Chosun was a great opportunity for Japanese namers to create financial profits and propagate Japanese naming-ology. Therefore, they consistently exaggerated and promoted Japanese naming-ology whenever they had a chance. Thus, after implementing the name changing program, it has been perceived that a name is deeply related with one`s destiny in Korea and Japanese naming-ology has been favored to classify fortunate names and unfortunate names. In the past, a name was considered to be a simple title representing a person and/or a house in Korea. However, ever since implementation of the name changing program, it has became a complicated symbol for one`s destiny, and Japanese naming-ology bas became a criteria for the classification of fortunate names and unfortunate names. The name changing program, which was executed for mobilizing of Korea for a ware under the pretext of ``Korea and Japan are the one``, was stopped only after 5 years along with the defeat of Japanese imperialism, but still a practice of naming in compliance of Japanese naming-ology and the exaggerated naming logic that a name determines one`s destiny are alive under the cloak of statistics.

韓中避諱小考

한용수 한중인문학회 2009 한중인문학연구 Vol.28 No.-

피휘는 아직까지도 우리의 삶에 가까이 있다. 옛날 전제왕건 시대에는 일생생활에서 어려움이 있을 정도로 많은 글자가 제한된 글자로 있어 불편함이 있어 왔으나 한국과 중국의 왕들의 사용에 있어서는 차이를 보여 왔다. 조선시대의 국왕들은 일반 백성의 불편함을 고려하여 읽기 힘든 어려운 글자와 외자로 이름을 지어 피휘자의 불편을 최소화하려고 노력하였으나, 중국에 서는 피휘에 해당된 글자들의 확대로 일반인들의 글자 사용과 표현에서 어려움을 겪었다. 『춘추(春秋)』에는 존경하는 사람과 친지, 현자를 위해 피휘를 하였다고 하였고, 『춘추』에 이미 각기 다른 이름이 있는 것으로 보아 이미 오랜 기간 피휘를 하였음을 알 수 있다. 우리가 처음 만나는 상대방의 이름을 묻는 표현에서도 상대방에 따라 정중의 도가 다를 수 있으니 호칭을 부를 때에는 존경의 직접적인 표현과 관련하여 우리는 타인의 이름과 호를 사용함에 주의를 기울여야 할 것이다. 과거 한국이나 중국에서 엄격히 지켰던 피휘, 그 중에서도 국휘(國諱)는 민주사회인 오늘 날의 기준으로 보면 매우 불합리한 일이었다. 다만 과거의 일들을 통해 고적 사료의 문헌을 살펴서 그 시대적 상황을 파악하고 그 시대의 상황 등을 알 수 있는 귀중한 자료가 될 수 있으니 휘에 사용된 글자들의 면면을 파헤쳐 경사류 등 서적의 연구에 이를 잘 탐독하여 활용할 필요가 있다. Naming taboo(避諱) is still close to our lives. At old times of Dynasties, it had been very inconvenient to communicate each other with language due to the restriction on some specific letters as much as being difficult to do something in ordinary lives. There are differences of naming taboo between Korea and Chinese of Dynasties. Kings in both Dynasties had made different applications of naming taboo. Kings in Joseon Dynasty made an effort to minimize the inconveniency about naming taboo by means of taking as Kings' names some difficult letters to read and using only one letter for given names. Compared to Joseon Dynasty, normal people in China had many trouble to use some letters in their language and express their thoughts because of the excessive extension of limited letters corresponding to naming taboo. A book, Spring and Fall(ChunQiu)『春秋』recorded that naming taboo had been used for the purpose of showing some respects relatives, honorable people and wise men. As many different kinds of designations for naming taboo already had been written in the book of Spring and Fall(ChunQiu)『春秋』, it is clear that some designations for naming taboo had been often widely used for a long time ago. When we meet people for the first time, we are very careful to ask one's name with a polite way. Because Calling one's name are very different under the circumstances, it should be done with polite expressions and manner corresponding to their position, status and situations of people in conversation with us. The expressions in naming and calling are supposed to show respect them with suitable usage of name and pen name. Considering that societies with democracy are developed in a modern time, in some respects, it is irrational to persist this limitation, particularly naming taboo for Kings' name among other naming taboo kept with sever restriction in both Korea and China. However, it is very useful to understand the phases and circumstance of the time through historical review researching old resources in historical documents. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the old letters used for naming taboo with a close look. This work can be helpful to study historical books and documents and gain the knowledge about the old time in history.

고강도택트교수(Intensive Tact Instruction)가 언어지연과 발달 장애를 보이는 학령전기 아동의 네이밍능력 발달에 미치는 영향

박혜숙(Park, Hyesuk),최에스터(Choi, Esther),유은혜(Yu, Eunhye),강보름(Kang, Boreum),김승주(Kim, Seungju),강지수(Kang, Jisoo),유연희(Yu, Yeunhui),김선혜(Kim, SeonHye) 한국행동분석학회 2020 행동분석․지원연구 Vol.7 No.2

이 연구는 고강도택트교수(Intensive Tact Instruction)가 언어지연을 동반한 발달장애를 보이는 학령전기 아동들의 네이밍능력 발달에 미치는 영향을 점검하였다. 네이밍 능력은 직접적인 교수 이력 없이 우발적으로 청자 반응과 화자 반응을 습득하는 능력이다. 대도시 소재 행동 분석적 조기 중재가 제공되는 사설 기관에서 연구가 진행되었고 3세에서 4세의 남녀 아동 다섯 명이 참가하였다. 고강도택트교수 절차가 실시되기 전에 기초선 청자네이밍, 화자네이밍이 자극 세트1, 세트2, 세트3으로 점검되었다. 대부분의 참여아동이 청자네이밍을 보였으나 향상이 필요하였고, 화자네이밍은 보이지 않거나 낮은 반응률을 보였다. 고강도택트교수 절차를 통해 하루에 추가적으로 80시도(trial)의 택트 교수가 제공되었다. 중재 후 기초선에서 사용되었던 자극인 세트1, 세트2, 세트3로 다시 네이밍 반응이 점검되었고 모든 아동들에게서 청자네이밍이 향상되었고, 화자네이밍이 형성되어 양방향네이밍이 유도되었다. 새로운 자극인 세트 9, 세트10을 이용하여 일반화된 네이밍 반응이 측정되었고 모든 참여아동이 청자, 화자네이밍 반응을 보였다. The present study tested effects of Intensive Tact Instruction on development of Naming capabilities in preschoolers with language delays and developmental delays. Naming defines as a capability which enable children learn to point as a listener response or learn to tact as speaker response without direct instruction history. We call these responses as a listener Naming or speaker Naming. During the baseline phase, listener Naming capability and speaker Naming capability were probed with Set 1, Set 2, Set 3. All of the participants showed some listener Naming responses. showed lower level of responses as speaker Naming Participant C and Participant E didn’t show speaker Naming and the others showed lower level of speaker Naming responses. During the Intensive Tact Instruction, 86 tact instruction trials were provided in addtion to regular daily instruction trials using 5 stimulus sets, Set 4, Set 5, Set 6, Set 7, Set 8. The Instruction completed when participants reached to preset criterion. Post intevention Naming probe were conducted using the same stimulus sets, Set 1, Set 2, Set 3 as the one used during the baseline probes. Listener Naming responses and speaker Naming responses were imporved significantly in Participant A, Participant B, Participant D. Speaker Naming capabilities were emerged In Participant C and Participant E with the intervention. All of the participants showed some generalized Naming responses with two novel sets of stimuli. The results were discussed in terms of emergences of Naming and prerequisite responses required for implementation of the intensive tact Instruction procedure.

태국인의 작명에 관한 연구

정환승 ( Jung Hwan-seung ) 한국태국학회 2018 한국태국학회논총 Vol.25 No.1

Naming comes from the desire of those who want to live a happy life, and it reflects the society's culture. This study sought to examine how Thai naming changed according to periods, and to determine how the naming reflected the social and cultural characteristics of each of those periods. From the morphological aspect of Thai naming, the periods of Sukhothai Kingdom and Ayutthaya Kingdom saw mainly 2-syllable naming including the mono syllable, and the Rattanakosin Kingdom period saw 3-4-syllable naming and 4-5-syllable naming. In terms of language, pure Thai was used in the early stage, and in modern society, a growing number of names used Pali and Sanskrit, and a growing of nicknames used English and foreign languages. Meanwhile, Muslims mostly used Arabic and Malay in their naming. From the semantic aspect, the early-time stage saw naming using material nouns and simple motions or animal and plant names. Later, a growing number of names used abstract nouns, and many names were created using the desires of the times. Male names used words meaning knowledge, ability, greatness, victory and the like. Many female names used words meaning flowers, plants, beauty, love and happiness.

猫命名中蕴含的汉语用词分析

청원총,한용수 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2022 中國學論叢 Vol.- No.76

In modern Chinese, the word pet refers to the small animals that are loved by the family. It also refers to the creatures that people feed for spiritual purposes rather than economic purposes. Since ancient times, it has been a very meaningful thing to name pets. Pet naming is actually a unique linguistic phenomenon. It also includes the research on the types of word formation structure contained in modern Chinese. It can be said that naming is the research on new word formation in modern Chinese. And according to the content of previous scholars literature were confirmed in this paper. This paper focuses on the analysis of word-formation characteristics, semantic characteristics and word-formation structure types in modern Chinese, and integrates word-formation naming information in modern Chinese, hoping to provide readers with a channel to understand the characteristics of Chinese pet naming from the perspective of modern Chinese. The interpretation of Chinese pet naming culture in modern Chinese is conducive to a better understanding of modern Chinese and Chinese culture, and also helps readers to understand the development history of pet naming. This paper includes Chinese classical Tang poetry and Song poetry as the research corpus, which plays an important role in studying the development background of pet naming. The study of pet naming in this paper is helpful to understand the characteristics and psychology of modern cat naming. Hope to provide effective reference for scholars who continue to study pet naming.

한국 원림(園林)의 명명(命名) : 시적 미학과 공간적 은유

이주희 ( Rhee Joohee ) 한국공간디자인학회 2021 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.16 No.6

(Background and Purpose) The act of naming things by human beings is a way of expressing their mental essence. People giving names to buildings in the past is also in this context. In particular, in traditional Korean architecture, Wonlim is an area where the act of naming appeared most prominently. In building a Wonlim, scholars gave names to architectural spaces, natural elements, and many other objects with implicit meanings and wrote many poems corresponding to individual names. The architectural intentions and philosophical thoughts of the time were expressed as poetry, and passed down to the later generations as a form of poetry. Therefore, the process of understanding the meaning of these poems can clarify the significance of naming done in Wonlim. Also, the implicit meaning of the spaces metaphorically revealed by poetic aesthetics expressed through naming will be analyzed. (Method) For this study, previous studies and literature regarding Wonlim were studied, and data on naming were collected. Since scholars in the past wrote poetry in Chinese characters instead of Hangeul (own Korean language), the poetry has been translated into Korean and English by referring to many pieces of literatures to understand the meanings. By conducting many field surveys between 2017 and 2020, the poetry was compared and identified with actually existing things. Through this process, the names of the buildings, natural objects, and things that constitute the Wonlim were examined and the meanings of the spatial metaphors of the names were analyzed. In addition, many poems written using the names as themes were examined to review the effects of the meanings metaphorically expressed by the names on the poetic emotions of the scholars. (Results) Through this process, the following results were derived. First, numerous names born by 'naming' became the poetry themes by scholars and created various poetic aesthetics. The act of naming things in nature and writing poetry infused vital power to the things and became the starting point of construction of the poetic world of scholars. Second, the names given to spaces and things in Wonlim imply the meanings of spatial metaphors. The meanings are communicated to us as poems and interpreted as poems. We in modern times can understand the architectural intentions behind the formation of Wonlim through the poems and are helped by the poems in understanding the philosophical meanings contained in the spaces. (Conclusions) As such, Interpreting poems related to space is to understand the metaphors, symbols, and mental backgrounds of the names given, and it is more valuable than understanding the physical structure of the Wonlim. In addition, their act of naming and the poetic aesthetics revealed due to the act enables the representation of the architectural significance of Wonlim in Korea.

HOW TO NAME A PRODUCT? NAMING STRATEGIES FOR MOVIES

Jiyeon Eoh,Jaihak Chung 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.6

Product naming is one of the most important communication decisions for any firm to deliver product information to consumers. Product names are highly likely to have critical impacts on the market performances of products, in particular, consisting of unobservable attributes such as motion pictures, music, books, and games. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of product naming strategies on their market performances and provide managerial implications on how to name products, especially for experience goods such as movies. We, firstly, suggest a conceptual framework to describe naming decisions as two-stage strategic decisions. The first stage decision is about what type of product information should be provided to consumers via a product name, which we call information choice strategy, and the second stage decision is about how to express the product information in the name, which we call expression strategy. We develop a two-level hierarchical Bayesian log-linear model to consider the main effects of product information strategy with the 1st level of the model, and the mediate effects of expression strategies with the 2nd level of the model. We applied the model to a data set consisting of viewership, names, and release dates of 634 movies released in eight countries where English is an official language. We have decided the types of naming strategies with the help of three industry practitioners, who have been working in the film industry for over 10 years as a producer, marketer, and investor, respectively. The country characteristics, obtained from Hofsted's Homepage (National culture scores of each country) and the World Bank (GDP and population of each country at the released t year), were considered for country heterogeneity. The empirical results show that information choice for movie titles have significant impacts on the movie viewership. Especially, movie titles including story or negative words have more positive impact on their market performances. One of the important findings is that the effects of “what to choose” depends on “how to express”. For example, not frequently used words, nonwords, proper nouns, foreign words in movie titles have positive impacts on the viewership. Popular words used for movie titles have a positive influence directly on the viewership. Interestingly, while sentences for movie titles have negative impacts on the viewership, storyline and theme expressed in sentences show positive impacts on the viewership. Another important finding is the mediating effects of country and product heterogeneities. The effects of naming strategy differs across movie genres and country characteristics. This study makes at least three contributions to the literature. Firstly, this study suggest a conceptual framework an empirical model for naming strategies in the literature. Secondly, this study provides information on what type of naming strategies are more effective on market performance, which has never been addressed in the literature. Lastly, the study provides some managerial implications which are useful for researchers and industry practitioners who are interested in product naming.