華嚴十地說의 修行觀 고찰

박정윤(Park, Jung-Yoon) 국제고려학회 서울지회 2011 국제고려학회 서울지회 논문집 Vol.14 No.-

Huáyán’s Ten Stages(華嚴十地) are a series of process and methods for sattva to reach the stage of Budda. It is known that Huáyán’s Ten Stages originally were scriptures in book form called Ten Stages Sutra(『十地經』) and were edited as a part of Hu áy án-Sutra(『華嚴經』) later. However, Ten Stages of Ten Stages Sutra were not established autonomously. They had been completed as Ten Stages of Ten Stages Sutra through Ten Stages of D àsh ì- B ěnsh ēngsh íd ì (『大事』 ｢本生十地｣), D àp ǐnb ānru ò-Sutra(『大品般若經』), and P ús àb ěny è-Sutra(『菩薩本業經』), and the completion was included in Hu áy án-Sutra later. In Hu áy án-Sutra, there are thirty steps of asceticism that include Ten zhù (十住), Ten xín(十行) and Ten huíxiàng(十廻向) as well as Ten dì. In the book, it is written as if you should go through the stages one-by-one in the order of Ten zhù, Ten xíng, Ten huí xiàng and Ten dì to reach the stage of Budda. On this point, there are three different views in the existing academic world. In the first view, púsàdào of Hu áy án-Sutra is completed in Ten dì as a high-dimensional step of asceticism after relatively low-dimensional steps like Ten zhù, Ten xíng, and Ten huíxiàng. In the second view, although Huáyán’s Ten Stages are very high-dimensional steps of asceticism, this does not necessarily mean that you should go through steps one-by-one in the order of Ten zhù, Ten xíng, Ten huí xiàng and Ten dì to attain Buddhahood. Rather, Huáyán’s Ten Stages are the steps of asceticism for the people who already attained Buddhahood. In the third view, Ten dì is the last step of asceticism to reach the stage of Budda for a bodhisattva who hasn’t become a Budda yet, but understands or realizes the true meaning of Four Noble Truths(四諦) and Twelve Nidānas(十二因緣). About the three different views in the academic world, the writer of this article has shedded new light on the meaning of Ten dì through reviewing on what relationship Ten dì has with the other stages of Hu áy án-Sutra(Ten zhù, Ten xíng, Ten huí xiàng) and what it means in Hu áy án-Sutra.

위암에서 새롭게 개정된 제7판 UICC/AJCC N병기에 대한 제6판 N병기와의 비교평가

김지훈(Ji Hoon Kim),김찬욱(Chan Wook Kim),최남규(Nam Kyu Choi),곽진호(Jin Ho Kwak),최건무(Kun Moo Choi),장혁재(Hyuk Jae Jang),한명식(Myung Sik Han),이상진(Sang Jin Lee),오호석(Ho Suk Oh),최종수(Jong Soo Choi) 대한외과학회 2010 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research(ASRT) Vol.79 No.3

Purpose: The 7th edition UICC/AJCC TNM classification for gastric cancer has several changes from the previous edition. Especially, the classification of the number of lymph node metastases (LNM) is reorganized. According to the new TNM system, N stage was categorized to N0 (no LNM), N1 (1∼2 LNM), N2 (3∼6 LNM), N3 (7 or more LNM). The aim of our study was to compare the prognostic significance of the new (7th) UICC/AJCC N stage with the old (6th). Methods: From 2000 to 2005 a total of 425 patients who underwent curative resections with D2 and with 15 or more lymph nodes retrieved were studied retrospectively. Results: According to the 7th UICC/AJCC N stage, the 5-year cumulative survival rates (5YSR) of N0, N1, N2, N3 were 96.0%, 79.2%, 58.5% and 24.3%, respectively (P<0.001). Using univariate analysis, the N stage of 7th and 6th UICC/AJCC TNM classification, 7th UICC/AJCC T stage, differentiation of tumor, type of gastrectomy (subtotal and total gastrectomy), size of primary tumor (≤5, 5<≤10, 10<) were associated with 5YSR. However, Cox regression multivariate analysis showed the 7th UICC/AJCC N stage to bean independent factor for predicting the 5YSR instead of the 6th UICC/AJCC N stage (P<0.001, hazard ratio (HR) 1.859, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.576∼2.194), including depth of tumor invasion (P<0.001, HR 1.673, 95% CI 1.351∼2.073). Conclusion: The new (7th) UICC/AJCC N stage is a more reliable prognostic factor of gastric cancer than the old (6th) N stage.

Antimalarial effect of synthetic endoperoxide on synchronized Plasmodium chabaudi infected mice

Nagwa S. M. Aly,Hiroaki Matsumori,Thi Quyen Dinh,Akira Sato,Shin-Ichi Miyoshi,장경수,유학선,Fumie Kobayashi,김혜숙 대한기생충학ㆍ열대의학회 2023 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.61 No.1

The discovery of new antimalarial drugs can be developed using asynchronized Plasmodium berghei malaria parasites in vivo in mice. Studies on a particular stage are also required to assess the effectiveness and mode of action of drugs. In this report, we used endoperoxide 6-(1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro [7.11] nonadec-4-yl) hexan-1-ol (N-251) as a model antimalarial compound on P. chabaudi parasites. We examined the antimalarial effect of N-251 against ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich P. chabaudi parasites and asynchronized P. berghei parasites using the 4-day suppressive test. The ED50 values were 27, 22, and 22 mg/kg, respectively, and the antimalarial activity of N-251 was verified in both rodent malaria parasites. To assess the stage-specific effect of N-251 in vivo, we evaluated the change of parasitemia and distribution of parasite stages using ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich P. chabaudi parasites with one-day drug administration for one life cycle. We discovered that the parasitemias decreased after 13 and 9 hours post-treatment in the ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich groups, respectively. Additionally, in the ring-stage-rich N-251 treated group, the ring-stage parasites hindered trophozoite parasite development. For the trophozoite-stage-rich N-251 treated group, the distribution of the trophozoite stage was maintained without a change in parasitemia until 9 hours. Because of these findings, it can be concluded that N-251 suppressed the trophozoite stage but not the ring stage. We report for the first time that N-251 specifically suppresses the trophozoite stage using P. chabaudi in mice. The results show that P. chabaudi is a reliable model for the characterization of stage-specific antimalarial effects.

Hydrocarbon/N2 혼합물의 분리를 위한 PEI-PDMS 중공사 복합막의 기체 투과 특성

이충섭,조은혜,하성용,임지원 한국막학회 2012 멤브레인 Vol.22 No.4

n-Pentane의 분리 및 회수를 위해 분리막의 제조가 용이하고 유기용매에 대한 내용매성이 있는 polyetherimide (PEI)를 지지체로 poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS)를 코팅하여 중공사 복합막을 제조하였다. 제조된 기체 분리막의 특성을 알아보기 위하여 n-Pentane과 질소를 이용하여 공급농도와 stage cut의 변화에 따른 n-pentane과 질소의 투과도, permeate, retentate의 농도, 농축도, 회수율을 측정하였다. n-pentane과 질소의 투과도는 각각 2485.3, 9.9 GPU를 나타내었고, stage cut이 감소하고 공급농도가 증가할수록 투과측의 n-pentane 농도는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 반면 회수효율의 경우에는 stage cut이 증가할수록 공급농도가 감소할수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. For the separation and recovery of n-pentane from nitrogen environment, the poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) composite membranes supported by polyetherimide (PEI) hollow fiber membranes were prepared. To characterize the gas separation properties of the resulting membranes, the permeance of n-pentane and nitrogen, concentrations of permeate and retentate, and recovery ratio were measured for n-pentane and nitrogen mixtures. The permeance of n-pentane and nitrogen, 2485.3 and 9.9 GPU, were observed respectively. As the stage cut decreases and the feed concentration increases, the n-pentane concentration in permeate tends to increase. In the meanwhile, the recovery efficiency tends to increase as the stage cut increases and the feed concentration decreases.

Adjustment of the Nitrogen Fertigation Considering Soil NO₃-N Status for Greenhouse Watermelon

Yangmin X. Kim(김양민),Yejin Lee(이예진),Chanwook Lee(이찬욱),Seulbi Lee(이슬비),Byung Keun Hyun(현병근),Yo Sung Song(송요성),Chul Hyun Yoo(류철현),Song Rae Cho(조송래) 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.11

Growth-stage-based fertigation has provided a weekly nutrient supply schedule in accordance with the crop growth and nutrient uptake for greenhouse crops including watermelon. However, it did not consider the soil nutrient status, and fixed the total amount of NPK fertilizer supply for each crop, although it considered the aimed yield and growth season. The objective of this study is to compare the growth, nitrogen uptake, and yield of watermelon and soil NO₃-N concentration by varying the amount of nitrogen (N) fertigation under either low NO₃-N soil or optimal NO₃-N soil. We cultivated watermelon in the spring of 2021 at two farmer’s greenhouses, in which one had 11 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> of soil NO₃-N and the other had 94 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> of NO₃-N soil (recommended soil NO₃-N for greenhouse cucumber: 50 to 150 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>). Different nitrogen levels (N0, N0.5, N1, N2) were supplied and N1 equals the standard N supply recommendation of the growth stage-based fertigation for watermelon cultivation (9.6 kg 10a<SUP>-1</SUP>). The concentrations of soil NO₃-N during the cultivation were higher than 150 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> in any N supply level under low and optimal NO₃-N soils. The fruit yield was highest in N1 under low and optimal NO₃-N soils. Considering the fruit yield and soil NO₃-N, N1 is suitable for soils with low and optimal NO₃-N.

분화갑상선암의 N 병기(N Staging)의 최근 동향

민혜숙 대한갑상선학회 2012 International Journal of Thyroidology Vol.5 No.2

The current TNM staging including N staging has been suggested as a gold standard for the appropriate therapy in the well differentiated thyroid cancer patients. N staging was established based on histopathologic findings, however, the newly suggested prognostic factors for the revision of N staging include some clinicopathologic factors, such as clinical metastasis (macrometastasis), large node metastasis (≥3 cm),extranodal extension and the number of metastatic node. Recently, American Thyroid Association reported the possibility that the low-risk group patients would be overestimated as high-risk group patients that leads to the overtreatment, the following unnecessary complication and the economic cost. The preexisting N1a/N1b classification by anatomical location of metastatic node still remains as a strong prognostic factor; however,many evidences indicated that the clinicopathologic factors described above should be considered in the risk stratification in the near future. Thus, it needs to be stressed that the four factors of micrometastasis, large node metastasis (≥3 cm), gross or microscopic extranodal extension and multiple metastatic node (>5 cm)have been established as negative or positive prognostic factors and should be noted in clinical practice.

MicroRNAs as Promising Biomarkers for Tumor-staging: Evaluation of MiR21 MiR155 MiR29a and MiR92a in Predicting Tumor Stage of Rectal Cancer

Yang, Yun,Peng, Wei,Tang, Tian,Xia, Lin,Wang, Xiao-Dong,Duan, Bao-Feng,Shu, Ye Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.13

Objective: In this study, tumor-stage predictive abilities of miR21, miR155, miR29a and miR92a were evaluated in rectal cancer (RC). Methods: Expression of miR21, miR155, miR29a and miR92a was detected and quantitated in tumor tissue and in adjacent normal tissue from 40 patients by TaqMan MicroRNA assay. Results: Significant overexpression of miR21, miR155, miR29a and miR92a was observed in RC tissues. While high expression of miR21, miR155 and miR29a in N1-2 and C-D stages presented a potential correlation with N and Duke stages, partial correlation analysis suggested that only miR155 rather than miR21 and miR29a played a greater influencing role. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis showed that miR155 could discriminate N0 from N1-2 with 85.0% sensitivity and 85.0% specificity, N2 from N0-1 with 90.0% sensitivity and 96.7% specificity, and C-D stage from A-B stage with 81.0% sensitivity and 84.2% specificity. Conclusions: Increase in expression of miR155 might represent a novel predictor for RC N and Dukes staging.

Is the N1c category of the new american joint committee on cancer staging system applicable to patients with rectal cancer who receive preoperative chemoradiotherapy?

Song, Joon Seon,Chang, Hee Jin,Kim, Dae Yong,Kim, Sun Young,Baek, Ji Yeon,Park, Ji Won,Park, Sung Chan,Choi, Hyo Seong,Oh, Jae Hwan Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2011 Cancer Vol.117 No.17

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>BACKGROUND:</B></P><P>Pericolorectal tumor deposits (TDs) are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer, and the seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system recently classified TDs without regional lymph node metastasis as category N1c. However, the definition of TDs has varied. Moreover, with the recent, widespread application of preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in rectal cancers, residual primary tumor confined to the mesorectum is not infrequent, and it is unclear whether the N1c category is appropriate for these tumors.</P><P><B>METHODS:</B></P><P>To evaluate the prognostic significance of the N1c classification in patients with rectal cancers after preoperative CRT, the authors reviewed the histologic features of 136 rectal cancers that were classified previously with a tumor classification of 3 [T3], negative lymph nodes [N0], and no metastasis [M0] based on the pathologic extent of disease (ypT3N0M0). These tumors were reclassified according to the new AJCC staging system, and patient outcomes were analyzed.</P><P><B>RESULTS:</B></P><P>Perirectal TDs were detected in 16 of 136 patients (11.8%). Patterns of TD included a separate nodule pattern in 6 patients (38%), a perivascular pattern in 4 patients (25%), a perineural pattern in 4 patients (25%), and a lymphatic pattern in 2 patients (12%). By using the new N1c category, 120 patients (88.2%) were classified with yp‐stage IIA disease, 6 patients (4.4%) were classified with yp‐stage IIIA disease, and 10 patients (7.4%) were classified with yp‐stage IIIB disease. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis indicated that there were no significant differences between the TD‐positive and TD‐negative groups in disease‐free survival (DFS) or overall survival (OS) (<I>P</I> = .48 for both; log‐rank test). In addition, the reclassified TMN stage was not related to DFS (<I>P</I> = .17) or OS (<I>P</I> = .072).</P><P><B>CONCLUSIONS:</B></P><P>The category N1c may not be appropriate for patients with rectal cancer after preoperative CRT, because the definition of ypN1c was confusing and did not have prognostic significance. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.</P>

Varying Nitrogen Fertigation for Cucumbers Grown in Greenhouses with Soil of Optimal or High Nutrient Status

김양민,이예진,송요성,이찬욱 한국토양비료학회 2022 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.55 No.1

The standard growth-stage-based fertigation schedule has provided the weekly supply amount of fertilizerconsidering the expecting yield with no regard of soil nutrient status. The study aimed to examine if fertigationwith nitrogen applied at a standard rate results in the best cucumber yield in two greenhouses with differentsoil nutrient levels, i.e. optimal and high. We investigated the nitrogen (N) uptake pattern of cucumbers withthe different nitrogen supply levels which included half the standard rate (N0.5), the standard rate (N1) anddouble the standard rate (N2). In year 2020, the N1 amendment resulted in highest yield in the soil withoptimal nutrient level, however, lower N0.5 resulted in higher yield in the high-nutrient soil. In year 2021,there was no statistical difference in the yield by different nitrogen supply levels in both soils with optimal andhigh nutrient level. Soil NO3-N remained low in the low nutrient soil regardless of the amount of N supplied,but soil NO3-N was high in the high nutrient soil supplied with N2. The Partial Factor Productivity of Nitrogen(PFPN) was highest in the N0.5 and it decreased as N supply increased in the optimal and high nutrient soil. Inconclusion, a precise fertigation schedule is needed to be set with the consideration of the soil nutrient status

병기 IIIB 비소세포암 환자에서의 수술 성적

민호기,김형수,유정우,최용수,김관민,김진국,장봉현,심영목 대한흉부외과학회 2003 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.36 No.3

Surgical Results of Selected Stage IIIB Non-small Cell Lung CancerHo Ki Min, M.D.*, Hyoung Soo Kim, M.D.*, Jeong Woo Yoo, M.D.*, Yong Soo Choi, M.D.*Kwhanmien Kim, M.D.*, Jhinjook Kim, M.D.*, Bong Hyun Chang, M.D.**, Young Mog Shim, M.D.* 배경: 전통적으로 병기 IIIB 비소세포암은 낮은 장기 생존율로 인해 수술이 불가능하다고 여겨져 왔다. 그러나 최근의 몇몇 보고에서는 병기 IIIB 중 T4 병변에서 수술 후 좋은 장기 생존율을 보고하고 있다. 본원에서 일부 선택된 병기 IIIB 환자에서의 수술 경험을 보고하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 1994년부터 2001년 12월까지 본원에서 원발성 폐암으로 진단을 받고 수술을 시행한 936명의 환자 중 수술 후 조직 검사상 병기 IIIA 및 IIIB로 진단받은 환자에서 수술 전 항암치료나 방사선치료를 받은 환자를 제외한 각각 109명과 59명을 대상으로 하였다. TNM 병기에 따른 분류상 병기 IIIA의 경우 T3N1이 13예, T1N2가 12예, T2N2가 73예였으며 T3N2가 11예였다. 그리고 병기 IIIB의 경우는 T4N0가 26예, T4N1이 18예, T4N2가 14예였으며 T4N3가 1예였다. 결과: 수술 관련 사망률은 병기 IIIA에서는 4.58%였고 병기 IIIB에서는 5.08%였다. 병기 IIIA와 IIIB의 1년, 2년, 3년, 5년 생존율은 각각 69.1%, 53.7%, 41.6%, 30.7%였고 68.9%, 55.6%, 42.9%, 35.9%였다. T4 병변에 의한 병기 IIIB폐암에서 같은 엽에 소결절이 있는 군을 다시 림프절 전이가 없는 군과 림프절 전이가 있는 군으로 나누어 생존율을 구하였을 때 림프절 전이가 없는 군에서 유의하게 생존율이 높았다(p=0.0118). 결론: 림프절의 전이가 없고 완전 절제가 가능한 병기 IIIB 환자에서 수술적 절제를 적극적으로 고려하여야겠고 특히 림프절 전이가 없는 한 엽에 여러 소결절이 있는 환자에서는 수술적 치료를 요한다 하겠다.