Comparison of In vitro Gas Production, Metabolizable Energy, Organic Matter Digestibility and Microbial Protein Production of Some Legume Hays

Karabulut, Ali,Canbolat, Onder,Kalkan, Hatice,Gurbuzol, Fatmagul,Sucu, Ekin,Filya, Ismail Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.4

The aim of this study was to compare in vitro gas production kinetics, metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and microbial protein (MP) production of widely used legume hays in ruminant nutrition in Turkey. Gas production were determined at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and their kinetics were described using the equation p = a+b ($1-e^{-ct}$). There were significant differences among legume hays in terms of chemical composition. The crude protein content of legume hays ranged from 11.7 to 18.6% of dry matter (DM); crude fat from 2.1 to 3.5% DM; neutral detergent fiber from 35.6 to 52.0% DM; acid detergent fiber from 32.0 to 35.5% DM and acid detergent lignin 1.7 to 11.0% DM. Total gas production after 96 h incubation ranged between 61.67 and 76.00 ml/0.200 g of substrate. At 24, 72 and 96 h incubation the total gas production for common vetch were significantly (p<0.01) higher than those of the other legume hays. The ME, OMD and MP of legume hays ranged from 9.09 to 11.12 MJ/kg DM, 61.30 to 75.54% and 90.35 to 138.05 g/kg DM, respectively. The ME, OMD and MP of common vetch was significantly (p<0.01) higher than those of the other hays due to low cell-wall contents and high crude protein. At the end of the experiment, differences in chemical composition of legume hays resulted in the differences in the in vitro gas production, gas production kinetics and the estimated parameters such as ME, OMD and MP. Common vetch can be recommended to hay producers and ruminant breeders, due to high ME, OMD and MP production.

Effect of Dietary Feeding Regimens on Urea and Protein Concentration of Milk in Murrah Buffaloes

Roy, B.,Mehla, R.K.,Sirohi, S.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.7

The present study was planned to examine the effect of different feeding regimens on milk urea concentration and milk protein concentration. The objectives are to describe the diurnal variations of milk urea (MU) concentration and to predict plasma urea (PU) concentration from MU concentration. Six lactating Murrah buffaloes were distributed in two groups and were fed two different diets in a crossover design. The diets consisted of leguminous crops as diet 1 (berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum)+concentrate mixture 1+wheat straw)) and non-leguminous crops as diet 2 (oats (Avana sativa)+concentrate mixture 2+wheat straw). All the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Each diet was fed to the animals for a period of 28 days, followed by a 10 day gap to obviate the carry over effect of the previous diet and then a switch over to the other diet. Digestibility trials were conducted on the last 7 days of each feeding period. Milk samples were collected on day 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24 and 28 of the feeding period and blood samples were collected on the same day at morning within 30 minutes after morning milking. The average milk urea (MU) values (mg/dl) differed significantly (p<0.01) and were 44.83${\pm}$0.62 and 42.53${\pm}$0.73, respectively, for diets 1 and 2. Milk urea concentrations (mg/dl) also varied (p 0.01) among the days of feeding period, but were stabilized after 10th day of feeding period. In contrast, diets and days of feeding period had no significant effect on percent milk protein. Plasma urea concentration showed a significant (p<0.01) positive correlation (r = 0.93) with MU concentration. To predict the PU from MU the following equation was developed 'PU = 10.67${\pm}$0.76${\times}$MU (mg/dl) with $R^2$ = 0.87'. A clear diurnal variation of MU was found with lowered morning value (42.04${\pm}$0.68 mg/dl) than the evening value (45.32${\pm}$0.66 mg/dl). Present findings suggested that MU or PU concentration could be used as an indicator to monitor the feeding strategy. Plasma urea can be predicted from MU, whenever interpretation of milk urea data required consideration of diurnal variation.

한우 급여 단백질 사료원의 반추위 내 미생물 발효에 따른 우회 단백질과 반추위 미생물 아미노산 조성에 미치는 영향

나혜리,배귀석,김창현,김은중,장문백 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2021 농업생명과학연구 Vol.55 No.1

반추동물의 급여 단백질 효율성은 반추위 내 미생물 발효에 따른 우회단백질, 미생물체단백질, 사료 및 미생물체의 아미노산 구성 등에 의해 결정된다. 실험 1은 주요 단백질 사료원료 중 국내 한우 사육에 주로 이용되는 사료원료 15종[옥수수(남미), 옥수수(우크라이나), 단백피(국내), 단백피(중국1), 단백피(중국2), 대두박(국내), 대두박(미국), 대두박(브라질), DDGS(미국), 팜박(인도네시아), 채종박(캐나다), 루핀(미국), 미강(국 내), 주정박(국내), 타피오카(인도네시아)]의 반추위 내 단백질과 아미노산의 우회 수준을 측정하였다. 캐뉼라 장착 한우 암소를 이용하여 in situ 실험을 진행하였다. 우회 단백질 함량은 타피오카(인도네시아)에서 59.98%로 가장 높았다. 타피오카(인도네시아)는 총 우회 아미노산 함량이 73.73% 로 가장 높았으며, glutamic acid (Glu)와 alanine (Ala)이 72.17%, 75.23%로 가장 높았다. 실험 2에서는 실험 1과 같은 원료를 사용해 반추위 내 미생물 발효 특성에 따른 미생물체 아미노산 조성분석을 실시하였다. 실험 결과 채종박(캐나다)의 pH는 6.99 (p<0.05), 미생물 단백질 합성량은 326.53mg/100mL (p<0.05), NH3-N의 농도는 단백피(중국 1)가 48.20mg/100mL (p<0.05)로 높았다. 옥수수(우크라이나)의 총 VFA 농도는 97.92mM (p<0.05)이었다. 미생물의 총 아미노산 함량은 대두박(미국) 52.07%로 높았으며 아미노산 조성은 모든 시험 사료에서 Glu가 높았다. 따라서, 본 연구는 한우의 급여 단백질 사료원에 대한 반추위 내 우회단백질, 우회아미노산함량과 반추위 내 미생물 아미노산 조성에 대한 연구를 실시하였으며, 향후 한우 단백질 급여사료원에 대한 대사단백질(MP) 공급체계의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. The efficiency of feeding protein for ruminants is determined by the composition of bypass proteins, microbial proteins, feed and microbial amino acid fermentations in the rumen. Experiment 1 was conducted with 15 protein sources [Corn grain (South America), Corn grain (Ukraine), Corn gluten feed (Korea), Corn gluten feed (China 1), Corn gluten feed (China 2), Soybean meal (Korea), Soybean meal (USA), Soybean meal (Brazil), DDGS (USA), Palm kernel expeller (Indonesia), Rapeseed meal (Canada), Lupin (USA), Rice bran (Korea), Distillers grain (Korea), Tapioca (Indonesia)] and measured the bypass protein and bypass amino acids. The bypass ratio was the highest at 59.98% in Tapioca (Indonesia). Tapioca (Indonesia) had the highest bypass total amino acid content of 73.73%. Glu and Ala of tapioca (Indonesia) were the highest at 72.17% and 75.23%. In experiment 2, 15 kinds of typical protein sources for Hanwoo steers, the same as those in Experiment 1, were analyzed for the amonio acid composition of rumen microbes following in vitro rumen fermentation. As a result of the experiment, the pH of rapeseed meal (Canada) was 6.99 (p<0.05), the amount of microbial protein synthesis was 326.53mg/100 mL (p<0.05). The concentration of NH3-N is highest at 48.20mg/100 mL (p<0.05) in soybean meal (China 1). The total VFA concentration of corn grain (Ukraine) was highest at 97.92mM (p<0.05). The total amino acid content of the microbial protein was highest at 52.07% of soybean meal (USA). The amino acid composition was the highest in Glu in all feed sources. The results of the present study provide some fundamental data for typical protein sources commonly used for Hanwoo steers in terms of bypass protein and its amino acid composition and also changes in microbial amino acid when those protein sources were fermented in vitro. This information may also provide insight into the supply of metabolizable protein for Hanwoo that are not available in the current feeding standard in Korea.

박류 단미사료의 사료 유래 대사 단백질 평가

왕준호,백열창,김동환,홍현진,서자겸 경상국립대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2024 농업생명과학연구 Vol.58 No.1

본 연구는 국내에서 흔히 유통되는 박류 단미사료의 정확한 사료 유래 대사 단백질(metabolizable protein from feed, MPfeed) 함량을 제시하기위해 수행되었다. MPfeed를 측정하기 위해 반추위 미분해 단백질(rumen undegradable protein, RUP) 함량과 RUP의 소장소화율을 평가하였다. 시료 각각의 RUP 함량을 측정하기 위해 홀스타인 거세우 2두를 이용하여 in situ 반추위 분해율 실험을 수행하였다(0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72,96, 120 h). 각 시료의 소장소화율을 측정하기 위해 12 h in situ 배양을 마친 시료들은 인공 4위액과 인공 소장액에 순차적으로 배양된 후잔량 측정되었다. RUP와 소장 분해율을 측정을 통해 측정된 MPfeed는 전지대두가 45.1%로 가장 높았으며, 국산 대두박(44.3%), 팜박(42.7%),옥수수 주정박(dried distiller’s grains with solubles, DDGS, 40.7%), 수입산 대두박(40.2%), 호마박(39.7%), 야자박(39.3%), 채종박(28.4%),옥 글루텐 밀(26.5%), 옥 배아박(20.5%), 해바라기박(15.3%), 옥 글루텐 피드(14.5%), 아몬드박(5.25%) 순으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 사용된시료들의 MPfeed는 미국사양표준에서 제시하고 있는 수치와 차이를 나타내었는데, 이는 MPfeed를 측정하기 위해 사용되는 RUP 함량과 RUP의소장소화율에서 차이를 보임에 의한 것으로 추정된다. This study was conducted to provide accurate metabolizable protein from feed (MPfeed) content of commonly distributed protein feedsources in the domestic market. To measure MPfeed, rumen undegradable protein (RUP), and their in vitro small intestine degradability(IVSID) were evaluated. In order to measure the RUP content of each commercial meal, in situ degradability were performed usingtwo Holstein steers (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 h). To measure IVSID, each sample that had been incubated in situ for 12 h,was sequentially incubated in artificial abomasum (pepsin solution), and intestinal fluid (pancreatin, and bile salts). The value of MPfeedwas the highest in whole soybeans (45.1%), followed by domestic soybean meal (44.3%), palm kernel meal (42.7%), dried distiller’sgrains with solubles (40.7%), imported soybean meal (40.2%), sesame meal (39.7%), copra meal (39.3%), rapeseed meal (28.4%), corngluten meal (26.5%), corn germ meal (20.5%), sunflower meal (15.3%), corn gluten feed (14.5%), and almond meal (5.25%). In thisstudy, the MPfeed values showed differences from those presented in NRC. This is presumed to be due to the variations in the RUP,and their SID to measure MPfeed.

Effects of different dietary ratio of metabolizable glucose and metabolizable protein on growth performance, rumen fermentation, blood biochemical indices and ruminal microbiota of 8 to 10-month-old dairy heifers

Sun, Jie,Xu, Jinhao,Ge, Rufang,Wang, Mengzhi,Yu, Lihuai,Wang, Hongrong Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.8

Objective: The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different dietary ratio of metabolizable glucose (MG) to metabolizable protein (MP) on growth performance, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation parameters and the ruminal microbial community of 8 to 10-month-old heifers. Methods: A total of 24 Holstein heifers weighing an average of 282.90 kg (8 month of age) were randomly assigned to four groups of six. The heifers were fed one of four diets of different dietary MG/MP (0.97, 1.07, 1.13, and 1.26). Results: The results showed that the ratio of MG/MP affected the growth performance, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation parameters and the ruminal microbial community of heifers. The average daily gain of heifers was enhanced by increasing the ratio of MG/MP (p<0.05). The concentration of blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as the concentration of total volatile fatty acid in the rumen fluid of heifers decreased with the improvement in the ratio of dietary MG/MP (p<0.05). However, the relative amount of Ruminococcus albus and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens in the rumen of heifers was increased significantly (p<0.05) when the dietary MG/MP increased. At the same time, with the improvement in dietary MG/MP, the amount of Fibrobacter succinogenes increased (p = 0.08). Conclusion: A diet with an optimal ratio (1.13) of MG/MP was beneficial for the improvement of growth, rumen fermentation, dietary protein and energy utilization of 8 to 10-month-old dairy heifers in this experiment.

Amino Acids and Protein Digestibility and Metabolizable Energy Availability of Barley Ration in Response to Grind^® Enzyme in Broiler Chickens

Saki, Ali Asghar,Mirzayi, S.,Ghazi, Sh.,Moini, M.M.,Naseri Harsini, R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2010 Animal Bioscience Vol.23 No.5

Increasing accuracy of broiler diet formulation based on amino acid digestibility in comparison to application of total amino acids could lead to more feed efficiency and productivity. This experiment was conducted for determination of sampling site (excreta and ileum) and recognition of the effects of a commercial enzyme ($Grind^{(R)}$ Danisco, Finland) on metabolizable energy, protein and amino acid digestibility of barley. This study was modulated by a marker in 21-day old Arbor Acres chickens. Corn-soybean meal was used as a control diet and, in the other two treatments, barley (at a level of 40%) with and without enzyme as the test ingredient were supplemented to the basal diet. Chromic oxide was included in all diets (0.5%) as an indigestible marker. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME), corrected by nitrogen (AMEn) and apparent digestibility of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, valine and methionine were significantly (p<0.05) higher in feces than ileum. Protein digestibility of diet and barley was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the ileum than in feces. Apparent digestibility of tryptophan, proline, methionine, phenylalanine and lysine was increased significantly (p<0.05) by enzyme supplementation. In contrast, no response was observed in AME, AMEn, and protein digestibility of the diet and barley by enzyme supplementation. The results of this study have shown that AME and amino acid digestibility were increased in feces, in contrast an adverse effect was observed for protein digestibility of the diet and barley.

Effect of increasing dietary metabolizable protein on nitrogen efficiency in Holstein dairy cows

Muhammad Imran,Talat Naseer Pasha,Muhammad Qamer Shahid,Imran Babar,Muhammad Naveed ul Haque 아세아·태평양축산학회 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.5

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the effects of increasing levels of metabolizable protein (MP) on lactation performance and nitrogen (N) efficiencies in lactating dairy cows. Methods: Nine multiparous cows in mid lactation [113±25 days in milk] received three treatments in a 3×3 Latin square design with a period length of 21 days. The treatments were three diets, designed to provide similar energy and increasing supply of MP (g/d) (2,371 [low], 2,561 [medium], and 2,711 [high] with corresponding crude protein levels [%]) 15.2, 18.4, and 20.9, respectively. Results: Increasing MP supplies did not modify dry matter intake, however, it increased milk protein, fat, and lactose yield linearly. Similarly, fat corrected milk increased linearly (9.3%) due to an increase in both milk yield (5.2%) and milk fat content (7.8%). No effects were observed on milk protein and lactose contents across the treatments. Milk nitrogen efficiency (MNE) decreased from 0.26 to 0.20; whereas, the metabolic efficiency of MP decreased from 0.70 to 0.60 in low to high MP supplies, respectively. The concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased linearly in response to increasing MP supplies. Conclusion: Increasing MP supplies resulted in increased milk protein yield; however, a higher BUN and low MNE indicated an efficient utilization of dietary protein at low MP supplies.

지방공급원이 어린 병아리에서 에너지와 단백질 비율에 미치는 영향

최인숙,김현숙,지규만 숙명여자대학교 건강·생활과학연구소 2001 生活科學硏究誌 Vol.16 No.-

This study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary fat sources on calorie/protein(C/7) ratio in young chicks. In experiment 1, various sources of fats such as com oil, soy oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, tallow, fish oil and hydrogenated fish oil were added individually at a level of 11.14% to practical type diets primarily based on corn and soybean meal. Control diet contacted 3% of corn oil. Eight groups of White Leghorn male chicks were fed purified isocaloric diets in experiment 1. The second experiment was to compare the effects of different levels of C/P ratio of the diets on performances and absorption rates of energy, protein and fat in the chick. In experiment 2, three groups(group 1: control 2 and 3) received diets which provided a calorie: protein ratio of 146.0, 146.5 and 164.5, respectively. Control diet(C/P ratio=146.0) was the same as in experiment 1. Another diet was added with 11.14% corn oil(C/P ratio=146.5) and the other diets with 10% com oil(C/P ratio=164.5). The diets in experiment 1 and 2 were fed ad libitum for 26 days individually. Ducting the 26 days of the experiment period, samples of feed and excreta were collected for calculations of the protein retention, fat and energy absorption of the diets. Excreta were collected ducting the last part of the experiment over five days at each batteries. In experiment 1 and 2, feed intake, body weight gain and feed/gain ratio were not statistically different from controls. Body weight gain, fed efficiency was evaluated in young chicks fed diets in which added fat varied, C/P ratio different. Body weight gain and feed efficiency did not change significantly when fat was added isocalorically. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in metabolizable energy. In conclusion these results suggest that calorie/protein ratio is influenced by dietary fat sources in young chicks.

Reproduction-Nutrition Relationship in Dairy Buffaloes. I. Effect of Intake of Protein, Energy and Blood Metabolites Levels

Qureshi, Muhammad Subhan,Habib, Ghulam,Samad, Hafiz Abdus,Siddiqui, Muhammad Mohsin,Ahmad, Nazir,Syed, Mirajuddin Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.3

Fifty one Nili-Ravi dairy buffaloes in their last two months of gestation were selected. After parturition, rectal examination of reproductive organs was carried out until the occurrence of the first oestrus (PEI). Milk samples were analyzed for milk progesterone levels (MPL). Ovulation (POI) was confirmed by rectal palpation and MPL. Feed and blood samples were collected fortnightly and analyzed. Body condition score (BCS) was recorded on a scale of 0 to 5. Crude protein (CP) intake varied among different seasons and correlated positively with serum urea levels, POI (p<0.01) and PEI (p<0.05). Excess CPI was lower in the group showing oestrus as compared to those remaining as anoestrus (p<0.05). The dietary ratio of crude protein - metabolizable energy (CP:ME) in the oestrus animals was narrow and constant, while the anoestrus animals had a widely fluctuating one. In normal breeding season (NBS) calvers, mean serum urea level (SUL) was lower than the low breeding season (LBS) calvers. SUL was positively correlated with PEI and POI (p<0.01). Up to six months postpartum, SUL were constantly higher in anoestrus than oestrus buffaloes. Mean metabolizable energy (ME) intake was lower in the NBS calvers than the LBS calvers (p<0.01). BCS and postpartum ovulation interval were correlated with ME intake (p<0.01). Prepartum ME intake was higher in oestrous as compared to anoestrous animals (p<0.05). Higher and lower ME intakes were associated with anoestrus, while a moderate energy intake was associated with a PEI of less than 75 days. Buffaloes with poor BCS belonged to the LBS calving group and most of the NBS calving buffaloes had good BCS. BCS was negatively correlated with PEI (p<0.01) and was higher in oestrous buffaloes than anestrus. It was concluded that excess intake of crude protein, associated with higher serum urea levels and low energy intake, associated with poor body condition, are the key factors for low reproductive efficiency. It may be corrected by adopting a proper feeding strategy.

Energy Utilization of Growing Chicks in Various Nutritional Conditions

Sugahara, Kunio Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.6

For the last two decades, energy utilization of growing chicks has been studied more and more. This paper focuses on the energy utilization estimated by the metabolizable energy (ME) values and the efficiency at which ME is used for growth of chicks under various nutritional environment. Degree of saturation of dietary fats is responsible for nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of fats. The effect of dietary fat sources on heat production depends on the kind of unsaturated fatty acids as well as the degree of saturation. Medium chain triglyceride shows lower AME and net energy than long chain triglyceride. Phytase as feed additives increases the AME values of the diet along with improvement of the phosphorous utilization. Ostriches have higher ability to metabolize the energy of fiber-rich foodstuffs than fowls. Their higher ability seems to be associated with fermentation of fiber in the hindgut. Proportions of macronutrients in the diets have influenced not only the gain of body protein and energy but also the oxidative phosphorylation of the chicken liver. Essential amino acids deficiency reduces ME/GE (energy metabolizability) little, if any. Growing chicks respond to a deficiency of single essential amino acids with the reduction of energy retained as protein and increased energy retained as fat. Thus, energy retention is proportional to ME intake despite deficiency, and efficiency of ME utilization is not affected by deficiency of amino acids. Effect of oral administration of clenbuterol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, on the utilization of ME varies with the dose of the agents. Although the heat production related to eating behavior has been estimated less than 5% of ME, tube-feeding diets decreases HI by about 30%.