초심리 현상에서의 조지프슨 효과

맹성렬(Sung-Lyul Maeng) 한국정신과학학회 2016 韓國精神科學學會誌 Vol.18 No.1

대부분의 양자현상은 주로 아원자 단계의 미시계에서 관찰된다. 하지만, 양자 결맞음이 극단적으로 이루어지면 수밀리미터 정도의 거시계에서도 양자현상이 관찰된다. 영국의 물리학자 브라이언 조지프슨은 거대규모 양자현상의 대표적인 사례로 꼽히는 초전도체의 양자 관통 초전류 현상인 조지프슨 효과를 이론적으로 예견하여 노벨 물리학상을 받았다. 그는 이런 거시계 양자현상이 명상이나 요가를 할 때 뇌속에서도 일어난다고 주장했는데, 최근 일상적인 상태에서도 거시적 양자 결맞음이 인간의 뇌속에서 일어난다는 사실이 밝혀졌다. 비생명계에서 주변 환경의 방해로 거시계 양자 결맞음이 유지되는 것이 매우 힘들지만 생명계에서는 아주 흔한 현상이라는 사실이 점차 밝혀지고 있다. 온도를 비롯해 결어긋남의 요인들이 득실거리는 생명체 내에서 어떻게 양자 역학적 결맞음이 유지되는지는 여전히 미스터리다. 조지프슨은 우리가 비과학적이라고 여기는 초심리현상이 생명체와 관련된 거시계에서의 양자 결맞음 현상의 극단적 형태로 본다. 기존 양자역학적 해석에서는 결맞음과 같은 비국소성 발현이 무작위적으로만 일어나는 것을 전제로 하고 있어 작위적으로 발현되는 초심리 현상을 설명할 수 없다. 이는 종래의 양자역학적 해석에서 모든 취득 가능한 정보가 오직 양자역학적 지식으로 환원된다고 가정하기 때문인데, 조지프슨은 생명체가 단지 양자적 측정 이외에 자연에 대한 보다 높은 수준의 식별 능력을 갖고 있으며, 따라서 생명체에 의해 발현되는 초심리 현상이 양자역학적 기구에 작위적으로 기능하는 것이 가능하다는 것이다. Most quantum phenomena are observed mainly in the sub-atomic domain. However, when quantum coherence is extreme, a quantum phenomenon is observed in macroscopic domain of more than several millimeters. British physicist Brian Josephson was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his theoretical predictions of the Josephson effect, a quantum penetration superconducting phenomenon of superconductors, which is considered a representative example of macroscopic quantum phenomena. He argued that these quantum phenomena happen in the brain when doing meditation or yoga, and it has turned out that macroscopic quantum coherence occurs in the human brain even in the ordinary state of consciousness. It is becoming increasingly clear that in the non-life world it is very difficult to maintain the quantum coherence due to the disturbance of the surrounding environment, but it is a very common phenomenon in life forms. It is still a mystery how quantum mechanical coherence is maintained within living organisms, including temperature and other factors of quantum discoherence. Josephson sees the paranormal phenomenon that we consider unscientific as the extreme form of quantum coherence in life-related macroscopic world. In the existing quantum mechanical analysis, it is premised that the non-local expression such as quantum coherence occurs only randomly, and it can not explain the psychical phenomena which occur at random. This is because it assumes that all the information available in conventional quantum mechanical analysis is reduced to only quantum mechanical knowledge, which means that life forms have a higher level of discrimination of nature than quantum measurements, It is possible that the psychical phenomena expressed by the dynamical mechanism can function in a quantum mechanical mechanism.

커뮤니케이션 이론에 기초한 은유와 환유 사이의 임계현상

박상업 한국물리학회 2011 새물리 Vol.61 No.12

We will find the quantitative meaning of the metaphor and the metonymy, which are essential concepts of semantics, on the basis of the Shannon-Weaver model, which is the simplest transitive communication theory. First, we introduce the quantitative form of the sign that is compatible with the Shannon-Weaver model. We will see that the contents of the signified, that is the meaning part of the sign, are composed of the sharing one and the arbitrary one. These sharing and arbitrary properties will be interpreted into the metonymy and the metaphor respectively. Also, the arbitrariness can be further interpreted into the probability, and be used to construct related information and entropy. The metaphor from the metonymy, one of the most important linguistic phenomena, can be easily explained with these constructions. Also, we construct the probability satisfying maximum entropy. With that probability, we will explain the rule of combining metaphors, and similarly the rule of combining metonymies. Using the entropy of the probability, we will explain the metaphor and the metonymy as critical phenomena. Finally we use semiclassical quantum mechanics to discuss our results. 언어 개념 구조 형성의 핵심인 은유와 환유의 정량적인 의미를 전달적커뮤니케이션 이론인 섀넌-위버 모델에 기초하여 해석한다. 먼저,섀넌-위버 모델과 호환되는 기호의 정량적인 형태를 구성하고, 기호의의미 부분인 기의를 공유적 기능과 임의적 기능으로 분리하여 언어의환유와 은유 현상과의 연관성을 살핀다. 그 중에서 임의적 기능에해당하는 확률이론을 구성하고, 엔트로피와 정보를 구한다. 그 확률을이용하여 의미론에서 매우 중요한 개념 형성 메커니즘인 환유후은유현상이 자연스럽게 정량 변수의 특성으로 설명됨을 보일 것이다. 또한,은유와 환유 사이의 임계 현상이 존재할 것이라는 것을 보인다. 또한여러 은유들 사이나 여러 환유들 사이의 결합 규칙과 저항 연결(병렬과직렬회로) 규칙과의 연계성을 살핀다. 마지막으로 준고전적 양자역학과의관계 등을 논의한다.

생물지식의 발달: 생물/무생물 구분과 인과기제

변은희 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 2005 한국심리학회지 발달 Vol.18 No.3

The present study investigated children's understanding of the distinction between living and nonliving things and children's use of causal mechanisms. Children, aged 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 participated. They were given a series of questions, which measured children's understanding of several biological properties, including growth, nutrient intake, overeating(overwatering) and underfeeding(underwatering), factors that affect plant growth, reproduction, and reincarnation. The results showed that children understood only a small portion of the distinguishing criteria at age 3 and improved with age. Nonetheless, many(about 45%) 11-year olds do not attain all the criteria. Also, older children employed causal mechanisms more frequently and relied less on the perceptual properties and more on their categorical knowledge when making an explanation. Among biological properties, reproduction was easiest for children to grasp, which was followed by growth and nutrient intake, and then overfeeding/underfeeding and factors that affect plant growth and reincarnation. The animal category was the easiest to understand and there was no difference between the plant and nonliving thing categories. Three- and 5-year olds (or 5- and 7-year olds) were different from other age groups respectively, and 7-, 9-, and 11 year olds tended to be grouped together when their knowledge on biological properties were compared. 본 연구는 아동의 생물현상에 대한 지식 중 생물/무생물 구분과 인과기제를 중심으로 한 설명이 언제 나타나며 어떻게 발달해 나가는지 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 3세에서 11세까지의 다섯 연령집단 아동을 대상으로 성장, 성장과 영양분 섭취, 영양분 과다/과소 섭취, 식물의 성장 요인, 번식, 부활 등의 생물특성에 대한 이해를 알아보았다. 연구결과는 3세에는 생물과 무생물을 구분하는 기준의 일부를 이해하며, 5세 이후 계속 증가하지만, 11세에도 많은 아동(약 45%)이 완전한 구분에 도달하지는 않는다는 것을 보여주었다. 아동이 생물특성에 대해 설명할 때 연령이 증가함에 따라 인과기제를 더 많이 사용하였으며, 지각적인 속성에 덜 의존하고 범주 지식을 더 많이 사용하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한 여러 생물특성에 관한 지식에 있어서 번식이 가장 이해가 쉬웠으며, 그 다음은 성장과 영양분 섭취, 그 다음은 영양분 과다/과소 섭취와 식물의 성장 요인과 부활의 순서였다. 생물 범주에 대한 지식에 있어서 동물 범주에 대한 이해수준은 식물 범주나 무생물 범주에 비해서 높았으나, 식물 범주와 무생물 범주 간에는 차이가 없었다. 연령집단 간의 생물특성과 범주 유형에 관한 지식의 정도와 인과기제 사용을 비교하였을 때, 3세, 5세(또는 5세와 7세), 그리고 7세, 9세, 11세의 세 집단으로 나뉘는 경향이 있었다.

On the Superposition of Strengthening Mechanisms in Dispersion Strengthened Alloys and Metal-Matrix Nanocomposites: Considerations of Stress and Energy

J. B. Ferguson,Benjamin F. Schultz,Dev Venugopalan,Hugo F. Lopez,Pradeep K. Rohatgi,Kyu Cho,Chang-Soo Kim 대한금속·재료학회 2014 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.20 No.2

Yield strength improvement in dispersion strengthened alloys and nano particle-reinforced composites bywell-known strengthening mechanisms such as solid solution, grain refinement, coherent and incoherentdispersed particles, and increased dislocation density resulting from work-hardening can all be describedindividually. However, there is no agreed upon description of how these mechanisms combine to determinethe yield strength. In this work, we propose an analytical yield strength prediction model combiningarithmetic and quadratic addition approaches based on the consideration of two types of yielding mechanisms;stress-activated and energy-activated. Using data available in the literature for materials of differinggrain sizes, we consider the cases of solid solutions and coherent precipitates to show that they followstress-activated behavior. Then, we applied our model with some empirical parameters to precipitationhardenablematerials of various grain sizes in both coherent and incoherent precipitate conditions, whichdemonstrated that grain boundary and Orowan-strengthening can be treated as energy-activated mechanisms.

몰입형 영상의 인지신경과학에 관한 연구

오양진,조택연 한국디자인문화학회 2022 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.28 No.4

Recently, multi-surface immersive images that project multiple channels such as walls, screens, floors, and roofs through the screen at the same time have attracted the attention of viewers. However, this kind of immersive image is only studied in terms of presentation and projection technology. Still, it does not explain why viewers are attracted to this kind of immersive image. This study suggests that by understanding the structure of viewers’ preferences for immersive images, we can plan images more proactively. To investigate the reasons for this, this study analyzed the concept and characteristics of the immersion phenomenon and explored the structure of favorable feelings toward the immersion phenomenon. According to the structure of immersion, there are four types of immersion: systematic immersion, narrative immersion, multisensory immersion, and challenging immersion. Secondly, based on the first research in cognitive neuroscience, we have organized the cognitive mechanism of the brain for immersion phenomena and grasped the structure of the occurrence of immersion phenomena. The immersion phenomenon can also be described as the concentration of a continuous unconscious state. In other words, in a state where self-consciousness disappears for a long period, the brain concentrates on the stimulus, and everything that is necessary to solve the cognitive problem is carried out in automatic neural activity. The cognitive processes in the brain that deal with this neurological phenomenon are as follows. First, the phenomenon of on major media sites brain immersion refers to the state of a temporary decrease in the cognitive state of the frontal lobe of the brain. This state temporarily inhibits the explicit system, embodies tacit knowledge and technology, and enhances cognitive flexibility and fluency. Second, in the immersion phenomenon, activation of the goal-directed compensatory system results in good feelings. Based on this, this study establishes an immersive image classification and evaluation system and makes suggestions. Designers can consider the factors in each current image, such as 3D, IMAX 3D, 4D, 5D, VR, and VR360 to induce input and apply them to the images. The results of this study are expected to contribute to immersive image design by proposing the structure and method of understanding immersive image design and research. 벽면, 화면, 바닥 면, 지붕 등을 스크린으로, 동시투영하는 다중채널의 다면적 몰입형 영상이 관람자들의 관심을 끌고 있다. 이렇게 비일상적 스크린을 사용하는 다면 영상은 관람자의 관심을 끌어 몰입하게 한다. 하지만, 이런 몰입형 영상은 표현의 양식과 투영기술에 관한 연구만 있을 뿐, 관객이 이에 몰입해 호감을 느끼는 구조를 연구하려는 시도는 부족하다. 몰입형 영상에 관람자가 느끼는 호감의 구조를 이해하면 더 능동적으로 영상을 기획할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 몰입 현상의 호감 구조를 탐구하기 위해, 몰입 현상의 개념과 특성을 분석한다. 몰입의 구조에따라 체계적 몰입, 서사적 몰입, 다감각적 몰입, 도전적 몰입 등 4가지로 구분한다. 다음으로 인지신경과학의 선행연구를 바탕으로 몰입 현상에 대한 두뇌의 인지 메커니즘을 정리하고, 몰입 현상이 발생하는 구조를 파악한다. 몰입은 지속적인 무의식 상태의 집중이라고도 할 수 있다. 즉, 긴 시간 동안 자아의식이 소실된 상태에서 자극에 집중하고, 인지 과제를 해결하기 위해 도전하는 것 모두가 자동화된 신경 활동으로진행된다. 이러한 신경 현상에 대응하는 두뇌의 인지과정은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 뇌의 몰입 현상은 뇌의 전두엽이 일시적으로 인식상태가 저하된 상태를 말한다. 이 상태는 명시적 시스템을 일시적으로 억제할 수 있어서, 암시적 지식과 기술을 구현하여 인지의 유연성과 유창성을 강화한다. 둘째, 몰입 현상 중 표적 지향보상 시스템을 활성화해 호감을 얻는다. 이를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 몰입 영상에 대한 분류 및 평가체계를 수립하고, 제안을 제공한다. 디자이너는 현재3D, IMAX 3D, 4D, 5D, VR, VR360 등 각 영상에 존재하는 몰입을 유발할 수 있는 요소를 고려해 영상에활용할 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해, 몰입형 영상 디자인 및 연구의 인식적 구조와 방법의 제안으로써 몰입형 영상디자인에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

중국어 ‘-族’류 신조어의 사회언어학적 분석-2000-2010년의 ‘-族’류 신조어를 중심으로

채춘옥 중국인문학회 2017 中國人文科學 Vol.0 No.65

An affix, 'family(族)' formed an independent domain among the phenomena of languages in the new era as it is rapidly derived because the term-formation is very strong and the category was already and significantly created. This study examines the semantic aspects of a neologism, '-family(族)' series, used in China from 2000 to 2010. An detailed analysis of the neologism used for 10 years, '-family(族)' series, has not been done until now and an sociolinguistic analysis was not done based on surveys. Therefore, this study first performs a morphologic and semantic analysis of the neologism, '-family(族)' series. Next, it grasps the formation mechanism and psychosocial factors by conducting a survey focusing on awareness and social consciousness about the neologism, '-family(族)' series from the viewpoint of sociolinguistics. The systematic and sociolinguistic analyses of '-family(族)' series are thought to be helpful for studies on Chinese neologisms, education, and social phenomena. This paper does not include the new neologisms disappeared while they were popular for a short period of time in the research scope. The neologisms treated in this paper are thought to be trusty in sociolinguistic consideration because their vitality has been verified for a long time as they have been defined in Chinese Neologism Dictionary, Daum Chinese Dictionary, Naver Chinese Dictionary, Naver Open Dictionary, and encyclopedias.

전계해석과 기체방전 이론을 기반으로 한 Polyvinyl-Chloride-Sheathed Flat Cord 표면의 트래킹 진전 메커니즘

임동영,박혜리,지승욱 한국화재소방학회 2019 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.33 No.2

Tracking, which is one of the main causes of electrical fires, is perceived as a physical phenomenon of electricaldischarge. Hence tracking should be explained based on electric field analysis, conduction path by electron generation, andgas discharge physics. However, few papers have considered these details. This paper proposes a tracking mechanismincluding their effects on tracking progress. In order to prove this mechanism, a tracking experiment, an electric fieldanalysis for the carbonization evolution model, and an explanation of the tracking process by gas discharge physics wereconducted. From the tracking experiment, the current waveforms were measured at each stage of the tracking progress fromcorona discharge to tracking breakdown. The electric field analysis was carried out in order to determine the electric fieldon the surface of a dry-band and the high electric field region for electron generation during the generation and progressof carbonization. In this paper, the proposed tracking mechanism consisted of six stages including electron avalanche bycorona discharge, accumulation of positive ions, expansion of electron avalanche, secondary electron emission avalanche,streamer, and tracking by conductive path. The pulse current waveforms measured in the tracking experiment can beexplained by the proposed tracking mechanism. The results of this study will be used as the technical data to detect trackingphenomenon, which is the cause of electric fire, and to improve the proof tracking index. 전기 화재의 주요 원인 중 하나인 트래킹은 전기적 방전에 의한 물리적 현상으로 인식된다. 따라서 트래킹은 전계해석, 전자생성에 의한 도전성 경로, 기체방전이론을 기반으로 설명되어야 한다. 하지만, 이러한 사항을 반영한 연구논문은 드물다. 본 논문은 트래킹 진전에서 그들의 영향을 포함한 트래킹 진전 메커니즘을 제안하였다. 그 메커니즘의 제안을 위해, 트래킹 실험, 탄화진전 모델에 대한 전계해석, 연면방전 이론을 적용한 트래킹 진전과정에 대한 설명이 수행되었다. 트래킹 모의실험으로부터, 코로나 방전에서 트래킹 파괴까지 트래킹 진전의 각 단계에서 전류파형이 측정되었다. 전계해석은 탄화의 발생과 진전과정동안 건조대 표면의 전계와 전자생성을 위한 고전계 영역을 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 본 논문에서 제안된 트래킹 메커니즘은 코로나 방전에 의한 전자사태, 양이온의 축적, 전자사태의 확장, 2차 전자사태, 스트리머, 도전성 경로에 의한 트래킹 파괴의 6단계로 구성된다. 트래킹 모의실험에서 측정된 펄스성 전류파형은 제안된 트래킹 메커니즘에 의해 설명될 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 화재의 원인인 트래킹을검출하고, 내트래킹성을 높이는 데 필요한 기술 자료가 될 것이다.

Surface orientation effects on bubble behaviors and critical heat flux mechanism in saturated water pool

Tanjung, Elvira F.,Jo, Daeseong Elsevier 2019 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER - Vol.133 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A visualization study on boiling phenomena at various surface orientations was conducted to investigate the bubble behaviors and the critical heat flux (CHF) mechanism. The vapor behavior observed in this study indicates that the pool boiling can be categorized into three regions: upward facing (0° ≤ θ < 90°), vertical and near-downward facing (90° ≤ θ ≤ 165°), and downward facing (165° < θ ≤ 180°). In the upward-facing region, the vapor was generated and detached easily in the vertical direction of the heated surface. In the vertical and near-downward facing region, the vapor grew and drifted upward the surface in a wavy shape owing to the vapor flow. When the heater faced downward (165° < θ ≤ 180°), the vapor was trapped and blanketed the entire heated surface. According to the vapor behaviors at various inclination angles, the CHF decreased with the increase of the surface orientation from horizontal facing upward to downward. The vapor film thickness decreased as the surface orientation increased from 0° to 180°. The vapor velocity affected the distance between the two wavelength peaks of the vapor. Faster vapor flow yielded a shorter wavelength. Additionally, the CHF location was affected by the surface orientation owing to the vapor behavior. These results indicate that the surface orientation significantly affects the vapor behavior, CHF, CHF location, vapor velocity, wavelength, and maximum and minimum vapor thicknesses on a printed circuit board in a saturated water pool.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> CHF (Critical Heat Flux) decreases with the heated surface orientation. </LI> <LI> Vapor behaviors prior to CHF can be characterized into three regions. </LI> <LI> Bubbles generated from the vertical surface were drifted upward freely. </LI> <LI> Bubbles generated from the heater facing downward were forced upward. </LI> <LI> Bubbles generated from the horizontal facing downward were remained on the heated surface. </LI> </UL> </P>

Design and Implementation of a Novel Vertical Precision Positioner

Ali Abdi,Masoud Shariatpanahi,Mohammad-Reza Ha’iri-Yazdi,Saeed Mazraeh 한국정밀공학회 2021 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.22 No.11

Vertical precision positioning is distinguished from positioning in horizontal plane due to the presence of gravitational forces that work differently in “lifting” and “lowering” modes. Vertical positioners also need a “locking mechanism” to avoid the unintentional lowering of the platform. We present a vertical precision positioner that works according to the “stick–slip” phenomenon. Using an adjustable off set coupling, the linear motion of a piezoelectric actuator is converted to the rotational motion of a low friction lead screw which results in the vertical motion of the screw. A microcontroller can adjust the grip, and hence the friction, between the coupling and the lead screw to ensure the uniformity of motion in lifting and lowering modes. The dynamic model of the mechanism is extracted, and simulations are performed to discover how the peak voltage and frequency of the saw-tooth signal affect the stick–slip motion of the mechanism. Additionally, equations are verified by comparing simulation results and experiments. They can be used in the control system design in future works.

아이웨이웨이(艾未未)는 어떻게신(艾神)이 되었나?

안영은 한국중국현대문학학회 2015 中國現代文學 Vol.0 No.72

According to each of different context, how could we approach AiWeiwei as a person who received complex cultural status? Overseaspress, Chinese press, overseas art world and Chinese art world,global art market, and various mass media are reproducing AiWeiwei based on each ideological position and commercialmechanism. Ai Weiwei, represented by various reproduction powers,can be said to be a phenomenon. This research aimed at investigating the relation between AiWeiwei and these reproduction powers, e.g. western press, Chinesepress, blog (including works), knowledge authority (criticism) andcitizen authority (fan club), based on Ai Weiwei who is highlightedas a cultural phenomenon by emerging as no.1 human of influencein the global art world in the complex interests with thegovernment power, mass media, cultural authority, and productmarket during the recent years, and intending to reflectivelyintrospecting cultural phenomenon interpretation which meanwhilehad been adaptively received by the dominant paradigm by tryingintegrated interpretation on each sight suggested by them. Particularly, in the situation that China related information poursin globally and the distorted essence is expressed according to the intention of reproduction powers in various tendencies, it would bea significant and important work to investigate Ai Weiwei as acultural phenomenon in the aspect of culture research, based onthe relation between him and the reproduction power surroundinghim, mainly with Ai Weiwei as a phenomenon.