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딜런 토머스 시에 나타난 몸— 모리스 메를로-퐁티의 몸 철학을 중심으로
김경화 한국현대영미시학회 2009 현대영미시연구 Vol.15 No.1
This paper aims to interpret Dylan Thomas’ poetry in the light of Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s theory of body opposed to Descartes’ mind-body dualism. Though never having read Merleau-Ponty’s books, Thomas writes poems centering around the body which is one of the philosophical topics of Merleau-Ponty. While Merleau-Ponty wants to establish the theory for community based on body, Thomas tries to write the poems that can be understood by the immediate sensation of the body. Writing poems on body, Thomas struggles to bring the “overclothed blindness” into the “naked vision” and to come “from darkness towards some measure of light.” Thomas’ poems have been studied mainly on the basis of psychoanalytical approaches, which is likely to narrow a distinctive possibility of interpretation. This study focused on Merleau-Ponty’s theory of body enables us to regard Thomas as a religious poet who rethinks the sacred meanings embedded in our bodies. According to Merleau-Ponty, the world and the human body are so intricately intertwined that each object is a mirror of all others. All others could be communicated with us through bodily involvement. The concept of “flesh” introduced by Merleau-Ponty helps to fill up the gap between us and the others. Similarly, in a poem like “This Bread I Break” Thomas celebrates “flesh” bridging nature and men, men and God through the mystery of transubstantiation. Rereading poetry of Thomas based on Merleau-Ponty’s theory of body can show that lots of ambiguities of Thomas’ poetry may be deeply rooted in the sacred of body. This paper aims to interpret Dylan Thomas’ poetry in the light of Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s theory of body opposed to Descartes’ mind-body dualism. Though never having read Merleau-Ponty’s books, Thomas writes poems centering around the body which is one of the philosophical topics of Merleau-Ponty. While Merleau-Ponty wants to establish the theory for community based on body, Thomas tries to write the poems that can be understood by the immediate sensation of the body. Writing poems on body, Thomas struggles to bring the “overclothed blindness” into the “naked vision” and to come “from darkness towards some measure of light.” Thomas’ poems have been studied mainly on the basis of psychoanalytical approaches, which is likely to narrow a distinctive possibility of interpretation. This study focused on Merleau-Ponty’s theory of body enables us to regard Thomas as a religious poet who rethinks the sacred meanings embedded in our bodies. According to Merleau-Ponty, the world and the human body are so intricately intertwined that each object is a mirror of all others. All others could be communicated with us through bodily involvement. The concept of “flesh” introduced by Merleau-Ponty helps to fill up the gap between us and the others. Similarly, in a poem like “This Bread I Break” Thomas celebrates “flesh” bridging nature and men, men and God through the mystery of transubstantiation. Rereading poetry of Thomas based on Merleau-Ponty’s theory of body can show that lots of ambiguities of Thomas’ poetry may be deeply rooted in the sacred of body.
최선령 한국로렌스학회 2022 D.H. 로렌스 연구 Vol.30 No.2
This paper aims to explore some similarities between Maurice Merleau-Ponty and D.H. Lawrence in terms of their evaluation of historical achievements of Paul Cézanne. Merleau-Ponty holds the basic view that human perception arises from the interaction between the human body and the object, not from the Cartesian cogito. In “Cézanne’s Doubt,” he also points out that Cézanne is faithful to the phenomenon itself and takes the actual perceptual point of view. Merleau-Ponty sees reality as something active and inexhaustible, and argues that Cézanne made his lifelong struggle to grasp and represent reality as it is. Similarly, Lawrence says that Cézanne’s apple realizes the “appleyness” because it is presented just like it “really exists” breaking away from scientist, objectivist, or anthropocentric assumptions of the apple. Lawrence and Merleau-Ponty also have something in common in that they emphasize that human body inextricably intervenes in the act of perception. Nevertheless, unlike Merleau-Ponty, Lawrence relatively devalues the achievement of Cézanne’s later watercolor paintings, and this is because Lawrence is mainly committed to criticizing idealism in “The Introduction to These Paintings.” While Merleau-Ponty’s arguments are fundamentally based on the theoretical researches of the “primordial perception,” Lawrence directly goes into the kernel of Cézanne as a man and painter, and makes us keenly feel his struggle and appreciate the rarity of his achievement. In spite of these differences, Lawrence’s view that imagination is basically “physical and intuitive perception,” obviously has a significant affinity with Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenological approach which demands a return to “living experience.”
홍옥진(Ok-Jean Hong) 현대미술학회 2014 현대미술학 논문집 Vol.18 No.2
메를로-퐁티의 「세잔의 회의」는 『지각의 현상학』에서 전개한 철학적 주제와 밀접한 관계가 있다. 이 논문은 「세잔의 회의」에서 세잔의 회화에 관한 메를로-퐁티의 현상학적 기술을 분석하기 위해 세잔의 지각에 대한 ‘회의’와 현상학적 환원, 세잔의 회화적 표현에 대한 ‘회의’와 메를로-퐁티의 지각에 관한 이론, 그리고 세잔과 메를로-퐁티에게 있어서 애매성이라는 주제로 『지각의 현상학』과 연계하여 고찰한다. 세잔에 대한 메를로-퐁티의 관심은 세잔의 현상학적인 태도에 있다. 세잔은 화가로서 생애 내내 실재를 재발견하고, 그것을 회화적 언어로 표현하고자 노력했다. 그 과정에서 세잔이 겪게 되는 어려움은 얼핏 세잔의 특이한 성격에 따른 회의, 화가로서의 직업에 대한 회의 혹은 세계를 모방하기 위한 기법에 대한 회의로 해석될 수 있다. 그러나 현상학적인 관점에서 접근할 때, 세잔의 ‘회의’는 감각 경험을 포기하지 않으면서 실재에 도달하려는 목표에서 기인하는 것이고, 그것은 지각의 ‘현상’에 도달하려는 방법적 절차이면서 동시에 지각된 현상을 회화로 표현하는 데에 필연적으로 갖게 되는 회의라고 볼 수 있다. 또한 세잔의 회의 과정에는 감각과 지성과 같은 대립적인 양상이 극복되는 애매성을 보여준다. 이처럼 「세잔의 회의」를 『지각의 현상학』과 연계하여 지각, 표현, 애매성 개념으로 접근할 때 세잔의 회화 세계가 지닌 현상학적 의미뿐만 아니라 메를로-퐁티의 현상학적 사유는 더욱 선명하게 드러나게 될 것이다. Merleau-Ponty"s “Cezanne"s Doubt” has close relation with his philosophical themes developed in Phenomenology of Perception. Thus “Cezanne"s Doubt” shows Merleau-Ponty"s ideas on phenomenology as well as on art. This essay attempts to analyze Merleau-Ponty"s phenomenological description on Cezanne"s painting under three themes; 1) Cezanne"s ‘Doubt’ and phenomenological reduction, 2) Cezanne"s pictorial expression and Merleau-Ponty"s theory on perception. (3) ambiguity in both Cezenne and Merleau-Ponty. Merleau-Ponty suggests that an artist"s life cannot completely determine the meaning of his work of art. Thus we should understand that the source of Cezanne"s doubt consists not in his peculiar personality nor nervous weakness but his artistic purpose. Cezanne, throughout his life, attempted to reveal our primordial contact with the world. This is why he underwent numerous difficulties for a still life, a portrait and a landscape. He wanted to rediscover genuine reality and covert what he perceived into pictorial language. His way of expression, that is, achieving reality without abandoning sense experience resulted in distorted shape, perspective and color. Merleau-Ponty"s Phenomenology of Perception can be a way to understand Cezanne"s expression in depth. According to Merleau-Ponty the object is not some independent reality but rather a correlative of our body. Our bodily being is the basis of the properties of the object we perceive. We can understand the implicit phenomenological meanings in Cezanne"s paining through Merleau-Ponty"s philosophy on perception and body.
메를로-퐁티의 현상학(2): 언어적 몸짓에서 본 댄스스포츠
이경숙 한국체육철학회 2024 움직임의철학 : 한국체육철학회지 Vol.32 No.3
이 연구는 모리스 메를로-퐁티(Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1908-1961)의 ‘언어’ 현상학에 초점을 맞추어 ‘언어의 의미와 신체적 표현’, ‘지각되는 신체와 몸짓 언어’로 한정하여 살펴보았다. 그리고 그가 논하는 언어의 신체 표현 능력에 대한 깊이를 ‘언어적 몸짓에서 본 댄스스포츠’에 접목하여, ‘남녀커플 주체의 신체 도식’과 ‘남녀커플의 몸짓 언어’에서 드러나는 고유성을 재발견할 수 있었다. 이는 곧 남녀커플의 상호작용은 몸짓 언어 체계의 매개를 통한 이미 약속된 도법에 따르며, 특히 그 경로는 메를로-퐁티 언어의 논리적 확장이다. 결론적으로 언어적 몸짓은 댄스스포츠를 가능하게 하는 스포츠적·예술적, 감정적 측면을 모두 아우른다. 남녀커플의 비언어적 의사소통을 통해 각자 역할을 수행함과 동시에 신체움직임에 균형을 맞추고, 춤의 감정을 표현하는데 핵심적인 역할을 한다. 결국 댄스스포츠에서 몸짓은 10종목별로 나타나는 고유한 남녀커플의 신체움직임 그 이상을 넘어, 언어적 몸짓으로 의미는 전달되며, 감정을 표현하는 중요한 수단임을 알 수 있다. 그리고 하나의 예술작품으로서 댄스스포츠는 언어적 몸짓으로부터 해명해 보려는 새로운 접근 방식으로, 메를로-퐁티 언어의 논리적 확장인 의미론적 지향성이다. This study focuses on the linguistic phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty's (1908-1961), specifically on the meaning of language and its bodily expression, the perceived body and gestural language. By applying the depth of his discussion on the bodily expressive capacity of language to dance sport as seen in linguistic gestures, it is possible to rediscover the uniqueness of the body schemata of male and female couple subjects and their gestural language of male and female couples. This means that the interaction of male-female couples follows a pre-determined path through the medium of a gestural language system, and in particular, that path is a logical extension of the Merleau-Ponty language. In conclusion, verbal gestures encompass the sporting, artistic, and emotional aspects that make dance sport possible. They play a key role in the non-verbal communication between men and women to fulfill their roles, balance their physical movements, and express the emotions of the dance. Ultimately, we can see that gestures in dance sport are much more than just the unique male-female couples' movements in each of the 10 sports; they are an important means of conveying meaning and expressing emotions through non-verbal gestures. Finally, as a work of art, dance sport is a new approach to elucidating from linguistic gestures, a semiotic orientation that is a logical extension of Merleau-Ponty's language.
메를로 퐁티와 푸코의 신체론 비교 -선험적 주체와 자연주의적 신체를 넘어서-
이소희 ( So Hee Lee ) 고려대학교 철학연구소 2009 철학연구 Vol.0 No.37
우리는 메를로 퐁티와 푸코의 신체론을 비교함에 있어서 텍스트 분석의 방법을 사용하여 양자의 차이보다는 공통점을 발견하고자 한다. 먼저 메를로 퐁티와 푸코의 신체론의 공통점으로 선험적 주체에 대한 거부를 들 수 있다. 실제로 메를로 퐁티는 『지각의 현상학』에서 선험적 자아 없는 현상학을 자신의 철학의 출발점으로 삼았고, 『말과 사물』에서 푸코는 칸트 이후의 주체 철학이 ‘인간학의 잠’에 빠져있다고 비판한다. 그리고 메를로 퐁티와 푸코는 신체에 대한 자연주의적 해석을 거부한다. 메를로 퐁티는 객관적 신체와 구분되는 ‘각자의 신체’, 혹은 ‘체험된 신체’를 통해서 자연주의를 거부하고, 푸코는 신체를 사회적이고 역사적인 특수성을 지닌 것으로 간주함으로써, 사회, 역사, 담론, 이전에 신체가 아 프리오리(a priori)하게 있다고 주장하는 신체에 대한 자연주의적 관점을 거부한다. 이를 통해서 메를로 퐁티와 푸코 모두 신체를 중심으로 몸과 마음의 이분법을 극복하려고 시도한다. Nos recherches concernant les points communs entre la theorie du corps chez Merleau-Ponty et celle de Foucault, presentent le refus de la subjectivite transcendantale, puisque Merleau-Ponty poursuit la phenomenology sans l`Ego transcendental, et que Foucault critique la philosophie subjective, plongee dans “le sommeil de l`Anthropologie”. En meme temps, Merleau-Ponty et Foucault refusent le naturalisme par rapport au corps. Merleau-Ponty met au centre le corps propre en distinguant celui-ci du corps objectif et Foucault considere le coprs comme l`inscription sociale et historique au lieu du corps a priori dans l`attitude naturaliste. Ce faisant, Merleau-Ponty et Foucault s`efforcent de depasser le dualisme entre la conscience et le corps.
특집논문 : 몸 혹은 괴물-영화에서의 육체성; 영화에서 몸의 표상에 관한 현상학적 연구 -메를로-퐁티의 몸의 현상학과 브레송 영화의 몸의 이미지를 중심으로-
서정아 ( Jung Ah Seo ) 한양대학교 현대영화연구소 2013 현대영화연구 Vol.9 No.1
In the classic movie film, human`s body has been treated as a tool of reflection on man` emotions and thoughts, and after the age of silent film, how to express the body and to deliver the message of the body has been coded in a standard way. In this point, the body cannot escape from the passivity in the consciousness. However, Robert Bresson`s film shows a different view of human`s body in terms that the body is treated as the subject of perceiving the world. Such a view has similar to Merleau-Ponty`s view over the phenomenology of the body which regard human`s body as the subject of human`s experience, not as the object and the accidental element of building human`s recognition, for the first time in the world. The purpose of this paper is not to apply Merleau-Ponty`s phenomenology to Bresson`s body image, but to find the possibility that Bresson`s body image could be interpreted as the phenomenology. This paper, first, would find out the cause of general view over the human`s body through the silent films which began to try showing body`s expression, and then, would find out the relations Bresson`s body with Merleau-Ponty`s body, by way of analyzing body` characteristics showed in some Bresson`s films. Bresson`s body image theory should be understood that the meaning of body`s image does not come from the similarities of reality, but from the relationship itself among various body`s images which is removed a meaning as much as possible. As the result, Bresson`s film shows the process how to body`s performance reveals the emergence of existence, the occurrence of events and thoughts, and self internality. Bresoon`s body image is similar to Merleau-Ponty`s phenomenology of the body in terms that body`s image shows the process of revealing the other people, and the world. This paper would also examines the phenomenology of the body could be simply not only a study of a new perspective on the body`s image, but also, a study of the ontology of the film image.
2003~2024년 한국 현상학적 건축 분야의 계랑서지학적 연구 동향 분석 연구 - 메를로-퐁티의 전기이론 지각의 현상학과 후기이론 살의 존재론을 중심으로 -
정태종(Jeong, Tae-Jong) 대한건축학회 2025 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.45 No.1
For the research trends in Korean phenomenological architecture from 2003 to 2024, bibliometric analysis of KCI(Korea Citation Index) articles has been conducted. The keywords co-occurrence of ‘Phenomenology’, ‘Maurice Merleau-Ponty’, ‘Perception’, ‘Chair(Flesh)’ in philosophy and architectural field are analyzed. The result of this research can be summarized as followed. First of all, Maurice Merleau-Ponty understands phenomenology of perception from German philosophers and emphasizes the body as the primary site of knowing the world in early theory, and develops to flesh ontology in late period. The second one is that the result of bibliometric analysis of research trends in Korean phenomenological architecture from 2003 to 2024 reveals research focused perception in early theory than ontology in late period. The last one is that the change of research trends is needed from perception to ontology in Korea phenomenological architecture research field. Based on the result, for the applying Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy in architecture, the research about ontology is needed and it can be explained different aspect of research trend of phenomenological architecture in Korea.
이경숙 한국체육철학회 2022 움직임의철학 : 한국체육철학회지 Vol.30 No.3
This study is based on the theme of ‘Merleau Ponty's Phenomenology: Dance Sport in the Concept of Style’. In the phenomenological context, this study tried to find the possibility of being applied to ‘dance sport’ by limiting to the concept of ‘style’ presented in 『Le visible et l'invisible』. How can the style already inherent in the actor's perception in dance sport be revealed in dance? It is not a means used to reproduce the world, and it is based on the phenomenon of perception, not on the analysis of beauty or the interpretation of historical context. First, the interest in the perception of dance is the relationship between the subject and the essence of the world, which is the basis. In other words, for male and female couples, style is an equivalent system set by oneself in expressing the expression technique of dance sport. This is the way to approach the artist's world and at the same time, to find new meanings in a way that expresses dance. And rather than expressing the meaning of each dance event, the meaning of male and female couples permeates dance, penetrating perception and object, forming a unique style of male and female couples and revealing meaning through concrete expression techniques unified through dance. In the end, what has been revealed through the concept of Merleau-Ponty's style is the expression activity of the creative male and female couple of dances. Through this the actor reveals the perceptual meaning through the expression technique of dance. 본 연구는 ‘메를로-퐁티의 현상학: 스타일 개념에서 본 댄스스포츠’라는 주제로, 현상학적 맥락에서 메를로-퐁티가 『간접적인 언어와 침묵의 목소리』에서 제시한 ‘스타일(style)’ 개념에 국한시켜, ‘댄스스포츠(dancesport)’에 적용될 수 있는 가능성을 모색하고자 하였다. 댄스스포츠에서 행위자(남녀커플)의 지각에 이미 내재되어 있는 스타일은 춤에서 어떻게 드러낼 수 있을까? 그것은 세계를 재현하는데 사용되는 수단이 아니며, 미에 대한 분석 혹은 역사적 맥락에 대한 해석이 아니라 지각의 현상에 토대를 둔다. 먼저 춤의 지각에 대한 관심은 그 근거가 되는 ‘주체(행위자, 남녀커플)’와 ‘세계의 본질’, 양자의 관계이다. 즉 남녀 커플에게 있어서 스타일은 ‘댄스스포츠(춤)의 표현기법’을 표현하는 과정에 스스로 설정해 놓은 ‘등가체계’이다. 이것이 예술가(행위자)의 세계에 접근하는 방식이면서 동시에 춤을 표현하는 방식으로 새로운 의미를 발견하게 된다. 그리고 춤의 종목별로 나타나는 의미를 표현하기 보다는 남녀커플의 의미가 춤에 스며드는 것이며, 지각과 대상(댄스스포츠)에 침투해 있는 남녀커플의 고유한 스타일을 형성하고, 춤을 통해 통일된 구체적인 표현기법을 통해 의미가 드러나도록 하는 것이다. 결국 메를로-퐁티의 스타일 개념을 통해 드러나는 것은, 댄스스포츠는 행위자가 춤의 표현기법을 통한 지각적 의미를 밖으로 드러내는 춤의 창조적인 남녀커플의 표현 활동이다.
이충훈 ( Lee Choong Hoon ) 한국프랑스어문교육학회 2020 프랑스어문교육 Vol.70 No.-
L'influence de Merleau-Ponty sur Starobinski peut être résumée selon trois points : premièrement, les deux auteurs refusent la conscience pure d'un auteur, séparée du monde et du corps ; deuxièmement, la perception permet au sujet de faire naître une réalité complexe où le sujet est impliqué et mêlé dans le monde et dans les autres ; troisièmement, le regard n'est exclusivement ni actif ni passif, mais dialectique. Il se trouve toujours dans le rapport entre le sujet qui voit et l'objet qui est vu. Nos auteurs prêtent attention à une relation entre le percevant et le perçu pour montrer leur chiasme. Nous découvrons donc une influence merleau-pontienne sur Starobinski. Celui-ci a analysé des scènes littéraires où se présentent mieux les entrelacs du regard dont l'enchevêtrement nous empêche de définir le tempérament d'un auteur ou les pensées qu'il a conservées toute sa vie. Nous analysons donc deux épisodes autobiographiques de Rousseau lus par Starobinski. Selon lui, Rousseau nous y révèle ses caractères singuliers et c'est là que nous comprenons mieux cet auteur et sa littérature.
지각 현상학을 바탕으로 한 유휴학교 재생 공간디자인 특성 연구
가기열,김지은 한국전시산업융합연구원 2024 한국과학예술융합학회 Vol.42 No.3
본 연구는 출산율 저하에 따른 학령인구 감소로 인한 유휴학교가 사회적 문제로 대두되면서, 이에 따른 다양한 활용전략이 제시되는 현상에서 시작되었다. 본연구의 목적은 메를로-퐁티의 지각 현상학으로 유휴 학교 재생공간에서 디자인방식을 탐색하는 것이다. 이에 본 논문은 유휴학교 재생공간의 특성을 도출하고, 유휴학교를 활용하여 재탄생한 일본, 스페인, 중국, 체코의 실제 사례를 활용하여 재생공간의 특성이 어떻게 표현되는지 분석하였다. 연구 결과 및 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 메를로 퐁티 지각 현상학의 신체적 공간과 공간적 개념을 분석하여 공간개념 성격을 도출하였다. 지각 현상학의 영향을 많이 받는 건축가의 작품을 분석하여 건축 요소를 도출하고 앞서 제시한 성격과 연계하였다. 둘째, 유휴학교와 재생공간의 개념과 특성을 정리하여 2장에서 제시한 언어와 통합 및 연계하여 유휴학교의 재생공간 특성을 도출하였다. 셋째, 유휴학교의 재생공간 특성을 분석틀로 국내외 4개 지역의 실제 사례를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 유휴학교를 대표하는 4가지 공간특성 관계적 투명성, 동태적 변화성, 기억의 잠재성, 융합적 지속성의 의미는 실제로 재생된 유휴학교와 인간의 상호작용에 중요한 연결고리 역할을한다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 재생공간 특성은 주체와 공간이 유기적으로 통합된 전체로 형성될 수 있으며, 유휴학교 재생공간의 다양한 디자인과 관람객의 인지 경험을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. This study started with a phenomenon in which idle schools emerged as a social problem due to a decrease in the school-age population due to a decrease in the fertility rate, and various utilization strategies were proposed accordingly. The purpose of this study is to explore the design method in the idle school playback space using Merlot-Ponty's perceptual phenomenology. Therefore, this paper derives the characteristics of the idle school playback space and analyzes how the characteristics of the playback space are expressed by using actual cases of Japan, Spain, China, and the Czech Republic reborn using idle schools. The research results and contents are as follows. First, the characteristics of the spatial concept were derived by analyzing the physical space and spatial concepts of Merleau-Ponty perceptual phenomenology. By analyzing the works of architects who are greatly influenced by perceptual phenomenology, architectural elements were derived and linked to the characteristics presented above. Second, by organizing the concepts and characteristics of idle schools and playback spaces, the playback space characteristics of idle schools were derived by integrating and linking them with the language presented in Chapter 2. Third, actual cases in four regions at home and abroad were analyzed as an analysis frame for the characteristics of idle schools' playback spaces. The four spatial characteristics representative of idle schools presented in this study: relational transparency, dynamic change, memory potential, and convergent persistence, play an important role in the actual interaction between idle schools and humans. Based on these research results, it is expected that the playback space characteristics can be formed as an organically integrated whole with the subject and space, and various designs of idle school playback spaces and the cognitive experience of visitors can be improved.