양육적 모성과 "충분히 좋은 엄마"의 고찰 대상관계 이론 중심으로

안명희 동덕여자대학교 한국여성연구소 2003 젠더연구 Vol.- No.8

This study investigates the nature of mothering and maternal nurturance from the standpoint of the object-relations theory within the psychoanalytic tradition. Melanie Klein is credited as the first to coined the object-relations need as an innate drive, thus to depict the importance of the early object relations experience with the mother. With the maternal nurturance inevitably emerging as the inherent and underlying pre-requisite, Kleinian concepts of the object, phantsy, paranoid-schizoid and depressive position, and reparation are discussed in the context of child personality development. Klein`s object-relations theory is presented as rooted in but distinguished from the traditional Freudian psychoanalytic theory, which has its underlying emphasis on the primacy of the paternal influence in the unfolding of child`s personality, namely through the resolution of the Oedipus Complex. Building on Klein`s concepts and critically emphasizing the role of maternal nurturance, D. W. Winnicott`s conceptualization of the personality development and the facets of the facilitating maternal environment including, the "holding environment", "good-enough mothering" and "primary maternal preoccupation" are presented. The discussion culminates in a portrait of a "good-enough mother", who promotes and facilitates the emergence of the integrated self.

한국 고소설을 통해 본 한국역사문화의 트라우마와 치유 -역사, 사회, 가족 ; 모성 대상에 대한 자기서사의 단절과 재건: < 장화홍련전 >

김수연 ( Soo Youn Kim ) 한국고소설학회 2015 古小說 硏究 Vol.40 No.-

This paper aims to reflect on the fact that the existing reading on <Changhwahonglyon-chon> has been based on the traditional familial view and suggest significant reading for today``s readers who have to accept and understand various forms of families. Since, <Changhwahonglyon-chon>is one of fairy tales much read by children, representative of Korean classical novels. Why today``s children enjoy reading this work? What makes them feel interested in it? What narrative children are sympathizing with in this work? This paper examined the reason why children are fascinated with <Changhwahonglyon-chon> with psychological growth phases of childhood when self-epic is formed. So, it derived help from recent counselling psychology and literary therapy. Changhwa and honglyon lose their ‘maternal object’ which can be safe and trusted when young. It is experience robbed of an object of absolute narcissism through violence or lost of an object to give empathy. Lack of empathic response is like being rejected from narcissistic demand. Trauma by rejection formed at death of mother-losing of maternal object-is enhanced by remarry of father-failing to form a new object relation. So, children respond to outside sensitively with lowered self-esteem and have suffering self-epic of fear if aggravated. In such a case, fear is deepened and violent self is formed internally by antipathy. Hence, children make their parents who denied them an abominable object in imaginative play or tale, causing them to be a punisher. Stepmother narrative reflects such psychological trend of children. However, stepmother narrative takes a role of a place of reconstruction where painful narrative may be represented. Since, there is an intermediate that gives empathy with children in the stepmother narrative. That is, cholsan Busa in <Changhwahonglyonchon>. Children recover an absolute object relations sympathized with them in an imagination and reset relationship with abominable parents, or a cause of painful narrative with his support. As such, <Changhwahonglyon-chon>, paying attention to self-epic of children lacking in empathic response, gives an opportunity for healing so provides them with consolation.

Winnicott의 대상관계이론에 기초한 부모교육 프로그램 개발을 위한 이론적 탐색

한성심 ( Seong Sim Han ) 대한아동복지학회 2005 아동복지연구 Vol.3 No.3

아동발달에 있어서 부모교육의 중요성이 인식되면서 부모교육에 대한 이론과 부모교육 프로그램 개발에 대한 연구가 다양하고 활발하게 이루어져 왔다. 부모교육 프로그램은 자녀의 문제행동에 역점을 두고 부모에게 자녀양육의 기술적 방법을 교육하는데 초점을 두었고, 이는 아동에 대한 이해와 양육기술로 부모자녀관계를 증진시키는 긍정적인 결과를 가져왔다. 그러나 부모자신의 무의식적 감정이 자녀에게 투사되는 문제점 등의 부정적인 결과도 지적되었다. 부모자신의 자기 이해와 관련되는 무의 식적 감정이 경험되지 않은 통찰은 정서적인 통찰이 아닌 지적인 통찰이 되기 때문에 일정기간이 지나면 부모 자신의 문제가 자녀에게 투사되어 예전의 양육태도를 답습하게 되는 악순환을 가져오게 된다. 초기 아동기 양육경험에 따른 부모자신의 감정양식으로 인하여 무의식적으로 반복하여 나타나는 부모자신과 아동의 행동을 분석하고 통찰하는 새로운 형태의 부모교육 프로그램 개발과 실천에 대한 요구가 필요하게 되었다. 따라서 본 연구는 부모자신의 자기 이해와 관련되는 무의식적 감정을 다루는 정신분석학 입장에서의 부모교육 프로그램을 D. W. Winnicott의 대상관계이론을 중심으로 개발하기 위한 기초 이론을 고찰하는데 목적을 두었다. 연구의 목적을 수행하기 위한 연구내용은 부모교육프로그램 개발을 위한 Winnicott 이론의 내용을 구성하였다. 이러한 연구내용과 선행연구결과를 볼 때, 대상관계이론에 기초한 부모교육 프로그램은 아동의 정서적 성숙을 가져다주는 모성적 역할에 대한 이해뿐만 아니라 부모자신의 아동기 경험을 회고하는 기회를 통해 자신의 문제 행동과 감정에 대한 이해가 이루어져 부모-자녀 관계의 문제점을 해결하는데 유용한 자료로 활용될 수 있다. There are recent studies about programs, which recognize the importance of parent education in child development. These studies influenced parents in their child`s understanding, and attitudes and skills of bringing up children. But the existing parent education programs lack focus on exploring the child dynamics, insight and emotional pattern of parents. Therefore it is demanded to develop on parent education program to transfer the unconsciously repeated and distorted patterns to the realistic and healthy one between parents and children, after analyzing the emotional pattern and object-relationship. Therefore, this study performs an effective role based on the emotional maturation of parents through a new program, which applies the psychoanalysis theory. The purpose of this study is to develop a new parent education program based on Object Relation Theory, which applies the emotional maturation of parents and children, and facilitating environment-a good enough mothering- by D. W. Winnicott. Research contents in this study are explorations of a theoretical basis of Object Relation Theory by D. W. Winnicott. This study proves to be an effective parent education program. This program which applies Object Relation Theory can help to change the automatic and unconscious behavior pattern into a rational and objective counter-plan, to separate a parent`s realistic behavior from their own childhood emotional pattern, to have ``good enough mothering` to their children.

단맛을 통한 모성부재의 양상과 치료

전혜선 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2014 영어권문화연구 Vol.7 No.3

Maternal absence is one of characteristic motifs of Toni Morrison's works. Shown in case of Cholly and Pecola in The Bluest Eye, Son in Tar Baby and Sula and Nel in Sula, most of main characters did not receive maternal benefit during their childhood. So did Guitar and Milkman Dead in Song of Solomon. But one interesting thing in connection with maternal absence is the fact that maternal absence is supplemented by the sense of taste. Those children who did not receive their mothers caring are forced to quench their deficiency with the sweet taste. Children who have a sweet tooth like sweet things are generally liable to get into tasting ‘sweet’ as a comfortable meaning or ‘delicious’ as feeling good through a sweet taste, which at the same time, makes them stimulate associations of happy memories such as comfort, consolation, stability, expectation and amused recollection. The main characters, Milkman and Guitar of the family in this novel however have undergone opposite way to the sweet taste. In this paper, by carefully examining the experiences of Milkman and Guitar, it will be proved that the sweet taste is presented on the one hand as assimilation with the white-oriented value and on the other hand as the reaction of exclusion and rejection. In Song of Solomon, Milkman is represented as the case of the former and Guitar as that of the latter. The maternal affection experienced by the two young boys is colligated with the experiences of a sweet taste by becoming corrupt with possession and distortion. From the perspective of Morrison, the western conception of love is brimful of property and perversion. That is another murder without shedding blood. This paper will focus on Milkman's growth journey through questing out his true identity by shedding off his white-oriented vanity value, and at the same time will make Milkman contrast with Guitar who is fitted with hostility and aggression due to the fixed memory of a sweet taste in his early period. It is worth noticing the fact that the common experience of maternal absence shared by the two main characters ended up with opposite results. Through the analysis of this work, this paper will show that it is Pilate Dead who provides the true maternal care to Milkman and the experience by Pilate's maternal care made Milkman possible to venture to make a southern journey. In addition I will show that this experience through southern journey, especially the hunting at night made possible not only for Pilate towards Milkman to do the maternal role latent in her, but also for Milkman to achieve human relations in a family and a society. Therefore, Milkman's growth is meaningfully influenced by Pilate's maternal care and through southern journey, while Guitar's vision of society and human relationship narrows to the point where he believes that segregation and disenfranchise to African-Americans determine everything regardless of their efforts. In this paper, these relationships are analyzed by object relations theories based on the theories of Melanie Klein and John Bowlby. Object relations theories have their root in psychoanalysis, but their theories differ each other in terms of time period and emphasis. Object relations theories are more appropriate in analyzing child growth and the growth-related problems in Morrison's novels than other psychoanalytic theories because they especially focus on relations rather than instinct. Hereby, Morrison illuminates past, present, and future of African-American children who are neglected by their own family members, especially by their mother, and society. In this paper, motherhood is presented as a solution of child's ideal and desirable growth while lack of maternal care is suggested as one of the most important causes of social problems related to African-Americans.

주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동 어머니의 대상관계, 성격특성 및 아동의 정서 및 행동문제와의 연관성에 관한 연구

유상민,김봉석 대한신경정신의학회 2009 신경정신의학 Vol.48 No.6

Objectives This study aimed to examine the relationships among maternal object relations, personality, and symptoms of children with ADHD. Methods The study’s participants were 72 children with ADHD and their mothers. We used the Bell Object Relation Inventory (BORI), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), and Korean Personality Inventory for Children (KPI-C) to assess each child’s maternal object relations, personality, and symptoms. Results The T scores of the pathologic group (PG) were higher than those of the normal group (NG) on the MMPI’s D, Pa, Sc, Ma, and Si scales. The PG also had higher T scores than did the NG in delinquency, hyperactivity, family interaction, and autism on the KPI-C. Alienation in the PG was positively associated with hyperactivity and family interaction. The PG’s egocentricity was positively associated with hyperactivity, family interaction, and autism. However, the NG was not associated with KPI-C. Per a stepwise multiple regression analysis, alienation was the most potent variable for hyperactivity, and egocentricity was the most critical variable for family interaction. Conclusion These results show that the PG had a greater possibility of having personality problems than did the NG. In particular, alienation and egocentricity with regard to maternal object relations were the most decisive variables in children’s symptoms

The Connection between Conflicted Teacher-Child Relationship and Negative Peer Interaction in Young Children: The Moderating Effect of Maternal Object Relations

( Kai Sook Chung ),( Mi Na Kim ) 한국유아교육학회 2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Vol.20 No.1

The goal of this study was to investigate the connection between conflicted teacher-child relationship and conflicted or passive peer play behavior using maternal object relations as moderator on the connections. For this purpose, researchers collected teachers’ and mothers’ reports of young children (age range = 29- 83 months; girls = 184, boys = 185) in Korea. Teachers, who perceived their relationship with target children as conflicted, reported that the children were engaged in conflicted play with peers more often than the counterpart children who were in close relationship with the teachers. Children, especially girls, whose mothers were experiencing more difficulties in their relationships with others were observed by their teachers as having more conflicted play with their peers. Likewise, for passive peer interaction, children, whose mothers were having more difficulties in their relationships with others, were perceived as being passive in peer interaction.

대상관계 속에서 바라본 흑인의 모성과 부성 : 토니 모리슨의 『솔로몬의 노래』

김미아(Kim, Mi-A) 신영어영문학회 2015 신영어영문학 Vol.60 No.-

This paper aims to examine problems of Afro-American household in Toni Morrison’s works, especially Song of Solomon. It tells us about the depression and conflict of Afro-American which is stemmed from maternal absence. Maternal absence is caused by the moral insensibility of mothers to their children, and quite detrimental to the latter’s moral and psychological growth. I will debate the main characters, Guitar and Milkman in Song of Solomon in terms of object relations theory. Cholly, Guitar and Milkman are the victims of maternal absence, suffering from mental disorder and antisocial tendency. They fall into a vicious cycle of reproducing affection disorder in their families, for they translate their own maternal absence into hatred and rage. Through her works, Morrison delineated the past, present, and future of Afro-American children who are ignored by their own family members, especially by their mothers and society. This paper reaches a conclusion on the ground of object relation theory which Morrison presented the appropriate mother and child relation as the best solution for moral and psychological issues damaging Afro-American families.

Winnicott 이론의 기독교상담적 함의와 제안: 성인상담에서 놀이를 중심으로

장은영,박선홍,조난숙 한국기독교상담심리학회 2019 한국기독교상담학회지 Vol.30 No.3

Winnicott emphasizes the relationship between infants and early mothers, enjoying fantasy and omnipotentness through maternal care. They said they would enjoy the creation of a medium object and play. Play is a spontaneous and creative act that can reveal excellence. A life that can display its brilliance is real, but when it is not taken care of by motherhood, infants live by reality. This study looked at Winnicott’s main concept and considered it from the perspective of Christian counseling as an adult game. Discussing why play is necessary for adults, we looked at scenes where as counselors we met with Winnicott theory in Jesus’ quarters. After looking at Winnicott’s concepts of real magnetism,fake porcelain, play, fantasy, intermediate target and maternal care, he proposed how to redirect from fake magnetism to real self–life, and also how to help a cardio counselor who can’t play by acting as middle target. Winnicott은 유아의 발달단계에서 초기 어머니와의 관계를 강조한다. 유아는 어머니로부터 충분히 좋은 모성적 돌봄을 통해 건강한 환상과 전능감을 누리며, 놀이와 중간대상이라는 창조물을 누리게 된다. 놀이는 강요받지 않는 자발적이고 창조적인 행위로서 유아의 탁월함을 드러낼 수 있다. 이렇게 자신의 탁월함을 발휘할 수 있는 삶이 진짜자기의 모습이지만, 충분히 좋은 모성적 돌봄을 받지 못했을 때 유아는 현실에 순응하는 삶인 가짜자기의 삶을 살게 된다. 본 연구는 Winnicott의 이론을 기독교상담에 어떻게 적용할 수 있는지를 성인의 놀이로서 상담을 중심으로 고찰하였다. 주로 어린이에게만 국한된다고 여겨지는 놀이가 기독교 성인상담에 왜 필요한지를 논의하며, 상담가로서 예수님의 사역에서 Winnicott이론과 만나는 장면들을 살펴보았다. Winnicott의 진짜자기, 가짜자기, 놀이, 환상, 중간대상과 모성적 돌봄의 개념을 살펴본 뒤, 가짜자기에서 진짜자기의 삶으로 어떻게 방향전환을 하며, 또한 어떻게 기독교상담자가 중간대상으로 역할하며 놀이할 수 없는 내담자를 도울 수 있는지를 제안하였다.

The Connection between Conflicted Teacher-Child Relationship and Negative Peer Interaction in Young Children: The Moderating Effect of Maternal Object Relations

정계숙,KIMMINA 한국유아교육학회 2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Vol.20 No.1

The goal of this study was to investigate the connection between conflicted teacher-child relationshipand conflicted or passive peer play behavior using maternal object relations as moderator on theconnections. For this purpose, researchers collected teachers’ and mothers’ reports of young children(age range = 29- 83 months; girls = 184, boys = 185) in Korea. Teachers, who perceived theirrelationship with target children as conflicted, reported that the children were engaged in conflictedplay with peers more often than the counterpart children who were in close relationship with theteachers. Children, especially girls, whose mothers were experiencing more difficulties in theirrelationships with others were observed by their teachers as having more conflicted play with theirpeers. Likewise, for passive peer interaction, children, whose mothers were having more difficulties intheir relationships with others, were perceived as being passive in peer interaction.

사자(死者)의 요구 토니 모리슨의 『빌러브드』 읽기

이명호 ( Myung Ho Lee ) 영미문학연구회 2003 영미문학연구 Vol.4 No.-

This paper aims to read Morrison`s Beloved from two points of view. First, taking Lacanian perspective, it interprets the novel`s central act of a black mother murdering her own daughter as an "ethical" one to take responsibility for her and to resist slavery. The masculine mode of resistance to slavery, as in the case of Frederic Douglass, succumbs to the white symbolic order and obtains a subject position within it despite the gesture of defiance. Sethe`s murder, on the other hand, is a radical "maternal" negation of that order, directed at its "lack" and encountering "the Real" in the Lacanian sense. Second, this paper analyzes Beloved in terms of mourning. Drawing upon psychoanalytic account of mourning and melancholia, it sees this novel as performing funeral rites for the dead, sacrificed under slavery and erased in the public memory of America. Beloved is both the ghost of the black baby girl, murdered by her own mother and returning to join her and the symbolic embodiment of all those who died in the Middle Passage. Morrison exploits both the ethnocentric definition of black-as-absence and the pre-Oedipal mother-infant bond to conjure up the unnamed presence of American history. She understands that blacks need to accomplish the double tasks of mourning the traumatic loss of the beloved in their individual lives and of keeping the memory of slavery alive in the public history.