부품 흐름 기반 제조 프로세스 모델링

이화섭,류광열,조용주 한국CDE학회 2019 한국CDE학회 논문집 Vol.24 No.1

The manufacturing system innovation led by the 4th industrial revolution attracts significant attention in novel researches. Manufacturing processes must be continually reviewed and optimized to effectively innovate manufacturing systems. It is necessary to clearly visualize and define manufacturing processes in order to improve the existing manufacturing system, or to construct the CPS (Cyber Physical Systems) with ICT (Information and Communications Technology). The existing modeling languages have powerful expressiveness for information on business processes, but there are certain limitations to describe the manufacturing characteristics in details. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop and implement a novel manufacturing process-oriented modeling methodology, referred to as Part-flow based Manufacturing Process Modeling (PMPM). Analytical techniques and applicability of the proposed model are discussed. A verification method on structural and behavioral safety of the model is proposed. Furthermore, the verification method is applied to the proposed model to evaluate the structure and behavioral safety of the process. Hence, the proposed modeling methodology is able to find the problems of the manufacturing process by analyzing the process model.

제법한정물건(PbP) 청구항의 해석

정차호(Chaho JUNG) 성균관대학교 법학연구원 2023 성균관법학 Vol.35 No.1

제법한정물건(product-by-process) 청구항(PbP 청구항)의 해석과 관련하여 다양한 의견이 존재하였다. 그러한 이견을 해결하기 위해 대법원이 2011후927 편광필름 전원합의체 판결을 선고하였으나, 그 판결이 사용한 표현의 모호함으로 인해 다양한 의견이 여전히 남게 되었다. 그 2011후927 판결 후 대법원은 2013후1726 쑥추출물 판결, 2013후631 갭 서포터 판결을 선고하였고, 최근에는 2020후11059 직타법 정제 판결을 선고하였다. 이 글은 그 4개 판결을 종합적으로 분석하였고, 그 분석의 결과로 그 4개 판결의 총합이 말하는 법리를 다음과 같이 정리한다. 첫째, 어떤 청구항이 PbP 청구항이라는 이유만으로 바로 특허법 제42조 제4항 제2호가 규정하는 명확성 요건 위배로 처리되지는 않는다. 그러한 해석이 특허법 제42조 제6항의 입법취지와 부합하는 것이라고 생각된다. 둘째, 대법원은 진정 PbP 청구항과 부진정 PbP 청구항을 구별하는 법리를 운용하지 않는다. 그 대신 발명의 실체를 파악한 후, 그 실체에 따라 물건자체설 또는 제법한정설을 적용할 수 있다. 셋째, PbP 청구항의 ‘특허성’ 판단에서도 제조방법의 물건에 대한 영향을 고려하는 것이 대법원의 입장이다. 기존의 이해는 특허성 판단에서는 발명의 실체와 무관하게 물건자체설을 적용한다는 것이었으나, (2013후631 갭 서포터 판결 및) 대상 2020후11059 직타법 정제 판결로 인하여 제조방법(대상 사건에서는 직타법)이 특허성 판단에 영향을 끼침을 알게 되었다. 즉, 해당 발명의 실체가 제조방법인 경우 제법한정설이 적용되어야 하고, 해당 발명의 실체가 물건인 경우 물건자체설이 적용되어야 하는 것이다. 넷째, ‘권리범위’ 판단에서도 제조방법의 물건에 대한 영향에 따라 PbP 청구항이 해석되어야 한다. 즉, 해당 발명의 실체가 제조방법인 경우 제법한정설이 적용되어야 하고, 해당 발명의 실체가 물건인 경우 물건자체설이 적용되어야 하는 것이다. There have been various opinions on interpretation of a product-by-process claim (hereinafter “PbP claim”). To resolve such conflicting opinions, the Korea Supreme Court (hereinafter “KSC”) handed down the 2011 Hu 927 en banc decision. However due to ambiguity of the expressions taken by the decision, there still remain various opinions. After the 2011 Hu 927 decision, KSC made 2013 Hu 1726 mugwort extract decision, 2013 Hu 631 gap supporter decision, and recently 2020 Hu 11059 hitting-method tablet decision. This paper has comprehensively analyzed the four decisions, and as a result of such analysis, summarizes overall jurisprudence of the four decisions as the followings. Firstly, a claim is not rejected under section 42(4)(2) clarity requirement only because it is a PbP claim. Such an analysis is corresponding with legislative intent of section 42(6) of the Patent Act. Secondly, KSC does not distinguish a pure PbP claim from a non-pure PbP claim. After understanding true nature of the invention at issue, based on the true nature, product-itself theory or manufacturing-process-limitation theory would be applied. Thirdly, it is KSC’s position to consider manufacturing process’s effect on the product in determining patentability. Old majority understanding was to apply product-itself theory in determining patentability, regardless of invention’s true nature. However thanks to 2013 Hu 631 gap supporter decision and 2020 Hu 11059 hitting-method tablet decision, we have recognized that manufacturing process (hitting method in the case at issue) affects patentability determination. In other words, if true nature of the invention at issue is manufacturing process, manufacturing-process-limitation theory shall be applied and if true nature of the invention at issue is the product, product-itself theory shall be applied. Fourthly, in determining right scope, effect of manufacturing process on the product shall be considered. In other words, if true nature of the invention at issue is manufacturing process, manufacturing-process-limitation theory shall be applied and if true nature of the invention at issue is the product, product-itself theory shall be applied.

숙녀복(淑女服) 재킷 제조공정(製造工程) 실태(實態) 연구(硏究)

심재희 ( Jae Hee Shim ),손희순 ( Hee Soon Sohn ) 한국패션비즈니스학회 2002 패션 비즈니스 Vol.6 No.1

The purpose of this study was to present the plan for activation and rationalization of production of ladies` jacket and provide basic materials for improvement of the development of technologies in relation to the productivity improvement of ladies` jacket and the achievement of high quality product. For this purpose, this study attempted to investigate the present situation of jacket manufacturing process. The data is related with local ladies` jacket manufacturing companies in Seoul snd Kyonggi area. The results of this study are as follows. 1. 87.8% of the business firms responded that they acquired the productive process of jacket based on their own knowhow and 80.5% was aware of the need for the analysis of each process. The highest proportion of the business firms(65.9%) pointed out that the advantage of process analysis was the alleviation of the production time. 2. The jacket manufacturing process was made up of 4 stages such as the process of frontal/rear plate → the process of accessories → the process of completion → the process of finishing in a broad sense but composed of a total of 19 stages in detail. 3. Attachment of the sleeves(73.2), attachment of the collar(41.5%) and the formation of the overall silhouette(22.0%) were raised as the challenge in manufacturing ladies` jacket. 4. Most of the sewing business firms made use of the method of completing the collar and then stitching the outer material and the inner collar, and the line of the bodice and the outer collar as the method of stitching the tailored collar. and many of them used the method of completing the collar and then inserting it between the line of the bodice and the outer material and stitching it as the method of stitching the stand collar. They had a preference for the method of completing the sleeve and connecting it to the bodice as the method of stitching the sleeve. and used the method of treating the margin to seam of semi-lined and unlined jacket by treating it with the bias tape.

본초 제조 공정의 DB화를 위한 형태소 분석 연구 - 숙지황 제조 공정을 중심으로 -

김태열,김기욱,김병철,이병욱,Kim, Thaeyul,Kim, Kiwook,Kim, Byungchul,Lee, Byungwook 대한예방한의학회 2016 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.20 No.1

Objectives : Treatment method using drugs has already been used in Korean medicine for a long time. Moreover, database has been developed and utilized for more efficient management of the treatments that use drugs. Most of such database related to knowledge on drugs is composed of origin, efficacy, temperament, ingredients and examples of application of the standardized drugs. Communication with knowledge information in other specialized areas is also accomplished by using the efficacies and ingredients with the drugs. In this study, we aimed to make data structure of the terminologies that represent the manufacturing process of herbs. However, in spite of the fact that the manufacturing process of the drugs imparts effect on their efficacies and ingredients, details of the manufacturing processes are quite limited to simple text sentences, thereby resulting in substantially lower level of utilization and difficulties in systematic researches on various factors included in the manufacturing processes in comparison to other knowledge on drugs. Methods : This Study extracted the factors necessary in the development of database by executing morphological analysis of the manufacturing process of herbs. Results : The factors are 'Order', 'Act', 'Raw material', 'Tools', 'Supporting materials', 'Intensity', 'Duration Time', 'Interval', 'Focus', 'Repetition Number', 'Untill'. We were able to tell the difference of the manufacturing process with a simple structured query language and the factors. Conclusions : Morphological analysis of medicinal herbs manufacturing Process contributes to standardization with information of the manufacturing process. And it helps to creates a quality management system through the Database.

반도체 공정에서의 APC 기법 및 이상감지 및 분류 시스템

하대근,구준모,박담대,한종훈,Ha, Dae-Geun,Koo, Jun-Mo,Park, Dam-Dae,Han, Chong-Hun 제어로봇시스템학회 2015 제어·로봇·시스템학회 논문지 Vol.21 No.9

Traditional semiconductor process control has been performed through statistical process control techniques in a constant process-recipe conditions. However, the complexity of the interior of the etching apparatus plasma physics, quantitative modeling of process conditions due to the many difficult features constraints apply simple SISO control scheme. The introduction of the Advanced Process Control (APC) as a way to overcome the limits has been using the APC process control methodology run-to-run, wafer-to-wafer, or the yield of the semiconductor manufacturing process to the real-time process control, performance, it is possible to improve production. In addition, it is possible to establish a hierarchical structure of the process control made by the process control unit and associated algorithms and etching apparatus, the process unit, the overall process. In this study, the research focused on the methodology and monitoring improvements in performance needed to consider the process management of future developments in the semiconductor manufacturing process in accordance with the age of the APC analysis in real applications of the semiconductor manufacturing process and process fault diagnosis and control techniques in progress.

Research on Optimization Method of Workshop Process-level Manufacturing Process

Y. P. Wang,J. Zhang,K.X. Bi,Z.M. Shi 보안공학연구지원센터(IJUNESST) 2013 International Journal of u- and e- Service, Scienc Vol.6 No.4

A Comparison of Energy Consumption in Bulk Forming, Subtractive, and Additive Processes: Review and Case Study

윤해성,이장엽,김형수,김민수,김은섭,신용준,추원식,안성훈 한국정밀공학회 2014 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.1 No.3

In addition to the steps taken to ensure optimal efficiency in industry, significant effort has been directed towards the green and sustainable manufacturing practices. In this paper, we review conventional and state-of-the-art manufacturing technologies to provide insight into energy consumption at the processing level. In the review, collected energy data were summarized for three manufacturing categories: conventional bulk-forming, subtractive, and additive manufacturing (AM) processes. Additive processes, in particular, are strongly emphasized in the Advanced Manufacturing Initiatives proposed recently by the United States government. Currently, the specific energy consumption (SEC) of additive processes is estimated to be ~100-fold higher than that of conventional bulk-forming processes, with subtractive processes showing intermediate values that varied over a wide range in terms of scale. Although SEC may vary with respect to the details, in general, the research showed a negative correlation with respect to the reciprocal logarithmic form of the productivity. In addition to the literature review presented, we performed case studies for the three manufacturing processes, to provide practical examples of energy consumption. Additionally, our results indicated that AM processes may require more extensive evaluation; i.e., an assessment of the entire manufacturing cycle, for more accurate prediction of the subsequent environmental impact.

시멘트 제조공정의 환경적 취약 투입물/환경오염물 파악 및 최적종말처리 공정 선정

이주영(Joo-Young Lee),김윤하(Yoon-Ha Kim),이건모(Kun-Mo Lee) 대한환경공학회 2017 대한환경공학회지 Vol.39 No.8

기준공정과 개선대상공정 간의 투입물(Input, Material and energy), 배출물(Output, Product, Co-product), 환경오염물 (Environmental emission) 데이터를 수집하고 공정 성과를 분석하였다. 이를 통해 환경적으로 주요한 투입물과 환경오염물을 파악하였다. 제조공정의 투입물과 환경오염물 간의 상관관계 분석을 통해 각 환경오염물에 대한 기여도가 큰 투입물을 파악하였다. 주요 환경오염물 처리 시, 경제적 최적화를 통한 종말처리공정 조합을 선형 프로그래밍 기법을 사용하여 규명하였다. 사례 연구로는 동일한 형태의 시멘트를 생산하는 EU와 국내 시멘트 제조공정을 선정하였다. 국내 시멘트 제조공정에서는 석탄이 주요 투입물로, 먼지, SOx가 주요 환경오염물로 파악되었다. 제조공정의 투입물과 환경오염물 간의 다중회귀분석결과 석탄〉원자재〉석고 순으로 CO₂발생량에 기여도가 큰 것으로 나타났다. SOx발생량의 경우 석탄의 기여도가 가장 컸으며, Dust 발생량의 경우 석고〉원자재 순으로 기여도가 큰 것으로 나타났다. Dust 종말처리공정 최적화에서 전기집진기술 100%, 섬유필터기술 2.4% 조합이 최적이었다. SOx종말처리공정 최적화에서는 건식첨가공정기술 100% 습식세정기술 25.88% 조합이 최적이었다. 이 연구의 특징은 제조공정에서 문제가 되는 주요 투입물과 환경오염물을 파악하는 방법을 제시하였다는 점이다. 또한, 기술적·경제적으로 최적의 조합인 종말처리공정 선정 방법을 제시하였다는 점이다. Process input data including material and energy, process output data including product, co-product and its environmental emissions of the reference and target processes were collected and analyzed to evaluate the process performance. Environmentally problematic input/environmental emissions of the manufacturing processes were identified using these data. Significant process inputs contributing to each of the environmental emissions were identified using multiple regression analysis between the process inputs and environmental emissions. Optimum combination of the end-of-pipe technologies for treating the environmental emissions considering economic aspects was made using the linear programming technique. The cement manufacturing processes in Korea and the EU producing same type of cement were chosen for the case study. Environmentally problematic input/environmental emissions of the domestic cement manufacturing processes include coal, dust, and SOx. Multiple regression analysis among the process inputs and environmental emissions revealed that CO₂ emission was influenced most by coal, followed by the input raw materials and gypsum. SOx emission was influenced by coal, and dust emission by gypsum followed by raw material. Optimization of the end-of-pipe technologies treating dust showed that a combination of 100% of the electro precipitator and 2.4% of the fiber filter gives the lowest cost. The SOx case showed that a combination of 100% of the dry addition process and 25.88% of the wet scrubber gives the lowest cost. Salient feature of this research is that it proposed a method for identifying environmentally problematic input/environmental emissions of the manufacturing processes, in particular, cement manufacturing process. Another feature is that it showed a method for selecting the optimum combination of the end-of-pipe treatment technologies.

Effective Process Design and Robust Manufacturing for Hydroformed Parts

Stefan Werner,Bart Carleer,Chan-Ho Lee,Dong-Won Jung 대한기계학회 2007 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.21 No.2

A general trend and one of the important strategies in the automotive industry is reducing the lead time of a new car development. In order to obtain this goal the efficient use of simulation software is needed to effectively design a hydroformed part. The stages of the design chain are integrated in one simulation tool. The outcome of this feasibility analysis is a virtual prototype saying that it is possible to produce the part. In fact one process point has been defined whereas when going into production a process window must be know to guarantee a stable production process. In order to achieve this latter we are suggesting a process performance analysis. Based on multiple simulations the influence and sensitivity various process parameters on the forming process can be identified. Besides combining the analysis with statistical process control evaluation the process capability (Cpk-values) can be defined. This design chain analysis will be applied on a hydro formed part. The process performance analysis is the identification of the process window and process capability in advance, so before any tool has been milled. This will be demonstrated on a second hydroformed part.

A Study on the Simplification of Manufacturing Process of Tubular Batteries to Overcome CRISIS of Lead-Acid Battery Maker in KOREA

Yoon Youn saup J-INSTITUTE 2018 International Journal of Crisis & Safety Vol.3 No.4

Manufacturers of lead-acid batteries have made great efforts to reduce the production cost of batteries. Simplifying the manufacturing process is an effective way to reduce costs. In general, it has been recognized that tubular electrode plates should be pickled after filling with the positive active material(PAM). This process requires a pickling and drying process. During this process, curing of the active material occurs. Generally, the curing process is the most time-consuming part of the lead-acid battery manufacturing process. This study deals with the simplification of the manufacturing process for lead-acid batteries using a tubular type positive plate. The effect on discharge capacity of pickling and curing time for the tubular plate was investigated. In this study, tubular positive plates filled with the active material were subjected to case formation(CF) by assembling the cell without pickling. The investigation illustrated that pickling conditions were a determinant for modifications of the chemical and phase composition of the PAM and for electrochemical performance. Thus, a better under-standing of the pickling mechanism is required in order to optimize the tubular positive plate’s performance. It has been observed that the key to successful pickling is the maintenance of an exact balance between the con-centration of H2SO4, and the duration of the pickling process. The comparative study showed that longer pickling times and higher concentrations of H2SO4 do not necessarily result in electrodes with better first capacity perfor-mance. Also, it was noted that if the concentration of H2SO4 for pickling was too low or too high, the capacity of the battery was reduced. In this study, the best cell performance was obtained after 3 hours of pickling in H2SO4 solution with a specific gravity of 1.20 and after 16 hours of pickling in H2SO4 solution with a specific gravity of 1.10. This result will be commercially valuable to tubular type lead-acid battery manufacturers in terms of sim-plifying the manufacturing process.