Key Account Management: Towards a Multidimensional Definition

Kawsar Ahmmed,Nor Azila Mohd. Noor 한국유통과학회 2012 Asian Journal of Business Environment (AJBE) Vol.2 No.1

The aim of this paper is to propose an integrative definition of key account management (KAM) at the organizational level through a content analysis of the existing definitions of KAM available in the business literatures. A representative pool of definitions of key account management was generated through literature review from twenty three journals that covers the divergence of name variety like global account management, strategic account management, national account management, international key account management, key client management, major account management, key customers management and key account management. Relating to the definition of key account management various attributes are identified through content analysis and according to the relevance, profile for each attributes are developed. On the basis of these attributes a diagrammatic and textual definition is proposed that covers the different standpoints and aspects of key account management approach and captures its essence as well. Eventually, several strategic implications are derived that create the field for further empirical investigation.

키 전송 프로토콜과 키 동의 프로토콜을 혼용한 효율적인 그룹키 관리 기법 연구

송인수,이대성,김귀남 한국융합보안학회 2009 융합보안 논문지 Vol.9 No.3

네트워크와 무선 통신 기술의 발전으로 그룹기반의 통신에 대한 관심이 증가되고 있다. 그룹간의 안전한 통신을 하기 위해서는 안전한 그룹키 관리와 분배가 필요하다. 그룹키를 관리하는 방법에는 키 전송 프로토콜을 이용한 방법과 키 동의 프로토콜을 이용한 방법으로 나눌 수 있다. 키 전송 프로토콜은 중앙에 서 개체를 인증하고 키를 관리 및 분배하기 때문에 확장성과 중앙 개체의 오류로 인한 인증과 분배 기능을 하지 못하는 문제가 있다. 키 동의 프로토콜은 개체의 잦은 변동으로 인한 키 갱신의 문제와 개체 수가 많아지면 그룹키 생성 연산량이 증가하는 문제점이 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 키 전송 프로토콜의 문제점과 키 동의 프로토콜의 문제점을 해결하고, 두 프로토콜의 장점들을 혼용한 효율적인 그룹키 관리 기법을 제안한다. 또한 스킴 안전성 분석과 효율성 분석을 통하여 제안 방법의 효율성을 입증하였다. The expansion of developing network and wireless technique has made growly communication in the group. Safety group key management and distribution are needed for the secure communications. Group key management method can be divided key transfer protocols and key agreement protocols. Key transfer protocols have extension problem and function error as key distribution center is not worked. Key agreement protocols have problems of updating the key from changed object frequently and increased operation generating group key. In this paper, we present the way of solving the problems of key transfer protocols and key agreement protocols. We propose the effective group key management using combined those key protocols. Then, We evaluate this methods through security and performance analysis.

Quorum-based Key Management Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks

( Lih-chyau Wuu ),( Chi-hsiang Hung ),( Chia-ming Chang ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2012 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.6 No.9

To ensure the security of wireless sensor networks, it is important to have a robust key management scheme. In this paper, we propose a Quorum-based key management scheme. A specific sensor, called as key distribution server (KDS), generates a key matrix and establishes a quorum system from the key matrix. The quorum system is a set system of subsets that the intersection of any two subsets is non-empty. In our scheme, each sensor is assigned a subset of the quorum system as its pre-distributed keys. Whenever any two sensors need a shared key, they exchange their IDs, and then each sensor by itself finds a common key from its assigned subset. A shared key is then generated by the two sensors individually based on the common key. By our scheme, no key is needed to be refreshed as a sensor leaves the network. Upon a sensor joining the network, the KDS broadcasts a message containing the joining sensor ID. After receiving the broadcast message, each sensor updates the key which is in common with the new joining one. Only XOR and hash operations are required to be executed during key update process, and each sensor needs to update one key only. Furthermore, if multiple sensors would like to have a secure group communication, the KDS broadcasts a message containing the partial information of a group key, and then each sensor in the group by itself is able to restore the group key by using the secret sharing technique without cooperating with other sensors in the group.

법인세법상 ‘실질적 관리장소’의 판단기준

박민(Park, Min),안경봉(Ahn, Kyeong-Bong) 한국국제조세협회 2013 조세학술논집 Vol.29 No.1

If we define the concept of the place of effective management in corporate tax law as the place where key management and commercial decisions that are necessary for the conduct of the entity’s business as a whole are in substance made, which was proposed by OECD model tax treaty comment, it is possible to take a step-by-step approach as to whether any act can be seen as key management and commercial decisions. When we divide prima facie the decision-making process of the company into the five steps as such ⅰ) planning of any act, ⅱ) consultation with other departments within the company, ⅲ) approval of the plan - a choice of several different plans, ⅳ) the execution of the decision, ⅴ) the evaluation of the decision, the third step, which belongs to decision management step, will be an key management step in that it will be able to create the risk. This step would be the step which the aspects of financial accounting, i.e. execution of the right of personnel management, can be emphasized. The fourth step, which can be performed by executive managers and/or shop floor, and commercial activity takes place, is the step which the aspects of cost management accounting can be emphasized. Basically ‘place of effective management’ point to a place, where the board of directors of the Company wil be held. But when the decision-making of the company substantially is done by ‘people’ other than the board of directors - for example, the CEO, the largest shareholder, and the parent company, and the board of directors make a role to endorse such decisions, exceptionally ‘place of effective management’ will be the place, where the CEO, the largest shareholder, and the parent company actually make decisions regarding the management of the company. In principle, there is only one place of effective management, but in some cases, there will be able to be more than one place of effective management. ‘Place of effective management’ in the corporate tax law is the connection elements as the residence decision, whereas ‘place of effective management’ in tax treaty is being discussed as the principle(the so-called “tie-breaker rule”), which comes the first in case of the presence of more than one residence. I do not think that in the interpretation of the ‘place of effective management’ as an element of the residence decision OECD annotations should be accepted intact. Applications of the concept of the place of effective management come to end in fact as a matter of proof, whether the fact to admit tax liability in the Republic of Korea as a domestic corporation exist or not in contrast to the exterior, even although in form or at first glance a foreign corporation is evident. I think it is sound that to deny the fact of a domestic corporation, taxpayers for themselves must prove the fact that the place of effective management exist in other countries, considering the difficulty of proving, and the equity between the parties.

Academic Justification for Crisis Management Ethics

방원석,박균열 국제인문사회연구학회 2024 Studies on Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSC) Vol.6 No.2

Academic Justification for Crisis Management Ethics Wonseok Bang* & Gyunyeol Park** Abstract: Crisis management is closely related to ethics. This study aims to reveal that crisis management and ethics to date remain limited to ethical crisis management, points out the need to deal with crisis management itself from the perspective of ethics, and raises the academic necessity of crisis management ethics. Based on the literature review of previous studies, we suggest meaningful implications as follows. First, the sustainable crisis management system consists of four phases based on previous studies. It is important to strengthen resilience through a more systematic and sustainable system. Second, based on the previous studies, we presented several critical factors for crisis management: risk management leadership, a training program and maneuvers through early risk anticipation through identifying, and evaluating key risks including latent risks. Third, there is the need for crisis management ethics for discussion related to ethics for crisis management and ethical crisis management. Key Words: Crisis, Ethical Crisis Management, Crisis Management Ethics, Management □ Received: Jan. 21, 2024, Revised: Apr. 15, 2024, Accepted: Apr. 20, 2024* First Author,Professor, Gyeongsang National Univ., Email: bangws@gnu.ac.kr** Corresponding Author, Professor, Gyeongsang National Univ., Email: pgy556@daum.net

공동주택관리법상 관리주체에 대한 소고

윤성호 인문사회 21 2022 인문사회 21 Vol.13 No.1

Study on the Management Authoritythe Multi-Family Housing Management ActSungho Youn Abstract: Due to modernization and urbanization following rapid economic development, housing shortages have become serious in the city center, and to solve this problem, Multi-Family Housing are continuously built and supplied to maximize the use of limited land and efficient housing supply in large cities. In particular, in recent years, more dense Multi-Family Housing have been formed with the construction of high-rise residential and commercial complexes according to consumers’ convenience and desire for luxury branding. However, despite the growing importance of Multi-Family Housing management, such as the cost required for management, there is a lack of laws and regulations necessary for systematic apartment management. In the following, the concept of the management entity will be clarified in order to prevent confusion in the legal system of the management entity of Multi-Family Housing Management due to the dualization of the Act On Ownership And Management Of Condominium Buildings and the Multi-Family Housing Management Act, In addition, while considering the interrelationship between the management subjects, I would like to point out problems and suggest improvement measures. Key Words: Multi-Family Housing Management Act, Multi-Family Housing Management, Head of Management Office, Management Entity, Multi-Family Housing 공동주택관리법상 관리주체에 대한 소고윤 성 호* 요약: 우리나라는 급속한 경제발전에 따른 근대화와 도시화로 인하여 도심 속에서 주택난이 심각해졌고, 이를 해결하기 위하여 대도시를 중심으로 한정된 토지의 이용극대화와 효율적인 주택공급을 위하여 공동주택을 계속 건축하여 공급하고 있다. 특히, 최근에는 수요자의 편리성, 고급브랜드화 등의 욕구에 따른 초고층 주상복합아파트가 건설되면서 더 밀집된 공동주택이 형성되고 있다. 그러나 공동주택의 관리에 소요되는 비용 등 공동주택 관리의 중요성은 그 어느 때보다도 커지고 있음에도 불구하고 체계적인 공동주택의 관리에 필요한 법규정이 미흡한 측면이 있다. 이하에서는 공동주택 관리를 위한 집합건물법과 「공동주택관리법」의 이원화에 따른 공동주택의 관리주체에 대한 법체계의 혼란을 방지하기 위하여 관리주체에 대한 개념을 명확히 하고, 관리주체들 간의 상호관계에 대해서 고찰하면서 문제점을 지적하고 개선방안을 함께 제시하고자 한다. 핵심어: 공동주택관리법, 공동주택 관리, 관리사무소장, 관리주체, 공동주택 □ 접수일: 2022년 2월 9일, 수정일: 2022년 2월 26일, 게재확정일: 2022년 2월 28일* 조선이공대학교 교양학부 부교수(Professor, Chosun College of Science & Technology, Email: ysh423@hanmail.net)

Hierarchical CRGK Supporting a Secure Multicast Communication for a Large Number of Users

PARK, Jihyun,LEE, Jeongsu,KIM, Jeonghyun,RYOU, Jaecheol The Institute of Electronics, Information and Comm 2010 IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS - Vol.93 No.4

<P>A multicast content service, including numerous devices, requires an efficient group key management scheme as one of its core components. The purpose of group key management is to provide a secure key-sharing scheme among the members of a group so that messages transmitted via broadcasting or multicasting are not exposed to non-members. The Chinese Remaindering Group Key (CRGK) is an efficient group key management scheme based on the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT). It optimizes the number of re-key messages, the user-side key computation cost, and the number of stored keys. However, CRGK is not fit for a group with a large number of members because of the high computation complexity of the CRT. In this paper, we propose a Hierarchical CRGK (HCRGK) scheme that supports a group with a large number of members. We improved CRGK by adopting it to include an <I>n</I>-ary tree structure. The tree approach simplifies the group key management by distributing the group key computation to subgroups. Our scheme requires at most (log<I><SUB>m</SUB>N</I> + 1) re-key messages for a group with <I>N</I> members and a short computation time even when the group is very large.</P>

안전한 멀티캐스트 통신을 위한 효율적인 그룹키 관리 프로토콜

이현종,김진철,오영환 한국통신학회 2003 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.28 No.7C

유니캐스트와는 달리 멀티캐스트 환경에는 상당히 많은 전송 링크가 존재하기 때문에 그 만큼 보안을 위협하는 요소들이 많이 존재한다. 따라서 안전한 멀티캐스트 통신을 위해서는 멀티캐스트 트래픽을 보호하는 메커니즘이 필수적이고 이러한 메커니즘의 핵심적인 요소 기술은 그룹키를 효율적으로 그룹 구성원들에게 분배하는 것이다. 멀티캐스트 환경에서 보안성을 제공하기 위해 최근가지 진행되어 오고 있는 연구들은 대부분 그룹키 분배에 관련된 것들이다. 본 논문에서는 멀티캐스트 환경에서 키 서버의 트래픽 집중을 효율적으로 분산시킬 수 있는 그룹키 관리 구조를 제안하였다. 제안한 프로토콜은 분산된 키 관리 구조와 서브 그룹 단위로 그룹키를 갱신한다. 시뮬레이션을 통하여 제안한 멀티캐스트 그룹키 관리 프로토콜을 기존의 연구들과 비교한 결과 가입 및 탈퇴 지연시간과 데이터 전송 지연 시간 측면에서 향상된 성능을 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. Unlikely unicast transmission, there are many elements that threaten security. Thus, key management of creating and distributing group keys to authorized group members is a critical aspect of secure multicast operations. To offer security in multicast environment, the recent researches are related to most group key distribution. In this thesis, we propose a group key management protocol for efficient, scalable, and multicast operation. This proposed protocol architecture can distribute traffic centralized to the key server. since the group key rekeyed by sub-group manager. The detailed simulation compared with other group key management protocol show that the proposed group key management protocol is better for join, leave, and data latency.

Survey of Group Key Management Techniques in MANET

G.Narayana,M.Akkalakshmi,A.Damodaram 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Future Generation Communi Vol.9 No.11

Group key management (GKM) technique is employed for ensuring security and integrity in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET). It is the fundamental component of secure group communication systems. It involves distribution, updation and revocation of group keys. GKM can be carried out through many approaches. Existing studies on GKM techniques in MANET did not provide detailed analysis. This survey presents various GKM techniques for MANETs. The existing GKM techniques are classified into three categories namely centralized, distributed and hierarchical. Each of these techniques are explained with their advantages and disadvantages.

접근 제어를 위한 반응적 방식의 그룹키 관리 기법

김희열(Heeyoul Kim),이윤호(Younho Lee),박용수(Yongsu Park),윤현수(Hyunsoo Yoon) 한국정보과학회 2007 정보과학회논문지 : 시스템 및 이론 Vol.34 No.11·12

다양한 종류의 데이타 스트림과 다양한 권한을 가지는 사용자들을 위한 그룹 통신을 위해서는 접근 제어(access control)가 필수적이다. 동일한 접근 권한을 가지는 그룹 멤버들은 하나의 클래스에 속하게 되며, 이러한 클래스들은 주어진 접근 관계를 표현한 하나의 계층을 구성한다. 그리고 각 클래스에는 하나의 비밀키가 할당된다. 기존의 기법들에서는 계층으로부터 하나의 논리적 키 트리를 생성하고 각 사용자는 항상 자신이 접근할 수 있는 모든 클래스의 키를 관리하는 방식, 즉 선행적(proactive)인 방식이었다. 하지만, 계층의 규모가 큰 경우에 사용자가 키를 저장하기 위한 공간이 늘어나고 키 갱신을 위한 메시지 또한 커진다는 단점을 가진다. 그리고 대부분의 경우 사용자는 극히 일부의 스트림만을 동시에 접근하게 되며, 이를 위해 모든 키를 지속적으로 갱신하는 것은 낭비가 된다. 본 논문에서는 이를 고려한 반응적 (reactive)인 방식의 키 관리 기법을 제안한다. 각 사용자는 자신이 속한 서브그룹의 키만을 관리하며 다른 키가 필요한 경우에만 자신의 키와 공개 파라미터를 이용해서 해당 키를 추출하게 된다. 이로 인해 키갱신을 위한 비용이 줄어들게 되고, 특히 접근 관계가 복잡하고 규모가 큰 그룹에 대해 좋은 성능을 가진다. 그리고 접근 관계가 변하는 경우, 이를 쉽게 반영할 수 있다는 장점을 가진다. In the group communication which has multiple data streams and various access privileges, it is necessary to provide group access control. The group members having the same access privilege are classified into one class, and the classes form a hierarchy based on the access relations. Then each class is assigned to a secret key. In the previous schemes, a single logical key graph is constructed from the hierarchy and each member always holds all secret keys of the classes he can access in the proactive manner. Thus, higher-privileged members hold more keys then lowerprivileged members. However, if the hierarchy is large, each member manages too many keys and the size of multicast message in rekeying increases in proportion to the size of the hierarchy. Moreover, most of the members access a small portion of multiple data streams simultaneously. Therefore, it is redundant to receive rekeying message and update the keys in which he is not currently interested. In this paper, we present a new key management scheme that takes a reactive approach in which each member obtains the key of a data stream only when he wants to access the stream. Each member holds and updates only the key of the class he belongs. If he wants to get the key of other class, he derives it from his key and the public parameter. Proposed scheme considerably reduces the costs for rekeying, especially in the group where access relations are very complex and the hierarchy is large. Moreover, the scheme has another advantage that it easily reflects the change of access relations.