전염병관리 관련법령의 변화 추이분석 및 향후 개정방향에 관한 연구

황창용,오희철,이덕형,박기동,이종구,Whang, Chang-Yong,Ohrr, Hee-Choul,Lee, Duk-Hyoung,Park, Ki-Dong,Lee, Jong-Koo 대한예방의학회 1998 예방의학회지 Vol.31 No.3

This Study has been carried out to make a recommendation for the next amendment of the Infectious Disease Prevention Act with a specific focus on the kind of notifyable disease. Korean, Japanese, German, U.S, English and French acts on infectious diseases prevention were reviewed, compared with and analized in regards of numbers and kinds of notifyable infectious diseases and their tendency of amendments. An criteria was designed to assess the level of validity of diseases to be designated in the act. Four items, the fatality (greater than 10% or not), the possibility to make a big epidemic, the availability of efficient vaccination and the usefulness of isolation, are used in the assessment. This index is applied to the diseases in Korean and other countries' Infectious Disease Prevention Acts. Results are as follows: 1. The Korean Infectious Disease Preventon Act has a unique way of classifying the notifyable infectious disease, that is, the first, the second and the third class. But the author cannot find the basis of classification. No other countries reviewed have the similar classification. 2. The ten diseases, cholera, plague, yellow fever, diphtheria, typhoid fever, poliomyelitis, rabies, tetanus, malaria, and meningococcal meningitis are designated as the notifyable diseases not only in Korea but also in Japan, Germany, United States, England and france. 3. Thirty seven diseases including small pox, Lassa fever, anthrax, influenza, German measles, Legionellosis, infection with E. coli O157:H7, Q-fever, brucellosis, Lyme disease are designated as legal disease at least one of the above mentioned countries. 4. The Korea has been coped with the change of the infectious disease occurrence for last fifty years in amendment of the Infectious Disease Prevention Act. 5. Japan has a special infectious surveillance system composed of 3,880 clinics throughout the whole country. 6. Germany has classified infectious diseases in five categories which are based on seriousness of disease. Any confirmed death, cases and suspected cases in class I should be reported within 24 hours. But only confirmed death and cases in class II, but not suspected cases, are reportable in Germarny. 7. Plague, bacillary dysentery, pertussis, mumps, Japanese encephaltis and Korean hemorrhagic fevers are diseases with high credits validity index among Korean legal disease. 8. German measles, anthrax, E. coli O157 : H7 infection, Lassa fever, Q-fever, brucellosis are high in validity index among those which are not designated in Korea but designated in other countries. In conclusion, the Korean Infectious Disease Prevention Act has well been coped with the changes of infectious disease occurrence for last fifty years, but the classification basis and the validity of diseases to be designated as legal diseases is worth reevaluating.

국제법상 전염병의 통제에 관한 연구

박진아(PARK, Jina) 국제법평론회 2012 국제법평론 Vol.0 No.35

The effective control of infectious diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 which threaten the health of entire human race is infeasible without international cooperation because of their peculiar characteristics. Therefore, it is imperative that international framework be constituted for the control of infectious diseases according to international law. For last 150 years, the international infectious disease control law has been primarily developed in the forms of 'soft law' whether it is labelled as treaty, recommendation, resolution or guideline. Since the establishment of WHO, WHO itself and the International Health Regulations (IHR) concluded under WHO Constitution have been the central roles to prevent and control infectious diseases. The IHR, the sole global normative order for infectious disease control, was first adopted in 1969, and was completely revised in 2005. The revision was necessary because the initial IHR (1969) only regulated short list of stipulated diseases, and accordingly could not effectively control re-emerging disease and new emerging diseases. Moreover, WHO's surveillance system was not effective to promote member states complying to IHR 1969. Consequently, IHR 1969 failed to achieve the its purpose and underwent full revision in 2005. The major changes of IHR are followings: i) the ground-breaking expansion of the scope of the IHR's disease application, ii) the reenforcement of WHO surveillance system by granting WHO the power to access and use non-official sources provided by non-governmental entities in addition to Sate Parties' notification, and also granting WHO the authority to declare the existence of public health emergencies of international concern (PHEIC) and to issue recommendation on health measures to be implemented by the Sate Parties, iii) the expansion of obligations on member states to develop minimum core surveillance and response capacities, iv) inclusion of human rights protection in their provisions. The issue of infectious disease has been regulated directly or indirectly under various areas of international law, e.g. international economic law, international human rights law, and international environmental law. First, in international economic law, the SPS agreement permits WTO States Parties to adopt or enforce measures to protect human, animal or plant life or health from infectious disease threat and the TRIPS agreement sets standards in the international rules governing patents, including medicines which are essential in preventing infectious diseases and treating disease. In addition, TBT agreement and GATS agreement are related to the infectious disease issue. Next human rights-based approach to public health measures contributes positively to the control of infectious diseases, and international human rights law plays the role of regulating infectious disease by restricting environmental degradation which may cause the spread of infectious diseases. Besides, other categories of international law related to infectious disease include International Humanitarian Law governing infectious disease issue during armed conflicts, international disaster relief, state responsibility and individual criminal responsibility caused from infectious disease. IHR 2005 was a significant improved previous rules and went a step ahead as the international norm to effectively respond to public health emergencies caused by infectious diseases, and norms of infectious disease control in other areas of international law have significantly improved. Nonetheless, difficulties in the implementation and compliance of the norms are pointed out and their main reasons are following: i) conflicts with national interests, ii) uncertainty of the norms and lack of will to comply, iii) the possibility of conflict between international law and national sovereignty, iv) the lack of ability to implement the norms.

식민지 조선의 전염병예방령 개정과 ‘보균자’ 문제

백선례(Baek, Seon-Lye) 의료역사연구회 2021 의료사회사연구 Vol.7 No.1

1910년 병합 이후 조선총독부는 식민지 조선 통치의 기반이 되는 다양한 법령들을 차례로 공포하였으며, 위생행정과 관련된 법령들 역시 1910년대에 차례대로 제정되었다. 1915년 6월 제령 제2호로 전염병예방령이 제정되었고, 이로써 조선총독부 통치 초기의 위생 관련 법령이 정비되었다. 1915년 전염병예방령 제정이 지니는 의미와 그 제정과정, 그리고 그 성격에 대해서는 상당한 분석이 이루어졌지만, 이후 1920년대 전염병예방령이 개정된 것에 주목한 연구는 찾아보기 힘들다. 이 글에서는 1920년대 조선의 전염병예방령 개정에 주목하여 그 의미와 시행과정을 살펴보고자 한다. 이 전염병예방령 개정이 의미 있는 것 중의 하나는 ‘보균자’라는 의학지식이 법령이 반영되어 보균자 단속을 강조했다는 점에서이다. 20세기 초 새롭게 알려진 건강보균자에 대한 지식과 함께 보균자가 전염병 방역의 중요한 존재로 떠오르면서 보균자 취급 문제가 법령에 반영되었던 것이다. 조선에서는 1924년 6월 전염병예방령 개정이 관보를 통해 고시되었으나 실제 시행기일은 1928년 6월 1일로 시행까지 4년여의 시간이 소요되었다. 4년의 기간에 걸쳐 개정된 전염병예방령 및 시행규칙에서 가장 중요하게 강조되었던 부분은 역시 ‘보균자’ 단속의 강화였다. 이렇게 법령으로 보균자 취급이 강화된 만큼 언론에서 그려내는 보균자 묘사 또한 강화되었다. 언론을 통해 일반 대중들에게 보균자의 위험성을 강조하는 것은 보균자 검사를 위한 시설 및 인력이 부족한 상황에서 개인의 자발적 검사에 기댈 수밖에 없었던 식민지 조선의 상황이 반영된 것이기도 하였다. The typhoid outbreak that occurred in New York in the early 1900s and the case of Typhoid Mary, who was identified as the cause of the outbreak and sent a wave of the infection throughout the United States, established the existence of disease carriers. In addition, this also highlighted the importance of the identification of carriers in infectious disease prevention. In order to apply this new finding to quarantine strategies for infectious disease control, regulations had to be put in place. Accordingly, in the 1910s, a category of ‘carrier(s)’ was added to the revised Infectious Disease Prevention Order in Taiwan and Korea. In the Japanese Empire, a 1922 revision of the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act considered carriers as infected patients, recommending the same set of rules for both carriers and patients. After the revision of the Act in Japan, revisions to the Infectious Disease Prevention Order in Taiwan and Korea followed. In December 1925, the Infectious Disease Prevention Order was abolished in Taiwan, to follow the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act of Japan. Although a revision of the Infectious Disease Prevention Order was announced through the official gazette in June 1924 in Korea, the revision did not actually take place until 4 years later, on June 1, 1928. The most emphasized topic within the 4-year revision of the Infectious Disease Prevention Order and the Enforcement Decree of the Infectious Disease Prevention Order also pertained to carriers. In fact, until the 1910s, Koreans were viewed as potential carriers. However, overtime, greater importance was placed on the role of carriers in infectious disease prevention, which thus emerged as an urgent issue. The existence of carriers in Colonial Korea was identified during the cholera outbreak in 1920, following an incident involving the accommodation of carriers in a hospital (Sunhwawon). The incident led to attempts to educate the public through newspaper and magazine articles on the existence of carriers and the need to quarantine. During the revision of the Infectious Disease Prevention Order, awareness regarding disease carriers was enforced due to a typhoid fever outbreak in Gyeonseong in January and February, 1928. Furthermore, attempts to increase the understanding about carriers were continued in the press, albeit in such a way that labeled carriers as the source of infectious disease and emphasized their risk to others. As a result, expressions used to describe carriers were becoming increasingly unsavory, such as the “troops of infectious diseases” and “spies”. Medical information regarding carriers was included in the newly revised Infectious Disease Prevention Order and disseminated through newspaper and magazine articles with the purpose of promoting understanding with the aim of creating awareness about the need to investigate and quarantine carriers. Nevertheless, carriers continued to be framed as the major source of infectious diseases as a means to improve the public’s understanding of their role in disease transmission.

보육교사의 영유아 감염성 질환 예방행위에 영향을 미치는 요인

윤영미,임미영 한국유아교육학회 2012 유아교육연구 Vol.32 No.1

본 연구는 보육교사의 영유아 감염성 질환 예방행위의 영향변인을 규명함으로써 영유아 감염성 질환 예방행위를 증진시키기 위한 교육 프로그램 개발의 기초자료로 활용하고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 서울지역 모대학 보육교사 교육원의 승급교육에 참여한 현직 보육교사 114명을 대상으로 하였다. 결과처리를 위하여 기술통계, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, 단계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 보육교사의 영유아 감염성 질환 예방행위에 영향하는 주요변인은 감염성 질환에 대한 지식과 보육교사 자신의 감염성 질환 예방행위로 나타났고, 이 중 가장 설명력이 높은 변인으로는 감염성 질환에 대한 지식으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 보육교사의 감염성 질환에 대한 지식수준을 증가시켜 이차적으로 태도의 변화를 유도하고 결국은 감염성 질환을 예방하기 위한 행위의 실천을 이끌어야 함을 알 수 있다. 또한 보육교사의 감염성 질환에 대한 지식을 증가시키기 위한 내용을 포함한 프로그램을 개발하여야 보육교사의 감염성 질환 예방행위를 증진시키기 위한 직·간접적인 중재 방안으로 활용될 수 있으리라 본다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting preventive behaviors for infants" and preschoolers" infectious disease of teachers in child daycare centers. Data were collected from July 13 to August 3, 2011. The subjects for this study were 114 child care teachers. Collected data were analyzed by the SPSS win 12.0 program using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression. Results for this study are as follows: First, the mean of total item score the preventive behaviors infectious disease scales was 3.66 which was slightly high. Second, there were some significant relationships between preventive behaviors infectious disease and attitude about infectious disease and preventive behaviors infectious disease by teachers themselves. Thirds, stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that knowledge about infectious disease and preventive behaviors infectious disease by teachers themselves were the predictor. They accounted for 23% of the variance in preventive behaviors infectious disease. In Conclusion, knowledge about infectious disease and preventive behaviors infectious disease by teachers themselves accounted for preventive behaviors and infectious disease in child care teachers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop nursing intervention to increase the knowledge about infectious disease and preventive behaviors infectious disease by teachers themselves in order to increase the preventive behaviors infectious disease in child care teachers.

전염병의 경로 추적 및 예측을 위한 통합 정보 시스템 구현

김은경 ( Eungyeong Kim ),이석 ( Seok Lee ),변영태 ( Young Tae Byun ),이혁재 ( Hyuk-jae Lee ),이택진 ( Taikjin Lee ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2013 인터넷정보학회논문지 Vol.14 No.5

세계적으로 전파력과 병원성이 높은 신종인플루엔자, 조류독감 등과 같은 전염병이 증가하고 있다. 전염병이란 특정 병원체(pathogen)로 인하여 발생하는 질병으로 감염된 사람으로부터 감수성이 있는 숙주(사람)에게 감염되는 질환을 의미한다. 전염병의 병원체는 세균, 스피로헤타, 리케차, 바이러스, 진균, 기생충 등이 있으며, 호흡기계 질환, 위장관 질환, 간질환, 급성 열성 질환 등을 일으킨다. 전파 방법은 식품이나 식수, 곤충 매개, 호흡에 의한 병원체의 흡입, 다른 사람과의 접촉 등 다양한 경로를 통해 발생한다. 전 세계의 대부분 국가들은 전염병의 전파를 예측하고 대비하기 위해서 수학적 모델을 사용하고 있다. 하지만 과거와 달리 현대 사회는 지상과 지하 교통수단의 발달로 전염병의 전파 속도가 매우 복잡하고 빨라졌기 때문에 우리는 이를 예방하기 위한 대책 마련의 시간이 부족하다. 그러므로 전염병의 확산을 막기 위해서는 전염병의 전파 경로를 예측할 수 있는 시스템이 필요하다. 우리는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 전염병의 실시간 감시 및 관리를 위한 전염병의 감염 경로 추적 및 예측이 가능한 통합정보 시스템을 구현하였다. 이 논문에서는 전염병의 전파경로 예측에 관한 부분을 다루며, 이 시스템은 기존의 수학적 모델인Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) 모델을 기반으로 하였다. 이 모델의 특징은 교통수단인 버스, 기차, 승용차, 비행기를 포함시킴으로써, 도시내 뿐만 아니라 도시간의 교통수단을 이용한 이동으로 사람간의 접촉을 표현할 수 있다. 그리고 한국의 지리적 특성에 맞도록 실제 자료를 수정하였기 때문에 한국의 현실을 잘 반영할 수 있다. 또한 백신은 시간에 따라서 투여 지역과 양을 조절할 수 있기 때문에 사용자가 시뮬레이션을 통해서 어느 시점에서 어느 지역에 우선적으로 투여할지 백신을 컨트롤할 수 있다. 시뮬레이션은 몇가지 가정과 시나리오를 기반으로 한다. 그리고 통계청의 자료를 이용해서 인구 이동이 많은 주요 5개 도시인서울, 인천국제공항, 강릉, 평창, 원주를 선정했다. 상기 도시들은 네트워크로 연결되어있으며 4가지의 교통수단들만 이용하여 전파된다고 가정하였다. 교통량은 국가통계포털에서 일일 교통량 자료를 입수하였으며, 각도시의 인구수는 통계청에서 통계자료를 입수하였다. 그리고 질병관리본부에서는 신종인플루엔자 A의 자료를 입수하였으며, 항공포털시스템에서는 항공 통계자료를 입수하였다. 이처럼 일일 교통량, 인구 통계, 신종인플루엔자 A 그리고 항공 통계자료는 한국의 지리적 특성에 맞도록 수정하여 현실에 가까운 가정과 시나리오를 바탕으로 하였다. 시뮬레이션은 신종인플루엔자 A가 인천공항에 발생하였을 때, 백신이 투여되지 않은 경우, 서울과 평창에 각각 백신이 투여된 경우의 3가지 시나리오에 대해서, 감염자가 피크인 날짜와 I (infectious)의 비율을 비교하였다. 그 결과 백신이 투여되지 않은 경우, 감염자가 피크인 날짜는 교통량이 가장 많은 서울에서 37일로 가장 빠르고, 교통량이 가장 적은 평창에서 43일로 가장 느렸다. I의 비율은 서울에서 가장 높았고, 평창에서 가장 낮았다. 서울에 백신이 투여된 경우, 감염자가 피크인 날짜는 서울이 37일로 가장 빨랐으며, 평창은 43일로 가장 느렸다. 그리고 I의 비율은 강릉에서 가장 높으며, 평창에서 가장 낮았다. 평창에 백신을 투여한 경우, 감염자가 피크인 날짜는 37일로 서울이 가장 빠르고 평창은 43일로 가장 느렸다. I의 비율은 강릉에서 가장 높았고, 평창에서는 가장 낮았다. 이 결과로부터 신종인플루엔자 A가 발생하면 각 도시는 교통량에 의해 영향을 받아 확산된다는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 따라서 전염병 발생시 전파 경로는 각 도시의 교통량에 따라서 달라지므로, 교통량의 분석을 통해서 전염병의 전파 경로를 추적하고 예측함으로써 전염병에 대한 대책이 가능할 것이다. The incidence of globally infectious and pathogenic diseases such as H1N1 (swine flu) and Avian Influenza (AI) has recently increased. An infectious disease is a pathogen-caused disease, which can be passed from the infected person to the susceptible host. Pathogens of infectious diseases, which are bacillus, spirochaeta, rickettsia, virus, fungus, and parasite, etc., cause various symptoms such as respiratory disease, gastrointestinal disease, liver disease, and acute febrile illness. They can be spread through various means such as food, water, insect, breathing and contact with other persons. Recently, most countries around the world use a mathematical model to predict and prepare for the spread of infectious diseases. In a modern society, however, infectious diseases are spread in a fast and complicated manner because of rapid development of transportation (both ground and underground). Therefore, we do not have enough time to predict the fast spreading and complicated infectious diseases. Therefore, new system, which can prevent the spread of infectious diseases by predicting its pathway, needs to be developed. In this study, to solve this kind of problem, an integrated monitoring system, which can track and predict the pathway of infectious diseases for its realtime monitoring and control, is developed. This system is implemented based on the conventional mathematical model called by `Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) Model.` The proposed model has characteristics that both inter- and intra-city modes of transportation to express interpersonal contact (i.e., migration flow) are considered. They include the means of transportation such as bus, train, car and airplane. Also, modified real data according to the geographical characteristics of Korea are employed to reflect realistic circumstances of possible disease spreading in Korea. We can predict where and when vaccination needs to be performed by parameters control in this model. The simulation includes several assumptions and scenarios. Using the data of Statistics Korea, five major cities, which are assumed to have the most population migration have been chosen; Seoul, Incheon (Incheon International Airport), Gangneung, Pyeongchang and Wonju. It was assumed that the cities were connected in one network, and infectious disease was spread through denoted transportation methods only. In terms of traffic volume, daily traffic volume was obtained from Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS). In addition, the population of each city was acquired from Statistics Korea. Moreover, data on H1N1 (swine flu) were provided by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and air transport statistics were obtained from Aeronautical Information Portal System. As mentioned above, daily traffic volume, population statistics, H1N1 (swine flu) and air transport statistics data have been adjusted in consideration of the current conditions in Korea and several realistic assumptions and scenarios. Three scenarios (occurrence of H1N1 in Incheon International Airport, not-vaccinated in all cities and vaccinated in Seoul and Pyeongchang respectively) were simulated, and the number of days taken for the number of the infected to reach its peak and proportion of Infectious (I) were compared. According to the simulation, the number of days was the fastest in Seoul with 37 days and the slowest in Pyeongchang with 43 days when vaccination was not considered. In terms of the proportion of I, Seoul was the highest while Pyeongchang was the lowest. When they were vaccinated in Seoul, the number of days taken for the number of the infected to reach at its peak was the fastest in Seoul with 37 days and the slowest in Pyeongchang with 43 days. In terms of the proportion of I, Gangneung was the highest while Pyeongchang was the lowest. When they were vaccinated in Pyeongchang, the number of days was the fastest in Seoul with 37 days and the slowest in Pyeongchang with 43 days. In terms of the proportion of I, Gangneung was the highest while Pyeongchang was the lowest. Based on the results above, it has been confirmed that H1N1, upon the first occurrence, is proportionally spread by the traffic volume in each city. Because the infection pathway is different by the traffic volume in each city, therefore, it is possible to come up with a preventive measurement against infectious disease by tracking and predicting its pathway through the analysis of traffic volume.

감염병 확산행위자에 대한 손해배상청구에 관한 고찰

백경희(Baek, Kyoung-Hee) 원광대학교 법학연구소 2021 圓光法學 Vol.37 No.3

우리나라를 비롯하여 전세계는 중국 우한시에서 시작된 코로나19 바이러스 대유행의 영향을 2020년을 지나 2021년에도 겪고 있다. 코로나19 사태는 감염병위기 단계 중 가장 높은 ‘심각’에 해당하기에 사회･경제적으로 미치는 폐해가 막대한 상황이다. 감염병은 사회재난에 해당하기 때문에 ‘감염병의 예방 및 관리에 관한 법률’에서 국가와 지방자치단체는 국민의 생명･신체･재산을 보호하기 위하여 감염병 전파차단과 예방을 위한 조치를 하여야 하며 그 비용을 부담하도록 하고 있다. 한편 감염병예방법은 감염병 전파 차단과 예방을 위한 조치를 방해하는 자에 대하여 행정형벌과 행정질서벌, 행정처분 등의 제재 규정을 두고 있지만, 야기한 피해에 대한 배상과 관련하여서는 별도의 규정을 두고 있지 않아 일반법인 민법에 의하여 규율하여 왔다. 그런데 감염병예방법은 2021. 3. 9. 일부개정을 통해 제72조의2를 신설하여 정부나 지방자치단체 등이 감염병 확산행위자에 대하여 그 비용에 대한 손해배상을 청구할 권리를 규정하였다. 코로나19 사태와 같이 대규모의 감염병위기가 유례가 없을 정도로 장기화되는 현시점에서 특별법인 감염병예방법을 통하여 국가나 지방자치단체가 감염병 확산행위자에 대하여 요건과 범위를 설정하고 직접 손해배상청구를 할 수 있는 신설규정을 둔 것은 시의적절하다. 본고에서는 감염병예방법 상 신설된 손해배상청구권이 감염병 확산행위자에 대하여, 민법의 특별법 지위에서 감염병예방법 상 어떠한 법리와 요건을 통하여 지출비용을 청구하는 것인지에 관하여 고찰하고자 한다. 특히 감염병예방법은 이 법을 위반하여 감염병을 확산시킨 자 외에 확산 위험성을 증대시킨 자까지 손해배상청구권의 상대방으로 하고 있고 행정형벌 외에 행정질서벌을 선고받은 자도 포함하고 있으며, 손해배상의 범위를 입원치료비를 비롯하여 손실보상금 등 감염병의 예방 및 관리 등을 위하여 지출된 비용으로 규정하고 있는바, 그러한 내용이 손해배상의 범위와 상당인과관계에 비추어 적정한지를 살펴보고자 한다. 특히 감염병 확산행위자가 손해를 야기하더라도 감염병예방법 상 국가나 지방자치단체가 원칙적으로 감염병의 차단과 예방에 소요되는 비용을 지급할 의무를 부담하고 구상권을 행사하는 구조라는 점을 감안할 때, 그 비용이 감염병 확산행위자 개인이 피해자에 대하여 불법행위책임에 기초하여 발생한 손해의 범위 내로 포섭되어야 함을 유념하여야 할 것이다. 더구나 감염병위기가 발생한 것 자체를 개인의 전적인 책임으로 추궁하기 어렵고 감염병위기라는 사회재난의 상황에서 개인이 이성적 대처를 하는 것이 어려운 상황이 있을 수 있다는 점에서 경비 전부를 징수하는 것이 부당한 사안도 발생할 수 있기 때문에 ‘지출된 비용의 전부 또는 일부에 대해’ 손해배상을 청구할 수 있도록 유동성을 보충하는 방향도 고려하여야 할 것이다. The world, including Korea, is experiencing the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic that started in Wuhan, China in 2020 and 2021. The Covid-19 crisis is one of the most severe stages of the infectious disease crisis, and its social and economic harm is enormous. Since an infectious disease is a social disaster, the State and local governments in the ‘Act on the Prevention and Management of Infectious Diseases’ shall take measures to block and prevent the spread of infectious diseases in order to protect the lives, bodies, and properties of the people, and pay the expenses. The Act provides sanctions such as criminal punishment and administrative disposition for those who obstruct measures to block and prevent the spread of infectious diseases. In relation to compensation for damage caused by actors who spread infectious diseases, it has been regulated by the Civil Act in the past. However, on March 9, 2021, Article 72-2 in the Act was newly established through a partial amendment, stipulating the right of the government or local governments to claim damages for the cost of those who spread the infectious disease. When a large-scale infectious disease crisis such as the Covid-19 situation is prolonging to an unprecedented level, the State or local governments can set the requirements and scope for the actors who spread the infection and directly claim damages through the Act. This paper intends to examine how the new right to claim compensation under the Infectious Disease Prevention Act through which legal principles and requirements. In particular, the Infectious Disease Prevention Act covers not only those who spread an infectious disease in violation of the Act, but also those who have increased the risk of spread as the other party to the right to claim compensation. In addition, it is defined as expenses incurred for the prevention and management of infectious diseases, such as compensation for loss, etc., and we will examine whether such contents are appropriate in light of the scope of compensation for damages and the causal relationship. In particular, given that the State or local governments are, in principle, obligated to pay the costs for the prevention and control of infectious diseases and exercise the right to indemnity under the Infectious Disease Prevention Act, even if the person who spreads the infection causes damage. It should be borne in mind that the individual actors of the spread of the infection should be included within the scope of the damage caused on the basis of tort liability to the victim. Moreover, since it is difficult for the individual to take full responsibility for the outbreak of an infectious disease crisis and there may be situations in which it may be difficult for an individual to respond rationally in the situation of a social disaster such as an infectious disease crisis, it may be unfair to collect all expenses. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the direction of supplementing liquidity so that damages can be claimed ‘for all or part of the expenses’.

A Study on the Legal Improvement for the Crisis Management of New-Infectious Diseases: Focused on the revision of the Act on the Prevention and Management of Infectious Diseases

Seon-Wook Kim,Seol A Kwon 위기관리 이론과 실천 2020 Journal of Safety and Crisis Management Vol.10 No.1

The MERS hit the South Korea served as a turning point in the crisis management response system on infectious diseases. In South Korea, about 80 kinds of legal infectious diseases are controlled under the “Infection Disease Control and Prevention Act.” This study examined improvement with an aim of managing crisis of new infectious diseases mainly focusing on prevention of infectious diseases. As part of establishing an effective and efficient crisis management system of infectious diseases, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention had established a complete control tower in well preparation for a possible outbreak. In terms of prevention and response, an article on punishment is revised such as the enactment of prevention act for new infectious diseases spread from foreign countries and disinfection. In terms of response and restoration, there is a capacity-building for crisis and communication in response to infectious diseases. New infectious diseases will continue to appear. In responding to the uncertain change, a government-wide crisis management system should be reinforced in an effort to prevent further incoming and transmission of new infectious diseases into the society.

감염병 위기 상황에서 감염병 데이터의 수집 및 활용에 관한 법적 쟁점-미국 감염병 데이터 수집 및 활용 절차를 참조 사례로 하여-

김재선 대한의료법학회 2022 의료법학 Vol.23 No.4

As social disasters occur under the Disaster Management Act, which can damage the people’s “life, body, and property” due to the rapid spread and spread of unexpected COVID-19 infectious diseases in 2020, information collected through inspection and reporting of infectious disease pathogens (Article 11), epidemiological investigation (Article 18), epidemiological investigation for vaccination (Article 29), artificial technology, and prevention policy Decision), (3) It was used as an important basis for decision-making in the context of an infectious disease crisis, such as promoting vaccination and understanding the current status of damage. In addition, medical policy decisions using infectious disease data contribute to quarantine policy decisions, information provision, drug development, and research technology development, and interest in the legal scope and limitations of using infectious disease data has increased worldwide. The use of infectious disease data can be classified for the purpose of spreading and blocking infectious diseases, prevention, management, and treatment of infectious diseases, and the use of information will be more widely made in the context of an infectious disease crisis. In particular, as the serious stage of the Disaster Management Act continues, the processing of personal identification information and sensitive information becomes an important issue. Information on “medical records, vaccination drugs, vaccination, underlying diseases, health rankings, long-term care recognition grades, pregnancy, etc.” needs to be interpreted. In the case of “prevention, management, and treatment of infectious diseases”, it is difficult to clearly define the concept of medical practicesThe types of actions are judged based on “legislative purposes, academic principles, expertise, and social norms,” but the balance of legal interests should be based on the need for data use in quarantine policies and urgent judgment in public health crises. Specifically, the speed and degree of transmission of infectious diseases in a crisis, whether the purpose can be achieved without processing sensitive information, whether it unfairly violates the interests of third parties or information subjects, and the effectiveness of introducing quarantine policies through processing sensitive information can be used as major evaluation factors. On the other hand, the collection, provision, and use of infectious disease data for research purposes will be used through pseudonym processing under the Personal Information Protection Act, consent under the Bioethics Act and deliberation by the Institutional Bioethics Committee, and data provision deliberation committee. Therefore, the use of research purposes is recognized as long as procedural validity is secured as it is reviewed by the pseudonym processing and data review committee, the consent of the information subject, and the institutional bioethics review committee. However, the burden on research managers should be reduced by clarifying the pseudonymization or anonymization procedures, the introduction or consent procedures of the comprehensive consent system and the opt-out system should be clearly prepared, and the procedure for re-identifying or securing security that may arise from technological development should be clearly defined. 2020년 예상하지 못한 형태의 COVID-19 감염병의 급속도로 전파․확산으로 국민의 “생명․신체․재산”에 피해를 줄 수 있는 재난관리법상 사회재난이 발생하면서, 감염병 병원체의 검사 및 발생 사실에 대한 신고 및 보고(제11조), 실태조사(제17조), 역학조사(제18조), 예방접종을 위한 역학조사(제29조) 등을 통하여 수집된 정보는 발전된 데이터 인식 및 처리 기술, 인공지능을 통한 학습 기술 등과 결합하여 (1) 의료자원 배분을 위한 정책적 근거 마련(병상배정, 방역물품 공급), (2) 감염병 확산 방지를 위한 방역 정책적 근거 마련(집합금지․영업제한 등 정책 결정, 확진자 발생 현황 예측을 위한 연구 및 정책 결정), (3) 예방접종 촉진 및 피해 현황 파악 등 감염병 위기 상황에서 의사결정의 중요한 근거로 활용되어 왔다. 이러한 감염병 데이터를 활용한 의료정책의 결정은 방역정책 결정, 정보제공, 의약품 개발 및 연구 기술 발전에 기여하여 왔으며, 국제적으로 감염병 데이터의 활용 법제 마련에 관한 논의가 증가하면서 감염병 데이터 활용의 법적 인정 범위와 한계에 대한 관심이 높아졌다. 감염병 데이터의 활용은 감염병 전파 및 확산 차단 목적, 감염병의 예방․관리․치료 업무 목적, 감염병 연구 목적으로 분류할 수 있으며, 정보의 활용은 감염병 위기 상황을 전제로 논의된다. 먼저 민감정보인 “진료기록, 예방접종약, 예방접종, 기저질환 유무, 건강순위, 장기요양인정등급, 임신여부 등”에 관한 정보의 경우, 업무 목적으로 수집․제공․활용하는 경우 개인정보보호법상 활용이 인정되는 “타법에서 정하는 업무” 범위에 대한 해석이 요구된다. “감염병 전파 및 확산 차단, 감염병의 예방․관리․치료” 목적의 업무수행의 경우 입법적으로 명확하게 사전에 규율하기 쉽지 않다. 따라서 이를 인정하기 위한 전제로 먼저 대법원 및 헌법재판소에서 의료행위의 개념을 명확하게 정의하기 어렵다는 부분을 차용할 수 있다. 따라서 현실적으로 구체적인 업무수행의 행위 유형은 후행적으로 “입법목적, 학문적 원리, 전문성, 사회통념”을 기준으로 판단하여 재량권의 일탈 또는 남용의 논리로 해석하게 된다. 목적 달성에 필요한 정보수집 대상의 확정, 수집 정보의 활용 방안의 한계 설정을 위하여 감염병으로 인한 공중보건 위기 상황에서 데이터 활용의 공익적 필요성이 있는지를 우선 판단하되 해당 정보의 활용이 정보주체나 제3자의 이익을 부당하게 침해하지 않았는지를 기준으로 판단한다. 이익형량의 세부 기준으로 위기 상황에서 감염병의 전파속도와 정도, 해당 민감정보의 처리 없이 목적달성을 할 수 있었는지, 민감정보의 처리를 통한 방역정책 도입의 효과성 등을 기준으로 판단하게 된다. 한편, 연구목적 감염병데이터의 수집․제공․활용은 원칙적으로 개인정보보호법상 가명처리, 생명윤리법상 동의와 기관생명윤리위원회의 심의, 국민건강보험공단 자료 활용 시 자료제공 심의위원회 절차를 거쳐 활용되게 된다. 따라서 가명처리 및 데이터심의위원회의 심의 또는 정보주체의 동의 및 기관생명윤리심의위원회의 심의를 거치므로 원칙적으로 절차적 타당성을 확보하는 한 연구목적 활용은 인정된다. 다만, 가명화 또는 익명화 절차를 명확히하여 연구책임자의 부담을 줄여야 하며, 포괄적 동의제도와 옵트아웃 제도의 도입 또는 동의 절차가 명확히 마련되어야 하며, 기술발...

감염병 위기대응과 보건의료 빅데이터 수집에 대한 법적 고찰

백경희,김자영 조선대학교 법학연구원 2021 法學論叢 Vol.28 No.1

The disaster situation caused by the spread of infectious diseases and the domestic influx of new overseas infectious diseases is called the infectious disease crisis. To deal with this, the national and local governments have established infectious disease crisis management measures and established concrete response systems. Of these, epidemiological surveys are to be used at the initial stage to prepare an infectious disease crisis response system and plans, and while experiencing the Corona 19 situation, epidemiological surveys are conducted with patients with Corona 19 infectious diseases and suspected infectious diseases. The utilization of medical big data and personal location information has been maximized by fusing information and communication technology as a means to confirm and monitor the flow line of the disease. In addition, it is possible to request and confirm the provision of personal information when necessary for the prevention of infectious diseases and the blocking of transmission of infectious diseases, and the construction and operation of an information system for the prevention and management of infectious diseases. Therefore, it is possible to collect personal information. In this way, a wide range of personal information is disclosed in the process of collecting and managing big data for health care in the process of responding to the crisis of infectious diseases, and there are cases where the original purpose is violated by the secondary processing of the disclosed information. On the other hand, South Korea's "Act on Prevention and Management of Infectious Diseases" imposes more punishment than Japan or the United States when it interferes with infectious disease crisis response activities such as epidemiological investigations. In actual cases, the court often sentenced them to imprisonment, even though they were the first offenders. However, the disclosure of information that defeats the purpose of responding to these related infectious disease crises cannot be justified unless the person who interferes with the infectious disease crisis response bears all responsibility for the failure to prevent epidemics. These should also not be overlooked by the constitutional right to health, personal freedom and privacy of the people our society should protect. Therefore, the utilization of health data also requires legislative and judicial considerations that can achieve a balance between infectious disease crisis response and individual human rights protection. 감염병의 확산 또는 해외 신종감염병의 국내 유입으로 인한 재난상황을 ‘감염병 위기’라 한다. 이에 대처하기 위하여 국가와 지방자치단체는 감염병 위기관리대책을 수립하고 구체적 대응체계를 마련하고 있다. 이 중 감염병 위기대응체계와 방안을 마련하기 위한 초기 단계에서 활용하는 것이 역학조사이고, 코로나19 사태를 겪으면서 역학조사는 코로나19 감염병환자등 및 감염병의심자의 동선을 확인하고 이를 감시하기 위한 수단으로 정보통신기술을 접목하면서 보건의료 빅데이터와 개인위치정보의 활용이 극대화되었다. 이외에도 감염병 예방 및 감염 전파의 차단을 위하여 필요한 경우 개인정보 제공의 요청과 확인을 할 수 있고, 감염병 예방 및 관리를 위한 정보시스템의 구축 및 운영을 위해 개인정보의 수집이 가능하다. 이와 같이 감염병 위기대응과정에서 보건의료 빅데이터를 수집·관리함에 있어 광범위한 개인정보가 공개되고 있고, 공개된 정보의 2차 가공으로 원래의 목적이 잠식되는 사례가 발생하고 있다. 한편 우리나라의 「감염병의 예방 및 관리에 관한 법률」은 역학조사 등 감염병 위기대응행위를 방해한 경우 일본이나 미국보다 처벌 수위가 가중되어 있다. 더구나 실제 사건에서 법원이 선고를 함에 있어서도 상당수가 초범임에도 불구하고 징역형을 선택하여 처벌하고 있다. 그러나 감염병 위기 대응을 방해한 자에게 방역 실패에 대한 모든 책임을 돌릴 수는 없기에, 이들과 관련된 감염병 위기대응의 목적을 벗어난 정보의 공개가 정당화될 수 없다. 이들 또한 우리 사회가 보호하여야 할 국민으로 그 건강권과 인신의 자유, 프라이버시권 또한 헌법에서 보장되는 기본권이라는 점을 간과하여서는 안 될 것이다. 따라서 보건의료 데이터의 활용에 있어서도 감염병 위기대응과 개인의 인권 보호 사이에 균형을 이룰 수 있는 입법과 사법적 고려가 필요하다.

코로나19 시대의 개인정보보호방안에 관한 연구

이주희 충북대학교 법학연구소 2020 과학기술과 법 Vol.11 No.2

Personal information and health information on Covid-19 patient of an infectious disease and person suspected of contracting an infectious disease are disclosed in accordance with Article 6 and Article 34-2 of the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act, and also the rights of the subject of personal information are excluded by Article 58 (1) 3 of the Personal Information Protection Act, even if the information is private data. So, the personal information of a patient of an infectious disease does not actually fall into the area of privacy protection. Consequently, this allows the state to obtain private information and that information is located outside the protected area of the Personal Information Protection Act. Eventually, conflict arises between the two laws: Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act that aims to improve the health of the people by stipulating the prevention and management of infectious diseases, and Personal Information Protection Act that aims to protect individual freedoms and rights and to realize individual dignity and values. Recognizing these issues, this article studied how personal information protection should be handled in a national disaster situation caused by an infectious disease. To this end, we researched the applicable provisions on the processing of personal information in national emergency situations such as Covid-19 (Ⅱ), reviewed, from a constitutional perspective, the regulations on the processing of personal information of citizens other than patient of an infectious disease and person suspected of contracting an infectious disease (Ⅲ), proposed a desirable method of handling public health information such as infectious diseases after reviewing the European Personal Information Protection Act, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which had the greatest impact on the amendment of the Personal Information Protection Act (Ⅳ), and finally researched how to best protect the rights of the subject of the personal information in national disasters such as Covid-19 (Ⅴ).