High-throughput Gene Expression Analysis to Investigate Host-pathogen Interaction in Avian Coccidiosis

Lillehoj Hyun, S. The Korean Society of Poultry Science 2007 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.34 No.1

Poultry products including meat and eggs constitute a major protein source in the American diet and disease-causing pathogens represent major challenges to the poultry industry. More than 95% of pathogens enter the host through the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts and over the past few decades, the two main mechanisms used to control diseases have been the use of vaccines and antibiotics. However, in the poultry industry, there are mounting concerns over the ability of current vaccines to adequately protect against emerging hyper-virulent strains of pathogens and a lack of suitable, cost effective adjuvants. Thorough investigation of the immunogenetic responses involved in host-pathogen interactions will lead to the development of new and effective strategies for improving poultry health, food safety and the economic viability of the US poultry industry. In this paper, I describe the development of immunogenomic and proteomic tools to fundamentally determine and characterize the immunological mechanisms of the avian host to economically significant mucosal pathogens such as Eimeria. Recent completion of poultry genome sequencing and the development of several tissue-specific cDNA libraries in chickens are facilitating the rapid application of functional immunogenomics in the poultry disease research. Furthermore, research involving functional genomics, immunology and bioinformatics is providing novel insights into the processes of disease and immunity to microbial pathogens at mucosal surfaces. In this presentation, a new strategy of global gene expression using avian macrophage (AMM) to characterize the multiple pathways related to the variable immune responses of the host to Eimeria is described. This functional immunogenomics approach will increase current understanding of how mucosal immunity to infectious agents operates, and how it may be enhanced to enable the rational development of new and effective strategies against coccidiosis and other mucosal pathogens.

Host-Pathogen Interactions Operative during Mycobacteroides abscessus Infection

Park Eun-Jin,Silwal Prashanta,조은경 대한면역학회 2021 Immune Network Vol.21 No.6

Mycobacteroides abscessus (previously Mycobacterium abscessus; Mabc), one of rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), is an important pathogen of NTM pulmonary diseases (NTM-PDs) in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Mabc infection is chronic and often challenging to treat due to drug resistance, motivating the development of new therapeutics. Despite this, there is a lack of understanding of the relationship between Mabc and the immune system. This review highlights recent progress in the molecular architecture of Mabc and host interactions. We discuss several microbial components that take advantage of host immune defenses, host defense pathways that can overcome Mabc pathogenesis, and how host-pathogen interactions determine the outcomes of Mabc infection. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions during Mabc infection will enable the identification of biomarkers and/or drugs to control immune pathogenesis and protect against NTM infection.

Saprolegnia parasitica Isolated from Rainbow Trout in Korea: Characterization, Anti-Saprolegnia Activity and Host Pathogen Interaction in Zebrafish Disease Model

( Sangyeop Shin ),( D. C. M. Kulatunga ),( S. H. S. Dananjaya ),( Chamilani Nikapitiya ),( Jehee Lee ),( Mahanama De Zoysa ) 한국균학회 2017 Mycobiology Vol.45 No.4

Saprolegniasis is one of the most devastating oomycete diseases in freshwater fish which is caused by species in the genus Saprolegnia including Saprolegnia parasitica. In this study, we isolated the strain of S. parasitica from diseased rainbow trout in Korea. Morphological and molecular based identification confirmed that isolated oomycete belongs to the member of S. parasitica, supported by its typical features including cotton-like mycelium, zoospores and phylogenetic analysis with internal transcribed spacer region. Pathogenicity of isolated S. parasitica was developed in embryo, juvenile, and adult zebrafish as a disease model. Host-pathogen interaction in adult zebrafish was investigated at transcriptional level. Upon infection with S. parasitica, pathogen/antigen recognition and signaling (TLR2, TLR4b, TLR5b, NOD1, and major histocompatibility complex class I), pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-6, IL-8, interferon γ, IL-12, and IL-10), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP9 and MMP13), cell surface molecules (CD8⁺ and CD4⁺) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase) related genes were differentially modulated at 3- and 12-hr post infection. As an anti-Saprolegnia agent, plant based lawsone was applied to investigate on the susceptibility of S. parasitica showing the minimum inhibitory concentration and percentage inhibition of radial growth as 200 μg/mL and 31.8%, respectively. Moreover, natural lawsone changed the membrane permeability of S. parasitica mycelium and caused irreversible damage and disintegration to the cellular membranes of S. parasitica. Transcriptional responses of the genes of S. parasitica mycelium exposed to lawsone were altered, indicating that lawsone could be a potential anti-S. parasitica agent for controlling S. parasitica infection.

The LC-MS/MS Based Multi-omics Analysis to Investigate Clostridioides difficile Infection Using in vitro Coculture Device, The Mimetic Intestinal Host-Microbe Interaction Coculture System, MIMICS

Ji-eun KWON,Sung-Huyn JO,Jae-Seung LEE,Hyo-Jin JEON,Ji-Hyeon PARK,Ye-Rim KIM,Min-Gyu KIM,Ji-Hyun BAEK,Yun-Gon KIM 한국생물공학회 2021 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

Clostridioides difficile is a gram-positive bacterium and is considered as an enteric pathogen. C. difficile colonizes the host with intestinal dysbiosis and produces virulence factors, Toxin A and B. Although the cytotoxicity of C. difficile has been well elucidated, the exact pathogenic mechanisms and biological pathways of C. difficile infection (CDI) are not yet clear. Here, we developed a CDI model using MIMICS to investigate C. difficile-host interactions throughout the early (12 hr) and later (48 hr) stages of infection. We also apply an LC-MS/MS-based multi-omics approach to study the physiological changes in CDI-induced gut epithelial cells at the molecular and cellular levels. The proteomic analysis confirmed that proteins involved in cellular responses such as stress, immune responses and DNA damage responses are upregulated at early stages of infection. In addition, a representative CDI phenotype has been identified in the late stage of the infection. Our in vitro CDI model and multi-omics approach not only provide a better understanding of host-anaerobic pathogen interactions but may also aid in the treatment of C. difficile and other anaerobic infections.

An antimicrobial protein of the <i>Riptortus pedestris</i> salivary gland was cleaved by a virulence factor of <i>Serratia marcescens</i>

Lee, Dong Jung,Lee, Jun Beom,Jang, Ho Am,Ferrandon, Dominique,Lee, Bok Luel Elsevier 2017 Developmental and comparative immunology Vol.67 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Recently, our group demonstrated that the bean bug, <I>Riptortus pedestris</I>, is a good experimental symbiosis model to study the molecular cross-talk between the host insect and the gut symbiont. The <I>Burkholderia</I> symbiont is orally acquired by host nymphs from the environment in every generation. However, it is still unclear how <I>Riptortus</I> specifically interacts with entomopathogens that are abundant in the environmental soil. In preliminary experiments, we observed that a potent entomopathogen, <I>Serratia marcescens</I>, can colonize the midgut of <I>Riptortus</I> insects and was recovered from the midgut when <I>Serratia</I> cells were orally administered, suggesting that this pathogenic bacterium can escape host immune defenses in the salivary fluid. We examined how orally fed <I>Serratia</I> cells can survive in the presence of antimicrobial substances of the <I>Riptortus</I> salivary fluid. In this study, a 15 kDa trialysin-like protein from the salivary gland of <I>R. pedestris</I> and a potent virulence factor of <I>Serratia</I> cells, a serralysin metalloprotease, from the culture medium of <I>S. marcescens</I> were successfully purified to homogeneity. When the purified <I>Riptortus</I> trialysin (rip-trialysin) was incubated with purified serralysin, rip-trialysin was specifically hydrolyzed by serralysin, leading to the loss of antimicrobial activity. These results clearly demonstrated that a potent virulent metalloprotease of <I>S. marcescens</I> functions as a key player in the escape from the salivary fluid-mediated host immune response, resulting in successful colonization of <I>S. marcescens</I> in the host midgut.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Salivary glands of insects contain some antimicrobial substances to protect the host. </LI> <LI> Two proteins, host antimicrobial peptides and pathogen virulence factor were purified. </LI> <LI> Antimicrobial peptides were specifically hydrolyzed by virulence factor. </LI> <LI> virulent factor can escape from the salivary fluid-mediated host immune response. </LI> </UL> </P>

Host-Pathogen Dialogues in Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Necrosis during Mycobacterial Infection

김진경,Prashanta Silwal,조은경 대한면역학회 2020 Immune Network Vol.20 No.5

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an etiologic pathogen of human tuberculosis (TB), a serious infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality. In addition, the threat of drug resistance in anti-TB therapy is of global concern. Despite this, it remains urgent to research for understanding the molecular nature of dynamic interactions between host and pathogens during TB infection. While Mtb evasion from phagolysosomal acidification is a well-known virulence mechanism, the molecular events to promote intracellular parasitism remains elusive. To combat intracellular Mtb infection, several defensive processes, including autophagy and apoptosis, are activated. In addition, Mtb-ingested phagocytes trigger inflammation, and undergo necrotic cell death, potentially harmful responses in case of uncontrolled pathological condition. In this review, we focus on Mtb evasion from phagosomal acidification, and Mtb interaction with host autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. Elucidation of the molecular dialogue will shed light on Mtb pathogenesis, host defense, and development of new paradigms of therapeutics.

Host-Pathogen Interactions in Urinary Tract Infections

고영휘,최재영,송필현 대한요로생식기감염학회 2019 Urogenital Tract Infection Vol.14 No.3

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are classified by the host condition. Uncomplicated infections are caused most commonly by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and affect otherwise healthy people, whereas complicated infections are com-monly caused by species, such as Proteus mirabilis, and affect patients with under-lying difficulties, such as a urinary tract abnormality or catheterization. The outcome of infection caused by these bacteria is dictated by the immune response to the UTI and the host factors that influence the susceptibility to disease. This review focuses on the host pathogen interactions in UTI, including an identification of additional virulence factors and therapeutic or prophylactic targets, particularly by UPEC and P. mirabilis.

Changes in Endophyte Communities across the Different Plant Compartments in Response to the Rice Blast Infection

Mehwish Roy,Sravanthi Goud Burragoni,Junhyun Jeon The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2024 Korean journal of plant pathology Vol.40 No.3

The rice blast disease, caused by the fungal pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae), poses a significant threat to the global rice production. Understanding how this disease impacts the plant's microbial communities is crucial for gaining insights into host-pathogen interactions. In this study, we investigated the changes in communities of bacterial and fungal endophytes inhabiting different compartments in healthy and diseased plants. We found that both alpha and beta diversities of endophytic communities do not change significantly by the pathogen infection. Rather, the type of plant compartment appeared to be the main driver of endophytic community structures. Although the overall structure seemed to be consistent between healthy and diseased plants, our analysis of differentially abundant taxa revealed the specific bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic units that exhibited enrichment in the root and leaf compartments of infected plants. These findings suggest that endophyte communities are robust to the changes at the early stage of pathogen infection, and that some of endophytes enriched in infected plants might have roles in the defense against the pathogen.

Insect host-pathogen interaction: Signaling pathway for antimicrobial peptides production

Yong Hun Jo 한국응용곤충학회 2024 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2024 No.04

It is well known that invertebrates do not have adaptive immunity because of their short life cycle. Especially, insects have a strong innate immune system, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) production, to protect themselves from a wide range of pathogens. Previously, we identified over 60 genes related to AMP production, including Toll and Imd pathways, and characterized their immunological role in response to pathogenic infection through target gene-specific RNAi. This resulted in decreased expression levels of most AMPs in the larvae which were injected with target gene-specific dsRNA and microbes. Currently, we are focusing on studying the regulation of AMP production through epigenesis. It may help us understand how to regulate the innate immune system induced by pathogenic infection.

Innate immune response to oral bacteria and the immune evasive characteristics of periodontal pathogens

Ji, Suk,Choi, Youngnim Korean Academy of Periodontology 2013 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.43 No.1

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation of periodontal tissue caused by subgingival plaque-associated bacteria. Periodontitis has long been understood to be the result of an excessive host response to plaque bacteria. In addition, periodontal pathogens have been regarded as the causative agents that induce a hyperinflammatory response from the host. In this brief review, host-microbe interaction of nonperiodontopathic versus periodontopathic bacteria with innate immune components encountered in the gingival sulcus will be described. In particular, we will describe the susceptibility of these microbes to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and phagocytosis by neutrophils, the induction of tissue-destructive mediators from neutrophils, the induction of AMPs and interleukin (IL)-8 from gingival epithelial cells, and the pattern recognition receptors that mediate the regulation of AMPs and IL-8 in gingival epithelial cells. This review indicates that true periodontal pathogens are poor activators/suppressors of a host immune response, and they evade host defense mechanisms.