고빈도 거래 등을 이용한 불공정거래 관련 해외 감독 당국의 규제 동향

고재종 한국기업법학회 2019 企業法硏究 Vol.33 No.1

High frequecy trade rates in each country are gradually increasing. The U.S. reached the peaks about 60 percent of the global stock market in 2009. Since then, the figure has decreased slightly due to the financial crisis, maintaining 50 percent from 2013 to 2015, and slightly increasing from 2016, maintaining about 53 percent in 2017. In compliance with standard of Europe of May 2013, the rate of high frequency trade accounted for 58% of the total European stock market, 44% of the London Stock Exchange, 33% of the Deutsche Börse, 50% of Euronext Paris and 76% of the BATS Europe. In 2016 of the Tokyo Stock Exchange, high frequency trade has a 40-50% share of total contracts numbers, about 70 percent of the total order numbers. These high frequency trade have the advantages of continuously liquidity supplying to the stock market, promoting the revitalization of securities trading, and reducing transaction costs. On the other hand, because of asymmetry and imbalance of information between individual investors and high frequency traders, predatory trading methods, and sudden stock price, the indivual investors have caused a great deal of confusion in the stock market. Korea is also pointing out the problem of the high-frequency trading through large securities companies which is increasingly serious about the amounts of the high-frequency trading. Individual investors posted the petition on the presidential office's bulletin board on September 26, 2018 as “the demand on the legal sanction of Merrill Lynch Securities related the price manipulation of market. Therefore, in this paper, I will intend to devise measures to improve our country's legal system by looking at the status of unfair high-frequency trading and the regulatory trends of each country on it. First, in Chapter 2, I will look at unfair competition in high-frequency trading. Secondly, in Chapter 3, I will look at the types and related cases of unfair high-frequency trading, and in Chapter 4, I will look at the regulatory trends of the U.S., EU and Japanese regulators on these unfair high-frequency transactions. In the last chapter, through a review of this, I will point out the problems of the current legal system and improvement methods of it in Korea. 각국의 고빈도 거래가 점차 증가하고 있다. 미국은 2009년 글로벌 증권시장에서 거래량의 약 60%를 상회하여 정점을 보인 이후 금융위기 등으로 약간 감소하여 2013년-2015년 50%, 이후 약간씩 증가세를 보여, 2017년 약 53% 정도를 유지하고 있다. 유럽은 2013년 5월을 기준으로 유럽 주식시장 전체의 58%, 런던 증권거래소(London Stock Exchange)의 44%, 독일 증권거래소(Deutsche Börse)의 33%, 유로넥스트 파리(Euronext Paris)의 50%, 밧트 유럽(BATS Europe)의 76%를 차지하였다. 일본은 2016년 동경증권 거래소(東京証券取引所)의 경우 약정 건수 베이스로 4-5할 정도, 주문 건수 베이스로 7할 정도를 차지하였다. 이러한 고빈도 거래는 증권시장에 지속적으로 유동성을 공급하고, 증권거래의 활성화를 도모하며, 거래 비용을 줄일 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 반면 개인투자자와 고빈도 거래자 사이의 정보의 비대칭·불균형성, 약탈적 매매 방식, 갑작스런 주가폭락 사태 등으로 증권시장에 혼란을 초래할 수 있다는 단점도 있다. 우리나라도 2018년 9월 26일 청와대 국민청원 게시판에 ‘주가 시세조종 메릴린치 증권사 제재 요청’이라는 게시글을 통하여 대형 증권사 창구를 통한 고빈도 단타매매의 문제점을 지적하는 등 고빈도 거래의 심각성이 점차 증가하고 있다. 이에 본 논문은 고빈도 거래의 부정적인 측면, 특히 불공정한 고빈도 거래의 실태 및 그에 대한 각국의 규제 동향을 살펴봄으로써 우리나라의 법제도의 개선방안을 마련하고자 하였다. 먼저, 제2장에서는 고빈도 거래에서의 불공정 경쟁성에 대하여 살펴보고, 제3장에서는 불공정한 고빈도 거래 유형 및 관련 사례를, 제4장에서는 이러한 불공정 고빈도 거래에 대한 미국, EU, 일본의 감독 당국의 규제 동향을 살펴보았다. 마지막 제5장에서는 이에 대한 검토를 통하여 현행 우리나라 법제도의 문제점을 지적하면서 그에 대한 개선 방안을 제시하였다.

구조물 및 기기의 내진성능 평가를 위한 고주파수 지진에 의한 원자력발전소의 지진응답 증폭계수

임승현,최인길,전법규,곽신영,Eem, Seung-Hyun,Choi, In-Kil,Jeon, Bub-Gyu,Kwag, Shinyoung 한국지진공학회 2020 한국지진공학회논문집 Vol.24 No.3

Analysis of the 2016 Gyeongju earthquake and the 2017 Pohang earthquake showed the characteristics of a typical high-frequency earthquake with many high-frequency components, short time strong motion duration, and large peak ground acceleration relative to the magnitude of the earthquake. Domestic nuclear power plants were designed and evaluated based on NRC's Regulatory Guide 1.60 design response spectrum, which had a great deal of energy in the low-frequency range. Therefore, nuclear power plants should carry out seismic verification and seismic performance evaluation of systems, structures, and components by reflecting the domestic characteristics of earthquakes. In this study, high-frequency amplification factors that can be used for seismic verification and seismic performance evaluation of nuclear power plant systems, structures, and equipment were analyzed. In order to analyze the high-frequency amplification factor, five sets of seismic time history were generated, which were matched with the uniform hazard response spectrum to reflect the characteristics of domestic earthquake motion. The nuclear power plant was subjected to seismic analysis for the construction of the Korean standard nuclear power plant, OPR1000, which is a reactor building, an auxiliary building assembly, a component cooling water heat exchanger building, and an essential service water building. Based on the results of the seismic analysis, a high-frequency amplification factor was derived upon the calculation of the floor response spectrum of the important locations of nuclear power plants. The high-frequency amplification factor can be effectively used for the seismic verification and seismic performance evaluation of electric equipment which are sensitive to high-frequency earthquakes.

High Frequency Torque Pulsation Suppression Strategy for Dual Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Sensorless Control Based on Dual High Frequency Square Wave Injection Method

Zhou Qixun,Ma Ping’an,Gong Hao,Wang Pei,Du Guanghui 대한전기학회 2023 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.18 No.5

To address the problem of high frequency torque pulsation in the zero-low-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) sensorless control by the high frequency square wave injection method, a torque pulsation suppression strategy based on the dual high frequency square wave injection method for the dual-winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (DW-PMSM) sensorless control is proposed. A high-frequency mathematical model of the PMSM is established, and the analytical relationship between the torque pulsation and the injection signal is analyzed. For a surface mounted DW-PMSM with two windings differing in γ electrical angle, the general form of the square wave signal that should be injected into the second winding is derived based on the position relationship between the two windings when the first winding is injected with a high-frequency square wave, with the objective of minimizing the equivalent high-frequency torque generated. The rotor position estimation error contained in the high-frequency signals of the two windings is extracted, and the rotor position estimation accuracy is improved by tracking the rotor position using a luenberger observer with the goal of minimizing the error. Simulation and experimental results show that the method is able to reduce torque pulsation by more than 50% and improve rotor position estimation accuracy by more than 4 times.

Advanced Induction Heating Equipment using Dual Mode PWM-PDM Controlled Series Load Resonant Tank High Frequency Inverters

Soon-Kurl Kwon,Khairy Fathy,Mutsuo Nakaoka 전력전자학회 2007 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.7 No.3

In this paper, a novel type auxiliary active edge resonant snubber assisted zero current soft switching pulse modulation Single-Ended Push Pull (SEPP) series load resonant inverter using IGBT power modules is proposed for cost effective consumer high-frequency induction heating (IH) appliances. Its operating principle in steady state is described by using each switching modes equivalent operating circuits. The new multi resonant high-frequency inverter with series load resonance and edge resonance can regulate its high frequency output power under a condition of a constant frequency zero current soft switching (ZCS) commutation principle on the basis of the asymmetrical pulse width modulation (PWM) control scheme. Brand-new consumer IH products using the proposed ZCS-PWM series load resonant SEPP high-frequency inverter using IGBTs is evaluated and discussed as compared with conventional high-frequency inverters on the basis of experimental results. In order to extend ZCS operation ranges under a low power setting PWM as well as to improve efficiency, the high frequency pulse density modulation (PDM) strategy is demonstrated for high frequency multi-resonant inverters. Its practical effectiveness is substantially proved from an application point of view.

日韓両言語における 高頻度外来語の使用実態に関する対照研究 - 9年間(2013年から2021年まで)の新聞社説を基に -

岸本まりこ,손동주 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2022 인문사회과학연구 Vol.23 No.4

In this study, both Korean and Japanese newspaper editorials were investigated, and foreign words in the editorials were manually extracted and investigated for 9 years (2013-2021). In this survey, the number of samples is '(Japanese) 5,912: (Korea) 8,056' and the total number of characters is '(Japanese) 5,379,282: (Korea) 8,744,398'. Among the top 100 words of 'high frequency foreign words' in the two languages, there were 48 'overlapping words' in the two languages. As for the characteristics of loanwords with high frequency, words related to current affairs or international affairs were concentrated from 1st to 20th. And there were 52 'non-overlapping words'. The characteristics of 'non-overlapping words' were loan words with high frequency in one language and low frequency in another language. '(Language A) loan words with high frequency:((Language B) loan words with low frequency' were defined as 'non-overlapping words' and analyzed. Based on this definition, attention was paid to differences in fish species as a non-overlapping factor. As a result, 26 Japanese words and 16 Korean words were selected as 'words to be analyzed'. Of the 26 words analyzed in Japanese, 25 were foreign words with high frequency. One word, 'Breirki (74):歯止め (190)', had a high occurrence rate of non-loan terms (Japanese native words), and both were '~がかかる'. There was also a commonality used in idiomatic expressions in the form of '/~をかける'. On the other hand, in the Korean language, 13 out of 16 were foreign words with high frequency. It was high. The editorial genre covers a lot of words related to current events and international affairs. It's resolved. 본 논문의 연구는 한일 양 언어의 신문사설을 조사대상으로 하여 수작업으로 9년간(2013-2021) 사설에 있는 외래어를 추출조사를 하였다. 본 조사에서 표본은 사설수‘(일) 5,912개:(한)8,056개’이고 총 문자수는 ‘(일) 5,379,282개: (한) 8,744,398개’이였다. 양 언어에서‘고빈도 외래어’상위 100개 단어에서 양 언어가‘중복하는 단어’는 48개이였다. 고빈도 외래어의 특징으로는 시사나 국제정세와 관련된 단어가 상위 1위에서 20위까지 집중해 있었다. 그리고 '중복되지 않는 단어'는 52개이였다. '중복되지 않는 단어'의 특징은 한 언어에서는 고빈도 외래어이나 다른 언어에서는 중빈도 또는 저빈도 외래어였다. '중복되지 않는 단어'에서 '(언어A)고빈도 외래어: (언어B) 저빈도 외래어' 라고 정의하여 분석을 하였다. 이 정의를 기초로하여 중복되지 않은 요인으로 어종의 차이에 주목하였다. 그 결과로 '분석 대상어'로 일본어 26개, 한국어 16개 단어를 선정하였다. 일본어에 있어서 분석 대상어 26개 중 25개는 고빈도 외래어였지만 1개 ‘ブレーキ(74개):歯止め(190개)’에 대해서는 외래어 이외의 어종(일본고유어)의 출현이 높았고 양쪽 모두‘~がかかる/~をかける’의 형태로 관용표현에 이용되는 공통점도 보였다. 한편 한국어에서는 16개 중 13개는 고빈도 외래어였지만 다음의 3개‘네거티브(40개):부정적(241개),이슈(70개):쟁점(153개),캠프(41개):진영(210개)’는 한자어 출현이 높았다.사설이라는 장르는 시사 국제정세와 관련된 단어가 많이 다루어지며 양 언어 모두 사설에서 외래어를 사용했는지 또는 한자어가 사용되었는지 다시 말해 사용하고 있는 단어의 어종의 차이로 외래어가 정착했는지에 대해 해명하였다.

Detection and Grading of Early-Stage Cochlear Damage in Land Hunters by Comparison of Extended High-Frequency Audiograms with Conventional High-Frequency Audiograms

Tinazli Remzi,Tinazli Mehtap 대한청각학회 2022 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.26 No.2

Background and Objectives: Firearms used by hunters produce intermittent loud noises. These sounds, which are above the safe limits set by the World Health Organization, can cause cochlear damage. Detection of cochlear damage at an early stage, before clinical complaints appear, will enable serious treatment measures.Subjects and Methods: A total of 105 male hunters without hearing complaints and 45 controls who were not exposed to loud noise were compared and investigated. Extended high-frequency audiograms and conventional audiograms were used to compare the groups.Results: The problem detection rates of conventional high-frequency audiometry, extended high-frequency audiometry, and both tests together were 59.1, 78.1, and 82.9%, respectively. There was no statistical difference between audiometric values at the extended high-frequency and at the acoustic notch at 4 kHz. When the extended high-frequency audiogram was grouped, values at the frequencies of 16, 14, and 12 kHz were affected before that at the acoustic notch at 4 kHz.Conclusions: The results of our study indicate that hearing at extended high frequencies was affected before that at conventional high frequencies in individuals exposed to intermittent loud sounds. The first affected extended high frequencies were 16, 14, and 12 kHz. Although there was no statistically significant relationship between values at the notch and at extended high frequencies, the presence of a notch at 4 kHz, provided that 8 kHz is normal, may indicate a later stage of damage.

5[kW]급 풀-브릿지 고주파 공진형 인버터를 이용한 고효율 유도가열 히터 개발

신대철,권혁민 전력전자학회 2005 전력전자학회 논문지 Vol.10 No.5

Proposed induction-heated system is innovative system which applied special high-frequency power circuit technique for thermal converse technique and IH(Induction-Heating) magnetic induction heating generated from induction-heated metallic package that is for distillation unit. In this occurs not burning, so that the working environment can be improved. This electromagnetic induction heating technique is used high frequency inverter. By using high frequency inverter high frequency alternative current in the range of [kHz] can be made with conventional alternative current. In this contribution IGBT module is used for high frequency inverter. This paper proposes new fluid heating method. Which is operated as follows. Working coil, which is wrapped outside of pipeline, makes the eddy current. Inside of heating vessel in isolated pipeline the specially designed stainless metallic package is inserted, which can be heated by eddy current losses. And then In this paper are discussed action analysis and characteristics analysis of 5[kW] class full-bridge resonant inverter system and resonant metallic package. In addition, by using this system, how high-efficiency heater is developed and application of system are also discussed. 제안한 유도가열 시스템은 증류탑 장치에 사용되는 특수충진체에 의한 열교환기술과 IH(Induction-Heating)전자유도가열용의 특수한 고주파 전력회로 기술을 응용한 차세대 가열방식이다. 특히 일체의 연소과정이 없다는 점에서 작업환경의 개선이 가능하며 본 기술은 IGBT대응의 고주파 인버터를 사용하여 상용교류로부터 수[kHz]의 고주파교류를 발생시킬 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 절연체 용기 내에 특수 스텐레스 발열체부하를 수납하여 용기 외부의 고주파 공진형 인버터 접속의 워킹코일로부터 비접촉 상태로 전자유도 와전류를 구조체에 흘림으로서 발열하게 되는 새로운 유체가열방식을 제안한다. 그리고 5[kW]급 풀-브릿지 공진형 인버터 시스템과 공진부하의 동작해석, 특성분석 및 본 시스템을 이용한 고효율 스팀 발생장치의 개발과 시스템의 응용에 대해 논하였다.

고주파수 난청 환자에서 보청기의 비선형 주파수 압축 기술의 임상적 초기 경험

김진률,박희성,진선화,박우리,조영상,홍성화,문일준 대한이비인후과학회 2016 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.59 No.2

Background and Objectives Consonants are uttered in the high frequency range in speech to bring out understanding of our language. As consonants convey most of the word information, listeners with high-frequency hearing loss find it hard to understand speech. Non-linear frequency compression (NLFC) technology compresses and moves higher frequencies into a lower frequency region where better residual hearing is present. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical effectiveness of NLFC technology in patients with high-frequency hearing loss. Subjects and Method Twelve ears representing patients with sloping, high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss were involved in this study. Pure-tone audiometry and Threshold Equalizing Noise Test were conducted initially in all subjects. The subjects were tested in the counter-balanced order, and had two months of everyday experience with NLFC on/off before testing took place. A resting period intervened the two phases. Performance was repeatedly evaluated with Sound Field Audiometry, Word Recognition Score, Reception Threshold for Sentences and Korean version of International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids. Results Cochlear dead region was detected on 4 kHz of both ears in only one subject. Each subject showed diverse performance and satisfaction with active NLFC condition. Typically, audibility of high-frequency pure-tones improved with NLFC-on condition. However, speech perception both in quiet and noise was not much improved when compared with NLFC-off condition. Conclusion The NLFC technology could improve audibility in high-frequency, but failed to demonstrate benefits regarding speech perception. Further research is needed to validate the effectiveness of the NLFC technology especially in terms of speech intelligibility. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2016;59(2):96-103

실생활 소음 분석을 통한 강인한 고주파 영역 검출

정명범(Myoungbeom Chung) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2017 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.22 No.1

Recently, there are various researches using inaudible high frequencies like as wireless communication based smart devices, data transmission algorithm, indoor positioning trace technologies. However, when they use high frequencies of inaudible range, they have a problem that the accuracy of data transmission with high frequencies was low because of interference from ambient noise in our real life. To solve this problem, in this paper, we proposed an application based on smart phone and server system for collection of ambient noise and detection of robust high frequency range. The server system could detect the robust high frequency range from statistical analysis of collected noise and the robust high frequency could avoid interference from ambient noise. We tested the proposed application’s ability to gather noise and high frequencies for a certain period of time to evaluate performance. According to the testing results, we confirmed that the proposed application and server system could detect a robust high-frequency range via noise analysis in real life. Therefore, the proposed application and server could be a useful technology for future research on inaudible high frequencies.

소음 노출 유무에 따른 확장 고주파수의 청력역치

김남정,권중근,이지호 大韓産業醫學會 2008 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.20 No.2

목적: 2년에 걸쳐 수집한 자료를 바탕으로 한 단면적 연구를 이용하여 직업적 소음 노출 근로자와 비노출 근로 자들의 청력 역치를 통상적 주파수와 확장 고주파수를 비교해봄으로써 확장 고주파수가 소음성 난청을 진단하고 예측하는데 유용한 방법인지를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 2004∼2005년까지 2년 동안 일개지역소재 제조 업체에서 근무하는 20세에서 59세의 근로자 354명(708 귀)에 대해 이경검사 및 문진을 통해 귀질환의 과거력 유무와 건강진단의 내용을 파악하였으며 ,분석에 적합한 330명(G60귀)에 대해 85.0 dBA를 기준으로 소음 노출군과 비노출군으로 크게 분류하였다. 주파수별로 직업적 소음 노출 유무,연령군 군대 소음 노출,이명 유무에 따른 청력역치의 비교를 위해 t-test,ANOVA를 실시 하였고,확장 고주파수의 청력역치 변화에 영향을 미치는 변수의 영향을 파악하고자 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 직업적 소음에 노출되었을 때 250 Hz∼16000Hz의 전 주파수가 청력저하를 보였고, 250 Hz,1000H 를 제외한 2000 Hz∼16000 Hz에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 각 연령별로 소음 노출 유무에 따라 청력 역치를 비교해 본 결과 30대에서는 3000∼14000 Hz에서 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 40대에서는 3000∼8000 Hz에서 50대에서는 2000∼6000 Hz에서 소음 노출군의 청력역치가 유의하게 증가되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 군대 소음 노출력을 가진 대상자의 청력역치가 증가되었고,이명을 호소한 군의 청력역치가 증가되었으며,소음 취미 여부에 따른 청력역치는 소음 비노출군에서는 소음 취미가 없는 군의 청력역치가 2000∼16000 Hz에서 유의하게 증가되었다. 확장 고주파수인 10000 Hz, 12000 Hz, 14000 Hz 및 16000 Hz의 역치를 종속변수로 두고 연령,혈압,공복 시 혈당,콜레스테롤,직업적 소음 노출,군대 소음,소음 취미,보호구 작용,이명, 음주,흡연 유무를 독립변수로 한 다중회귀분석을 한 결과 연령이 많을수록,이명이 있는 경우,군대 소음에 노출된 경우 확장 고주파수의 역치 증가에 영향을 마쳤으며,소음 취미,흡연,청력보호구 등은 음의 회귀값을 나타내어 소음 취미가 없는 사람,흡연자 및 청력보호구 착용을 잘 하는 대상에서 역치가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 직업적 소음 노출 유무의 경우 14000 Hz가 소음 노출에 의한 영향을 유의하게 반영하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 근로자들이 소음에 노출되어 청력저하를 일으키기 전 일상적 청력겸사의 초기진단과 추적검사 방법으로 확장 고주파수의 영역도 그 이용에 타당성이 있을 것으로 판단된다. 향후 직업적 소음 노출에 의해 손상이 유발되는 주파수의 선후 관계와 범위를 파악하기 위한 후속 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 보인다. Objectives: To determine how extended high frequency is affected by noise exposure and other factors that maybe have adverse effects. Methods: Pure tone audiometry for usual frequencies (250-8000 Hz) and extended high frequencies (1000-16000 Hz) was conducted for 331 workers at a manufacturing company from 2004 to 2005. History of noise exposure, military service, tinnitus, alcohol drinking, smoking, ear diseases, and noisy hobbies were taken by interview. T-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression was conducted according to the frequency to evaluate the factors that could affect extended high frequency hearing. Results: The noise-exposed group had significantly poorer hearing than the noise-unexposed in the frequency range 2000-16000 Hz. The hearing deteriorated with increasing age through all the frequencies. High frequency hearing of 14000 Hz was significantly worse in the noise-exposed group in their 30s. Noise exposure during military service had a bad effect on hearing, especially for the noise-unexposed group. Tinnitus was associated with poorer hearing in both noise-exposed and noise-unexposed groups. Workers with noisy hobbies exhibited better hearing in the noise-unexposed group, contrary to our expectation. Extended high-frequency hearing was affected by aging, ear protection, and noisy hobbies. In extended high frequency, 14000 Hz was especially related with noise exposure history. Conclusions: Extended high frequency, especially 14000 Hz, could be used as an indicator of noise-induced hearing loss and should be considered as a screening test for workers in noisy environments.