국방조직에서의 성-고정관념과 여성군무원에 대한 평가 : 남녀 시각차이를 중심으로

원숙연 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 2012 여성학논집 Vol.29 No.1

There is an increase in female officials into military organizations identified as masculinity not only in terms of sex ratio, but also in terms of work identity. Under the context, this study starts with the recognition that women will be suffered from negative evaluation based on sex role stereotypes and sexist treatment, in spite of female participation in military organizations, without any changes in prevailed gender role stereotypes, appreciating masculinity. Based on the recognition, this study addresses the following questions; To what extent is sexist recognition shared in military organizations? To what extent are measures for gender equality accepted in military organizations dominated by masculinity? How are female military officials perceived in comparison to male military officials? In what ways do the gender differences in perception of female military officials exist? What are their gendered implications? In order to do so, this study conducts survey with 351 military officials in military organizations consists of the army, the navy, the air force and Department of National Defense. Findings are the follow. Firstly, regarding gender role stereotypes, perception of measures for gender equality, and ability of female military officials, there are big perception gaps between female and male military officials. In particular, male show a strongly gender typed perception in comparison between men and women. They show the fact that gender typed evaluation is still tenacious, in spite of change in social recognition of gender role, gender sensitive education, women's advancement in diverse sphere and so on. Secondly, gender difference in recognition of measures for gender equality is relatively low in comparison to gender stereotypes. However, concerning affirmative action, male show comparatively negative perception. That is mainly because of the nature of affirmative action as a redistributive measure impling zero sum relations between female and male. Thirdly, men show relatively positive perception of cultural adaptation of female military official to masculine culture, whereas female show difficulties of adaption to the masculine culture. Lastly, male identify the main role of female military officials as supporters or assistants. Naturally, they do not think any relation between power(or decision making) and female military officials. Gendered implications of the findings are deeply discussed. 본 연구는 구성원의 남녀비율이나 업무의 정체성 모두 ‘남성적’으로 규정되는 국방조직을 대상으로 다음의 물음에 대한 답을 찾는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 국방조직에서 성차별적 인식의 구조는 어떠한가? 남성이 지배적인 국방조직에 여성이 증가함에 따라 필요한 조치나 제도에 대한 용인의 정도는 어떠한가? 함께 일하는 여성에 대한 일반적인 평가 및 업무방식에 대한 평가는 어떠한가? 이러한 인식이나 평가에 있어서 남성과 여성 간 차이는 어떤 방식으로 존재하는가? 이를 위해 본 연구는 낮은 접근성에도 불구하고, 국방조직에 근무하는 351명의 남녀 군무원을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 성-고정관념 및 성-평등의식, 여성군무원에 대한 일반적 평가와 구체적인 평가 모두에서 성별차이가 현격하게 존재하였다. 특히, 남성은 성-고정관념 중 남녀 간 우열에 강한 동의를 표하였으며, 여성자체에 대한 평가보다는 여성과 남성에 대한 비교에서 더 고정관념적 평가를 하였다. 둘째, 성-평등 실현을 위한 방안에 대한 남녀 간 인식의 차이는 성-고정관념에 비해서는 낮게 나타났다. 다만, 남성은 여성을 대상으로 한 적극적 조치에 대해서는 소극적인 입장을 보였는데, 이는 적극적 조치가 남성이해를 침해할지도 모른다는 우려가 반영된 것으로 보인다. 셋째, 남성은 여성군무원의 조직문화적응능력을 긍정적으로 평가한 데 반해 여성은 남성문화에의 적응을 상대적으로 낮게 평가하였다. 또한, 남성은 여군무원의 증원필요성에 대해 상대적으로 부정적인 인식을 보였고, 권력과 연계된 여성군무원의 통제력을 상대적으로 약하게 평가하였다.

한국사회 젠더갈등인식에 관한 탐색적 연구: 성별 조절효과를 중심으로

류연규(Yunkyu Ryu),김영미(Young-Mi Kim) 한국사회정책학회 2019 한국사회정책 Vol.26 No.4

이 연구는 최근 한국사회에서 증폭되고 있는 젠더갈등 현상에 주목해, 젠더갈등에 대한 사회구성원들의 인식수준, 인식의 지형과 균열지점, 인식에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 탐색적 차원에서 규명하고자 하였다. 첫째, 누가 젠더갈등을 심각하게 인식하는지 분석한 결과, 20대가 다른 연령대에 비해, 보수성향이 중도성향에 비해, 평등하고 진보적인 성역할태도를 가질수록, 젠더불평등인식수준이 높을수록, 성차별경험이 많을수록 젠더갈등을 심각하게 인식했다. 둘째, 젠더불평등인식, 성차별경험과 젠더갈등인식의 관계에서 성별의 조절효과를 확인했다. 남녀를 구분해 분석한 결과, 여성은 젠더불평등인식이 높을수록, 성차별경험이 많을수록 젠더갈등을 심각하게 인식했다. 이에 반해 남성의 젠더갈등인식은 젠더불평등인식, 성차별경험과 무관했고, 20대, 대졸이상, 보수적 정치성향, 평등한 성역할태도를 가진 남성이 젠더갈등을 심각하게 인식하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 현재 증폭되고 있는 젠더갈등 현상을 이해하기 위해 개인의 젠더불평등인식, 성차별경험 등 다양한 사회경제적 특성에 대한 이해가 선행되어야 하고, 성별에 따라 다른 갈등해소 전략이 필요함을 실증적으로 규명하였다. This study explores the factors influencing gender conflict perception in Korea, where amplifying gender conflict has been experienced recently. The results of this study are as follows. First, the factors of gender conflict perception are gender inequality perception, experiences of sexual discrimination, conservative ideology, and young generation of twenties. Secondly, gender is a moderator of gender inequality perception and experiences of sexual discrimination. Women perceive more gender conflict as they perceive more gender inequality or experiences more sexism. On the other hand, men perceive more gender conflict as they are in 20s while gender conflict perception and sexual discrimination experiences are not statistically significant. The implication of this study is to empirically reveal the factors of gender conflict perception are gender conflict perception and sexual discrimination experiences and to suggest the strategies to settle the gender conflict being differed by gender.

대학생의 자아존중감, 성역할태도와 가족기능이 결혼관에 미치는 영향

백경숙,김효숙 한국아동가족복지학회 2013 한국가족복지학 Vol.18 No.3

This study examined the effects of university students' self-esteem, gender-role attitudes, and family functioning on their perceptions of marriage. Data were collected from 453 university students enrolled in K University, located in Daegu. Questionnaire measurements were based on recommendations from a literature review. The questionnaire included scales on the self-esteem, gender-role attitudes, family functioning, and perceptions of marriage. The major findings of this study are as follows. The university students showed high levels of self-esteem and egalitarian gender-role attitudes. They also reported high levels of family functioning and conservative perceptions of marriage. They showed gender differences in their levels of self-esteem and their gender-role attitudes, family functioning characteristics, and in their perceptions of marriage. Also, serial hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that students' gender, family income, mothers’ level of education, whether or not they were in a romantic relationship, self-esteem, gender-role attitudes, and family functioning characteristics significantly predicted their perceptions of marriage. This study examined the effects of university students' self-esteem, gender-role attitudes, and family functioning on their perceptions of marriage. Data were collected from 453 university students enrolled in K University, located in Daegu. Questionnaire measurements were based on recommendations from a literature review. The questionnaire included scales on the self-esteem, gender-role attitudes, family functioning, and perceptions of marriage. The major findings of this study are as follows. The university students showed high levels of self-esteem and egalitarian gender-role attitudes. They also reported high levels of family functioning and conservative perceptions of marriage. They showed gender differences in their levels of self-esteem and their gender-role attitudes, family functioning characteristics, and in their perceptions of marriage. Also, serial hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that students' gender, family income, mothers’ level of education, whether or not they were in a romantic relationship, self-esteem, gender-role attitudes, and family functioning characteristics significantly predicted their perceptions of marriage.

복합문화공간 이미지 평가에 나타난 성별 감성특성

최계영 한국실내디자인학회 2022 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.31 No.2

This study conducted the sensibility evaluation survey by using 3 perception types and 21 adjective pairs to targetting 4 images. The study results that analyzed visual perception characteristics in gender can be defined in the following several ways. First, it was possible to sort out the dominant characteristics by gender, perception types in order through comparing the average of sensibility evaluation values and the proportion of images that were selected as the most dominant ratio. This has differentiated compares to the existing study and can be an analysis technique that can compare more specific images and sensibility characteristics by analyzing gender sensibility characteristics toward images. Second, in the spatial evaluation, females had a clear selection of space than males and also showed higher results in the sensibility evaluation as well as indicated characteristics to express clearly. Third, through in the number of adjective pairs common to gender by perception types, 12 adjective pairs showed more than 10% advantage in spatiality and of which 10 adjective pairs showed gender congruence. 8 adjective pairs showed advantages in the formality and all these 8 adjective pairs indicated as common in both genders, which can be a characteristic of common gender perception towards given images. There were 5 adjective pairs shown as advantages in decorativeness, of which 1 adjective pair resulted as gender congruence. This result can be seen that decorativeness is the lowest gender commonality and lowest frequency of selection from images. Fourth, it was able to confirm that gender prefers to make a different selection depends on space or adjective pairs. It was possible to clarify the differences in the gender sensibility characteristics which appears in each perception types/ adjective pairs by arranging the big difference values of sensibility adjectives that appeared in the image selection process by gender. Depends on the gender, there were the characteristics that the selection of each image towards the perception types was clearly different, and furthermore, it is able to expect that this kind of space will bring more clear characteristics by the gender.

Korean College Students’ Perceptions of Gender-Biased and Gender-Neutral Terms

( Hyowon Song ) 현대영미어문학회 2023 현대영미어문학 Vol.41 No.1

This study attempts to investigate the extent to which Korean college students recognize the replacement of gender-biased terms with gender-neutral ones in English-speaking countries. This study argues that in the EFL situations like Korea, learners of English need to be informed about these social changes in the use of gender-related terms to avoid socially-sensitive language. This study used a survey to test the Korean college students’ perceptions about gender-biased and gender-neutral terms. The results show that most participants have never been educated about the replacement of gender-biased terms, and although they seem to be more easily aware of gender-neutral terms than gender-biased ones, they use both gender-biased and gender-neutral terms interchangeably. In conclusion, this study suggests that language educators should more emphatically inform language learners about gender-related issues in the language education environment. (Busan University of Foreign Studies)

시민들의 CPTED 인식과 범죄두려움의 관계에서 무질서 인식의 매개효과: 성별에 따른 다집단 분석

전준하,최응렬 한국공안행정학회 2023 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.32 No.3

이 연구는 서울시에 거주 중인 539명의 시민들을 대상으로 CPTED 요소에 대한 시민들의 인식과 범죄두려움의 관계에서 무질서 인식의 매개효과를 검증하는 것을 목표로 한다. 구체적으로 이 연구에서는 CPTED 인식의 개념을 영역성, 감시, 활동지원으로 조작화하고 해당 변수들이 범죄두려움에 미치는 효과를 개별적으로 검증했다. 그리고 성별에 따른 범죄두려움의 차이에 관련된 선행연구들을 기반으로, 범죄두려움에 대한 차이를 보이는 것으로 검증된 남성과 여성이라는 두 집단에 대한 다집단 분석을 통해 CPTED 인식, 무질서 인식 그리고 범죄두려움의 관계를 더욱 명확하게 검증했다. 분석결과 첫째, 남성 집단에서 활동지원이 무질서 인식을 완전 매개하여 일반적 범죄두려움 및 구체적 범죄두려움의 감소를 통계적으로 유의미하게 예측했다. 또한 여성 집단에서 활동지원과 일반적 범죄두려움의 관계를 무질서 인식이 완전 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 여성 집단에서 감시와 일반적 범죄두려움 및 구체적 범죄두려움의 관계에서 무질서 인식의 부분매개효과가 통계적으로 유의미한 것으로 검증됐다. 셋째, 남성 집단에서 영역성이 일반적 범죄두려움을 통계적으로 유의미하게 설명했고, 여성 집단에서 영역성이 무질서 인식을 완전 매개하여 구체적 범죄두려움의 감소를 통계적으로 유의미하게 설명했다. 이처럼 이 연구에서는 표본을 성별이라는 기준으로 구분하여 CPTED 인식, 무질서 인식 그리고 범죄두려움의 관계를 세부적이고 정확하게 검증했고, 이를 기반으로 CPTED 정책에 대한 활성화가 시민들의 범죄두려움을 감소시킬 수 있다는 경험적 근거를 제시했다. 또한 이를 기반으로 현재 다양한 방향으로 활용되고 있는 CPTED 사업에 대한 정책적 제언을 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. This study aims to verify the mediating effect of disorder perception in the relationship between citizens' perception of CPTED and fear of crime in 539 citizens living in Seoul. Specifically, in this study, the concept about perception of CPTED was operationalized into territoriality, surveillance, and activity support, and the effect of these variables on crime fear was individually verified. And based on previous studies related to differences in fear of crime according to gender, the relationship between perception of CPTED, disorder perception, and fear of crime was more clearly verified through multi-group analysis of two groups, men and women. First, in the case of men, activity support completely mediated perception of disorder, statistically significantly predicting reduction in general and specific fear of crime. In addition, in the case of women, it was found that perception of disorder completely mediated the relationship between activity support and general fear of crime. Second, in the case of women, the partial mediating effect of perception of disorder has been verified in the relationship between surveillance and general, specific fear of crime. Third, in the case of women, territoriality completely mediated perception of disorder, statistically significantly explaining the reduction in specific fear of crime. In this study, the relationship between CPTED perception, disorder perception, and fear of crime was verified in detail and accurately by dividing the sample based on gender. Also based on the results, empirical evidence was presented that activation of CPTED policies could reduce fear of crime among citizens. In addition, this study is significant in that it presents policy suggestions for the CPTED project, which is currently being used in various directions, based on these grounds.

탈북민의 양성평등 의식과 정책적 시사점

설진배,송은희 한국동북아학회 2018 한국동북아논총 Vol.23 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 탈북민의 양성평등 의식을 분석하여 탈북민 가정의 양상평등 문화 확산과 사회통합을 위한 정책적시사점을 제공하는 데 있다. 이를 위해, 본 연구에서는 제3국 출생 청소년을 포함한 탈북민 46명에 대한 면접조사 결과를바탕으로 북한의 성평등 실태와 남한에서의 탈북민의 양성평등 의식을 분석하였다. 분석결과, 북한에서는 양성평등 관련법제도가 마련되어 있음에도 불구하고, 탈북민들은 북한의 양성평등 실태나 북한주민의 성평등 의식 수준을 낮게 인식하고있어, 제도와 현실의 차이가 있음을 보여주었다. 이러한 환경적 맥락에 의해 탈북민들의 양성평등 의식은 그다지 높지 않았다. 더욱이 탈북민들은 북한이나 제3국에서 학습되고 고착된 기존의 전통적인 가부장주의와 남한의 양성평등 지향적 문화 간 혼란 및 갈등을 경험하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는, 탈북민의 남한사회에서의 안정적인 정착과 적응을위해서는 탈북민 가정의 양성평등 문화 확산을 위한 정책적 노력이 필요함을 시사한다. 본 연구에서는 탈북민의 심리적안정과 한국사회 적응, 나아가 사회통합을 위한 구체적인 실천 방안으로, 탈북민의 양성평등 의식 개선을 위한 지속적인교육, 그리고 바람직한 성역할과 사회 및 가족 구성원들 간 관계 모델 제공을 위한 남한 가정과의 네트워크 형성을 제안하였다. The purpose of this study is to identify the perception of gender equality among North Korean refugees and to explore the policy implications for reinforcing gender-equality culture in North Korean refugees. For this end, survey and in-depth interviews were conducted with 46 North Korean refugees. The results of this study are as follows. First, North Korean refugees perceived lower levels of gender equality in North Korea society. This indicates that there is a clear gap between the gender-equality ideal portrayed in North Korean laws and its reality experienced by North Koreans. Second, the level of gender equality perception among North Korean refugees in South Korea was not high. Especially male refugees have more conservative perception and have experienced more difficulty in gender-equality culture. These findings show that educational programs need to be continuously provided for North Korean refugees. Findings also indicate that government need to provide models for gender roles and help them have networks with Korean families. Further policy implications for spreading of gender-equality culture in North Korean refugee families and social integration were discussed.

자동차 주행환경에서 움직이는 자극에 대한 거리지각 특성

이예진,정광태 대한인간공학회 2024 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.43 No.1

Objective: This study was conducted for the purpose of examining gender-specific characteristics and learning effects on distance perception of moving visual stimuli. Background: Distance perception during car driving is a very important process related to driver safety, and its characteristics should be studied from various perspectives. Although humans' ability to perceive distance is known to be very accurate, individual differences are known to exist. Therefore, it is necessary to find out how distance perception characteristics appear according to gender and learning. Method: In this study, we investigated the distance perception characteristics of moving stimuli using CPAD. CPAD is useful as a tool to test the cognitive-perceptual functions required for driving. An experimental stimulus consisting of two vertical lines that narrowed toward the top, several small horizontal lines, and a horizontal arrow bar moving up and down in the middle was used. The experiment was conducted in such a way that the subject pressed the joystick button when the arrow and the horizontal lines on both sides were aligned in a straight line. The subjects were 33 male and female college students (average 22.0, standard deviation 1.23), of which 16 were male (average 22.9, standard deviation 1.01) and 17 were female (average 21.1, standard deviation 0.68). The experiment was repeated three times for each subject. Results: As the result, there was no significant difference in the number of correct distance perceptions and judgment times between men and women. The number of times the distance perception was correctly judged tended to significantly increase as the experiment was repeated. And although learning was significant up to the second experiment repetition, no significant learning occurred after that. Judgment time did not show a significant decrease as the experiment was repeated. Conclusion: In this study, an experiment using CPAD was conducted to identify how distance perception while driving a car differs depending on gender and how learning effects occur in distance perception. Through experimental research, it was found that the distance perception ability between men and women shows similar characteristics. And it was found that learning about the accuracy of distance perception occurred very quickly in the beginning and then stabilized. On the other hand, it was found that there was almost no learning effect on the judgment time of distance perception. This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of humans' distance perception of moving objects while driving a car, and is judged to provide significant value. Application: The results of this study provide academic results on human distance perception characteristics and can be used as important research results in future navigation information design and driver safety education or training method design.

Different Perceptions of Facial Attractiveness According to Race and Gender

김상헌,이승철,황라일,이수향 대한미용성형외과학회 2012 Archives of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Vol.18 No.3

There have been few studies investigating the differences in the perception of facial attractiveness according to gender, races and ethnicity. This study was conducted to determine whether different races or genders show actual differences in the perception of beauty. Using 5 composite faces of different races, this survey was designed on 486 participants from different races and ethnicities. Photographs of the composite faces were displayed on a large poster at Incheon International Airport and passersby were asked to take part in the survey regarding which composite face was the most attractive. Data were statistically analyzed to determine differences in beauty perception in terms of gender, race and ethnicity. There were significant differences in the perception of the most attractive face and the least attractive face according to gender. There were significant differences in the perception of the most and least attractive face according to race. Multivariate analysis also revealed that there were different perceptions of facial attractiveness according to ethnic backgrounds. The results of this study suggest that the perception of facial attractiveness may differ according to gender, race and ethnicity, and that some unique or peculiar patterns of beauty perception may exist.

안보의식의 성별 차에 대한 담론

이옥연 ( Ok Yeon Yi Hong ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 2004 국방연구 Vol.47 No.2

지난 십여 년 동안 한반도 내부 및 주변 정세가 급변하면서 국가안보의 개념이 재해석되고 또한 그 적용 범위도 확대되고 있으나, 국가안보에 대한 남성과 여성 간 인식차이를 둘러싸고 체계적인 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 더구나 오랜 기간동안 안보에 관한 한 여성은 무관심하거나 무지하다는 통념에서 벗어나지 못한 결과, 성별 차에 근거한 안보의식의 격차를 단순하게 생물학적 차이나 경험부족에 기인한다고 상정함으로써 안보의식 성별 차에 관한 토론 자체가 불필요하다고 결론짓는다. 그러나`국가안보 (national security)`라는 개념 자체가 오랜 기간 동안군사주의 및 남성성 (masculinity)과 밀접하게 연결되어 있던 점에 주목한다면, 안보의식의 성별 차는 안보와 관련된 정책과정에서 여성의 참여가 배제되는 것을 정당화하는 근거로 사용되었음을 알 수 있다. 본 논문은 1999년부터 2002년까지 실시된 국민 안보의식 설문조사 결과를 통해 안보의식의 성별 차에 대한 검토를 주요 목적으로 한다. 우선 안보의식의 성별 차에 관한 이론적 설명을 정리한 후, 전반적인 안보상황 및 안보 위협요인에 관해 남성과 여성 간 관점의 차이가 나타나는지 살피고, 안보와 관련된 문항에서 구체적으로 안보의식의 성별 차가 추상적 개념에 국한된 것인지 아니면 연관된 개별적 정책에서 보다 명백하게 나타나는지 검토한다. 본 논문은 안보의식에 관련된 설문 조사 결과에 근거해 표준치와 성별 차간의 격차를 제시함으로써 안보의식의 차이가 남성과 여성 간 어떠한 형태로 나타나는지 정리한다. 이러한 작업은 후에 안보와 관련된 사안에 대해 성별 차가 연령, 직업, 교육수준, 경제력, 거주지 등 다른 변수들과 구별되는 주요 변수로 작용하는지, 혹은 안보와 관련된 정책결정과정에서 여성 참여의 확대가 필요한지, 나아가 여성주의적 관점을 독려함으로써 탈냉전기 시대가 요구하는 안보정책이 가능 한지 등에 대한 논의로 발전하는데 필수적이다. Since the 1990s, demands have arisen to expand, if not modify, the definition of security in accordance with multi-faceted changes both in and around the Korean peninsula, and to incorporate the subsequent shifts in the public opinion on security needs into corresponding policies. In the absence of surveys conducted specifically among women who are in the position of influencing security policies, and then compared between elites and general public, however, it is rather premature to determine the nature of linkage between the perceptual gap across gender and its policy implication. This paper analyzes survey results on gender gap in the security perception from 1999 through 2002 among general public, thus it does not substantiate any claim regarding women`s enlarged participation in the policy-making policy. Yet by providing general insights into the significance of gender gap in the security perception, it illuminates how the perceptual gap manifests across gender and whether such a gender-based gap is limited to abstract ideas or applicable to specific policy questions regarding security issues. Based on these findings, I will contemplate how gender gap in the perception, if there exists any, may be reflected in policies, although my speculation is in no way specific to any definite relationship between the gender-based perception gap on the one hand, and formation and implementation of security policies on the other hand. Nevertheless, this paper is a meager but meaningful effort to contributes to the study of gender gap by identifying exactly how men and women display different patterns of perception regarding security in Korea.