사천만의 해수 및 표층 퇴적물의 세균학적 및 이화학적 특성

박준용,김영인,배기성,오광수,최종덕 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2010 농업생명과학연구 Vol.44 No.2

이 연구는 2009년 1월부터 9월까지 총 4회(1월, 4월, 7월 9월) 사천만에서 해수와 표층퇴적물의 세균학적․이화학적 특성을 조사한 것이다. 조사기간 중에 수온은 5.3∼24.9℃(평균 17.7±0.4℃), 투명도는 1.4∼2.5m(평균 1.8±0.5m), 부유물질 농도는 16.2∼35.8㎎/L(평균 24.2±2.2㎎/L), 화학적산소요구량(COD)는 1.42~3.29 ㎎O2/L(평균 2.06±0.55 ㎎O2/L), 용존산소(DO)는 6.7∼9.5㎎/L(평균 7.9±0.6 ㎎/L)로 각각 조사되었다. 대장균군과 분변계대장균의 검출 범위는 <1.8∼7,900 MPN/100mL (GM 214.7 MPN/100mL)과 <1.8∼330 MPN/ 100mL (GM 9.7 MPN/100mL)로 각각 나타났다. 대장균군은 시료의 75.0%, 분변계대장균은 57.1%가 각각 양성을 나타내었다. 대장균군에 대한 분변계대장균의 양성율은 76.2%로 나타났다. 조사기간 중에 사천만에서의 표층퇴적물의 수분함량, 강열감량, COD 및 AVS의 평균값은 53.28±2.58%, 9.38±0.42%, 14.23±3.36㎎O2/g, 0.09±0.07㎎S/g로 각각 조사되었다. This study was conducted to investigate the bacteriological and physiological quality of seawater and surface sediments in Sacheon Bay of Korea from January to September in 2009. During the study period, the means of temperature was range from 5.3 to 24.9℃ (mean 17.7±0.4℃), transparency range from 1.4 to 2.5 m (mean 1.8±0.5 m), suspended solid ranged from 16.2 to 35.8 ㎎/L (mean 24.2±2.2 ㎎/L), chemical oxygen demand ranged from 1.42 to 3.29 ㎎O2/L (mean 2.06±0.55 ㎎O2/L), dissolved oxygen ranged from 6.7 to 9.5㎎/L (mean 7.9±0.6 ㎎/L), respectively. Seafood, if eaten raw, carries the risk of food poisoning. Seafood poisoning is often cause by pathogenic microorganism originating from fecal contamination, such as Salmonella sp., Shigella sp. and norovirus. Fecal coliforms are an important indicator of fecal contamination. Therefor, data on fecal coliform are very important for evaluating the safety of fisheries in coastal areas. So, we investigated the sanitary indicate bacteria. In this study, 56 sea water samples were collected from the Sacheon Bay, and total and fecal coliforms were compared and analyzed. The coliform group and fecal coliform MPN's of sea water in Sacehon Bay were ranged from <1.8∼7,900 MPN/100mL (GM 214.7 MPN/100mL) and <1.8∼330 MPN/100mL (GM 9.7 MPN/ 100mL), respectively. Total coliforms were detected in 75.0% of the samples and 76.2% of the total coliforms were fecal coliforms. During the study period, the means of water content, ignition loss, COD, and acid volatile sulfates in sediments in Sacheon Bay were 53.28±2.58%, 9.38±0.42%, 14.23±3.36 ㎎O2/g, 0.09±0.07 ㎎S/g, respectively.

물에서의 분원성대장균군 검사를 위한 최적 배지 선정

이은숙 ( Eunsook Lee ),고나윤 ( Nayun Ko ),최병도 ( Byungdo Choi ),김복순 ( Bogsoon Kim ) 한국물환경학회 2020 한국물환경학회지 Vol.36 No.4

Fecal coliforms are indicator bacteria to evaluate fecal contamination and microbiological safety in environment water. To examine fecal coliforms by membrane filtration, 1% rosolic acid solution dissolved in sodium hydroxide(0.2 M) should be added to m-FC medium according to Korean standard method. To reduce the exposure of researchers to harmful chemicals and expenditure of unnecessary cost, we evaluated if the rosolic acid solution is required to detect fecal coliforms. For 113 samples collected from five intake sources of Seoul, 42 samples of six tributaries, and 11 samples of sewage, the number of fecal coliforms was compared in medium with or without the reagent. As a result, the number was higher in m-FC medium without the reagent, but there was not a statistically significant difference. In the water intake, m-FC medium without the reagent could be used to examine fecal coliforms except in July, August and in case of rainfall. When heterotrophic plate counts exceeded 1,000 CFU/filter, or during rainfall, there was an effect of background bacteria in two types of the medium. However, it was more appropriate to use m-FC medium with the reagent to suppress gram-positive bacteria that can grow on medium without the reagent. In the tributary and sewage samples, the effect of the background bacteria was low, allowing the use of medium without the reagent regardless rainfall. Thus, it is necessary to present in standard method that the addition of rosolic acid solution in m-FC medium can be selected according to the characteristics of samples.

왕궁 축산배수가 만경강유역에 미치는 영향 : 대장균을 중심으로

조웅현 ( Woong-hyun Cho ),송민희 ( Min-hee Song ) 한국환경기술학회 2008 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.9 No.3

왕궁 축산배수는 도수로를 통해 익산천과 만경강으로 흐르며 하천을 오염시키고 있는데 특히 축산배수에는 매우 많은 대장균이 함유되어 있음에도 여타의 오염물질에 대한 연구에 비해 이에 관한 연구는 지금까지 거의 이루어지지 않은 상태라 할수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 왕궁 축산배수가 하천으로 유출되기 직전에서부터 익산천과 만경강본류에 이르는 하천역을 대상으로 축산배수가 미치는 영향과 특성을 총대장균군과 분원성대장균군을 중심으로 구분하여 연구하였으며, 본 수역에서의 대장균군 분포와 주요 오염지표와의 상관관계를 도출하였다. 연구 결과 왕궁 축산배수의 영향을 받는 만경강 유역의 대장균 검사 결과 FC 양성반응 시료수는 TC의 94.8%를 보였다. TC와 FC의 검출 상관계수(r=0.850)는 높게 나타났다. 당해 채수시료의 COD제거에 따른 대장균군 저감율은 COD 18.5%제거에 TC는 21.2%, FC는 26.6%로 COD제거에 FC의 저감율이 5.4%정도 더크게 나타났다. 익산천이 만경강본류와 혼합되는 지점을 기준으로 혼합전후의 FC는 854(MPN/100ml) 및 3,155(MPN/100ml)을 나타냄으로서 익산천 합류로 인하여 FC가 3.7배나 증가한 것으로 나타났다. As Wanggung livestock wastewater flows in the Iksan stream, the Mankyung river has come under the influence of coliforms. But, in spite of containing an exceptionary large quantity of coliforms in the wastewater, the experimental studies on the coliforms distribution in the river basin are rarely performed up to now as compared with other water pollutants. This paper shows various characteristics about the coliforms(total coliforms, fecal coliforms) in the Mankyung river basin around the Iksan stream and the correlations of coliforms distributions with some major pollution indicators. The results are as follows; It appeared that the positive detection numbers of FC were 94% of TC on the Mankyung river basin around the Iksan stream. And, statistical analysis of sampling data showed that most significant correlation occurred between FC and TC(r=0.850). In comparison of COD removal rate with coliforms reduction, reduction ratio of FC were some 5.4% higher than that of TC of 21.2% when COD removal rate reached to 18.5% experimentally. FC in the Mankyung river measured to increase in 3.7times from 854(MPN/100ml) to 3,155(MPN/100ml) after confluence of the Iksan stream.

고성만 굴양식장의 대장균 변동에 대한 원인규명

이슬기,조상만,정우건 한국패류학회 2018 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.34 No.4

In parallel with the increasing consumption of cultured fishery products, securing the food safety for marine products is becoming a social problem. Among them, shellfish can cause food poisoning due to pathogenic microorganisms. The total pollutant loads were estimated as following: 10,004 tons/year in BOD, 2,371 tons/year in T-N, and 714 tons/year in T-P. Tidal current speed did not exceed 10cm per second within the survey period, the mean water temperature was 18.96 ± 5.51℃, the mean salinity 31.70 ± 1.34 psu, the mean pH 7.96 ± 0.13, the mean DO 6.50 ± 1.36 mg/L, and the range of mean COD was from 1.30 ± 0.63 to 2.77 ± 1.13 mg/L. Total coliform at <1.8-14 MPN/100mL, and fecal coliform at <1.8-7.8 MPN/100 mL was founded in the microbiological test. Physicochemical factors did not affect the variation of total coliform and fecal coliform. It is also needed to prohibit eating raw oysters when in excess of standards, to designate Goseong-man bay as an specialized area for oyster farming in order to shift floating fish cage and manage marine manufactures, or minimize pollution in development of Nampo port for oyster farming.

서울특별시 종로구 대중목욕탕의 수질 중 미생물 오염도 조사 연구

김미순,이영민,김성근,서지현,지경희,오지윤,고기동,고광표,Kim, Mi-Soon,Lee, Young-Min,Kim, Seong-Keun,Seo, Ji-Hyun,Ji, Kyung-Hee,Oh, Ji-Yoon,Ko, Ki-Dong,Ko, Gwang-Pyo 한국환경보건학회 2009 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.35 No.3

The aim of this study is to investigate microbial sanitary condition of public baths in Seoul, Korea. A total of 28 water samples were collected from 14 different public baths and sudatoriums. The prevalence of fecal indicator microorganisms such as total coliform, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli was characterized. In addition, bacteria in water was membrane filtered by 0.45um nitrocellulose membrane, and the filter was analyzed by both cultivation and PCR amplification of partial 16S rRNA gene. The levels of chlorine were measured for each of water samples. More than 40% of 14 collected water samples, the concentrations of total coliform bacteria exceeded the water quality for bath water guideline. There was no significant correlation between chlorine residue and the presence of total coliform. Various microorganisms including pathogenic microorganisms were identified from cultivation and subsequent analysis of 16s rRNA gene sequences. Our results suggest that appropriate hygiene practice and continuous monitoring is needed for reducing health risk associated with public bathhouses.

2014-2016년 경남 용남·광도해역 해수 및 굴C(rassostrea gigas)의 세균학적 위생평가

윤현진,권지영,이가정,권순재,목종수,김풍호,정연중 한국수산과학회 2018 한국수산과학회지 Vol.51 No.5

This study evaluated the sanitary state of seawater and shellfish in Yongnam-Gwangdo area from January 2014 to December 2016. The sampling stations for sanitary survey in Yongnam-Gwangdo area were composed of 41 seawater stations and 5 oyster Crassostrea gigas stations. The samples were collected monthly at each station. Shellfish-borne disease is associated with bacteria and viruses in the presence of fecal coliforms. Bacteriological pollution levels of shellfish increase with seawater quality. Therefore, fecal coliforms are very important criteria for evaluating the safety of fisheries in coastal areas. The geometric mean and the estimated 90th percentile ranges of total and fecal coliforms for seawater were 1.8-11.7, 2.8-233.6, <1.8-6.7 and 1.8-100.2 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The range of E. coli levels for oysters was <20-1,300 MPN/100 g. Based on various standards, the sanitary condition in Yongnam- Gwangdo area was evaluated as follows: clean area (Korean criteria), conditionally approved area (US criteria) and class B (EU criteria).

남해 창선해역의 해수 및 진주담치의 위생학적 안전성 평가

유현덕,하광수,심길보,강진영,이태식,김지회 한국수산과학회 2010 한국수산과학회지 Vol.43 No.4

A sanitary survey was conducted to evaluate the water quality and mussel (Mytilus edulis) conditions of two administrative shellfish growing waters: those designated as shellfish growing water for export, and adjacent waters on the east coast of Changseon Island, Namhae, Korea. In all, 1,656 seawater and 166 mussel samples were collected at 46 stations for seawater and five stations for the shellfish from January 2007 to December 2009. Both seawater and mussels were examined for total coliforms and fecal coliforms. The standard plate count and most probable number of Escherichia coli were also determined for the shellfish samples. The range of the geometric means and the estimated 90th percentiles of fecal coliform for seawater samples at each station were <1.8–4.1 MPN/100 mL and <1.8–22.3 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The sanitary conditions for both shellfish growing areas, the designated shellfish growing area and adjacent area in Changseon, met the 'Approved area' criteria of the United States National Shellfish Sanitation Program. The range of E. coli detected in mussels in these areas was <20–500 MPN/100 g; and only 3 of 166 samples exceeded 230 MPN/100 g, the European standard for the consumption of raw bivalves. Therefore, the mussel farms in the Changseon area are classified as 'Class A' according to criteria set in European Community regulations. However, the levels of E. coli in mussels in parts of the designated shellfish growing area and adjacent area exceeded the bacterial limits after rainfall exceeding 45 mm. Further studies are needed to fully define the conditions leading to a temporary closure to harvest after a rainfall event.

Modeling spatiotemporal bacterial variability with meteorological and watershed land-use characteristics

Cha, Y.,Park, M.H.,Lee, S.H.,Kim, J.H.,Cho, K.H. Pergamon Press 2016 Water research Vol.100 No.-

Bacteria are a primary contaminant in natural surface water. The instream concentration of fecal coliform, a potential indicator of pathogens, is influenced by meteorological conditions and land-use characteristics. However, the relationships between these conditions and fecal coliforms are not fully understood. Furthermore, the sources of large variability in fecal coliform counts, e.g., temporal or spatial sources, remain unexplained, especially at large scales. This study proposes the use of Bayesian overdispersed Poisson models, whereby the combined effects of temperature, rainfall, and land-use characteristics on fecal coliform concentration are quantified with predictive uncertainty, and the sources of variability in fecal coliform concentration are assessed. The models were developed using 8-year weekly observations of fecal coliforms obtained from the Wachusett Reservoir watershed in Massachusetts, USA. The results highlight the importance of interactions among meteorological and land-use characteristics in controlling the instream fecal coliform concentration; the increase in fecal coliform concentration with temperature increase was more drastic when rainfall occurred. Also, the responses of fecal coliforms to temperature increases were more pronounced in forest-dominated than in urban-dominated areas. In contrast, the fecal coliform concentration increased more rapidly with rainfall increases in urban-dominated than in forest-dominated areas. The models also demonstrate that among the sources of variability, the monthly component made the most significant contribution to the variability in fecal coliform concentrations. Our results suggest that seasonally dependent processes, including surface runoff, are critical factors that regulate fecal coliform concentration in streams.

패류 중 자연정화 및 인공정화에 의한 위생지표세균의 변화

오은경,유현덕,유홍식,하광수,신순범,이태식,이희정,김지회,손광태 한국수산과학회 2012 한국수산과학회지 Vol.45 No.1

In coastal areas that are affected by continuous, seasonal or occasional pollution sources, bivalves accumulate biological contaminants such as pathogenic bacteria. We investigated the effect of natural seawater relaying and electrolyzed seawater depuration on the bacteriological quality of artificially contaminated oysters Crassostrea gigas and shortnecked clams Ruditapes philippinarum to suggest an alternative method of shellfish sanitation control.When artificially contaminated oysters and short-necked clams (fecal coliform level 1,700 MPN/100 g) were relayed into a sea area of safe bacteriological water quality, the fecal coliform level dropped to below 110 MPN/100 g after 1 day. The bacteriological quality of oysters and short-necked clams that are contaminated at a fecal coliform level of 1,700 MPN/100 g could be improved, and become appropriate for raw consumption by a single day relay under proper environmental conditions. When artificially contaminated oysters (fecal coliform level 330 MPN/100 g) were depurated with electrolyzed seawater, 94% of fecal coliform was eliminated after 12 h and fecal coliform was undetectable after 24 h. After 24h depuration with electrolyzed seawater, the fecal coliform level of short-necked clams with initial fecal coliform of 2,400 MPN/100 g was below 20 MPN/100 g. However, the fecal coliform level of short-necked clams with initial fecal coliform of 17,000 MPN/100 g was relatively high, at 790 MPN/100 g, even after 24 h of depuration with electrolyzed seawater, because of the repeated cycle of excretion and accumulation of fecal coliform in shellfish tissue under the closed depuration environment. Such natural seawater relaying and electrolyzed seawater depuration can be restrictively applied to improve or secure the bacteriological quality of oysters and short-necked clams in accordance with safety levels for bivalves for raw consumption.

생활하수와 가축분뇨의 분변성 대장균 및 분변성 연쇄상균의 분포

박성주 대전대학교 기초과학연구소 1996 自然科學 Vol.7 No.2

생활하수, 돼지 분뇨, 소 분뇨에 포함된 분변성 대장균 (fecal coliforms)과 분변성 연쇄상구균 (fecal streptococci)의 비는 각각 22.7, 0.04, 0.35로서 생활하수에서는 분변성 대장균이, 그리고 가축 분뇨에서는 분변성 연쇄상구균이 휠씬 많이 검출되었다. 이들 시료에서 분리된 분변성 연쇄상구균을 동정한 결과 돼지나 소의 분뇨에는 Streptococcus bovis, S. avium, S. faecium이 우점종인 반면 생활하수에는 S. bovis와 S. avium은 없고 대신 S. faecium과 S. faecalis가 우점종이었다. 이것은 물 생태계에 있어 축산폐수로 인한 오염을 나타내는 지표미생물로서 분변성 연쇄상구균을 사용할 수 있음을 보여 주는 것이다. The ratios of fecal coliforms to fecal streptococci in domestic sewage and feces from pigs and cows were 22.7, 0.04, and 0.35, respectively, which showed predominant bacteria in domestic sewage were fecal coliforms and those in livestock feces were fecal streptococci. The dominant species of fecal streptococci in feces of pigs and cows were Streptococcus bovis, S. avium, and S. faecium, whereas those on domestic sewage were S. faecium and S. faecalis. These results suggest that identifying fecal streptococci might be useful in the investigation of an origin of fecal pollution in aquatic ecosytems from either domestic sewage or livestock wastes.