시선추적을 통한 지하복합공간 이용자의 주시영역에 따른 주시비중에 관한 연구

문보경,양지윤,김주연 한국공간디자인학회 2020 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.15 No.4

(연구배경 및 목적)지하복합공간은 실외환경과 근본적으로 다른 폐쇄적인 특성을 가지고 있는 공간으로서 공간 이용자에게 공간인지의 어려움을 가져다준다. 이러한 환경 속에서 사람들이 공간인지를 하기 위해서 보행 시 나타나는 공간 이용자‘자연시야’시선추적을 통하여 주시하는 영역을 파악하고자 한다. 본 연구는 지하복합공간 이용자의 시선추적을 통해 지하 공간상의 주시영역과 주시비중을 밝힘으로 이용자를 위한 정보전달체계 디자인을 위한 기초자료 마련에 목적이 있다. (연구방법) 지하복합공간의 개념과 보행환경, 보행행태 및 시선추적에 대해 고찰하였으며, 시선추적 실험설계를 통해 지하복합상업시설의 대표적인 코엑스몰을 선정하였고 실험에 적합한 남녀를 모집하여 현장 시선추적 실험을 진행하였다. 실험에서 얻은 데이터를 정량화하여 주시 현상을 분석하였으며, 주시영역 분할 기준에 따라 영역별 주시빈도, 주시시간, 주시비중에 대해 시선의 주시영역을 파악하였다. 영역별 주시 결과 특성을 종합하여 연구자의 연구과제를 검증하였다. (결과) 본 연구자의 실험 연구과제의 질문에 대해 분할영역 기준에 따라 주시영역을 설정하여, 주시 데이터를 분석하여 주시시간, 주시 빈도, 주시 비중을 통해 집중된 영역에 대한 데이터 분석결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 보행 시 시선의 위치는 주로 상부를 주시하는 경향으로 나타났다. (결론) 본 연구에서 영역 설정에 의한 주시 분석을 통하여 주시 현상에 따른 시선의 집중 및 주목 영역을 정리하면 주시빈도는 공간집중영역, 주시시간은 공간주목영역으로 해석될 수 있다. 지하공간 보행시 보행자의 높은 집중 및 주목성을 나타낸 영역은 상부중앙 영역으로 나타났다. 다음으로는 중앙부 중앙영역, 상부 오른쪽 영역인 점을 확인할 수 있었다. 지하복합공간 공간계획 및 디자인 시 공간 이용자를 위한 보행환경에 있어서 시각적 가치를 더 효율적으로 접목시킬 수 있는 영역에 적재적소에 적합한 디자인을 할 수 있는 유용한 지침 자료가 될 수 있을 것이며, 보행 시 보다 쾌적하고 안전하며 편리한 보행 공간을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대해 본다. 본 연구에서 도출된 지하복합공간에서의 주시특성 분석을 기반으로 향후 연구에서는 지상복합공간과의 차이에 대해 비교연구를 수행하여 지상과 지하의 차이를 확인하는 과정을 진행하고자 한다. (Background and Purpose) Underground complex space is a space that has closed characteristics that are fundamentally different from the outdoor environment, which brings difficulties in recognizing space to space users. To determine whether people are spaces, we want to identify areas of attention through the “Natural Watch” eye tracking of space users who appear when walking. The purpose of this study is to prepare basic data for designing information delivery systems for users by revealing the observation section and the main attention ratio of the underground space through eye tracking of users of underground complex spaces. (Method) The concepts of underground complex space, environment for walking, behavior of walking, and tracking of the eyes were considered. Through the design of eye tracking experiments, the representative COEX mall of underground commercial facilities was selected, and on-site eye tracking experiments were conducted by recruiting men and women suitable for the experiment. Data obtained from the experiment were quantified and the phenomenon of the eye was analyzed, and the eye area of the eye was identified according to the criteria for the division of the eye area, eye frequency, eye time, and eye weight of each area. The tasks were verified by combining characteristics of the results of each region. (Result) In response to the question of this experimental research project, the main field was set according to the divisional area criteria, and the data analysis results for the concentrated area were confirmed through the analysis of the main data, frequency of the eyes, and weight of the eyes. The position of the gaze when walking was mainly indicated by a tendency to keep an eye on the upper part. (Conclusion) In this study, if the focus and attention areas of the eye are sorted according to the phenomenon of the eye, the frequency of the eye can be interpreted as the space concentration area and the time of the eye can be interpreted as the space main area. Areas that showed high concentration and attention of pedestrians when walking in underground spaces were shown as upper central areas. Next, we could see the central area of the center and the upper right area. In the case of planning and design of the underground complex space, it could be useful guidance material for appropriately designing areas where visual values can be more efficiently incorporated into the walking environment for space users. It is expected to provide a more pleasant, safe, and convenient walking space when walking.

Comparison of Vertical and Horizontal Eye Movement Times in the Selection of Visual Targets by an Eye Input Device

Seung Kweon Hong 대한인간공학회 2015 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.34 No.1

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate how well eye movement times in visual target selection tasks by an eye input device follows the typical Fitts" Law and to compare vertical and horizontal eye movement times. Background: Typically manual pointing provides excellent fit to the Fitts" Law model. However, when an eye input device is used for the visual target selection tasks, there were some debates on whether the eye movement times in can be described by the Fitts" Law. More empirical studies should be added to resolve these debates. This study is an empirical study for resolving this debate. On the other hand, many researchers reported the direction of movement in typical manual pointing has some effects on the movement times. The other question in this study is whether the direction of eye movement also affects the eye movement times. Method: A cursor movement times in visual target selection tasks by both input devices were collected. The layout of visual targets was set up by two types. Cursor starting position for vertical movement times were in the top of the monitor and visual targets were located in the bottom, while cursor starting positions for horizontal movement times were in the right of the monitor and visual targets were located in the left. Results: Although eye movement time was described by the Fitts" Law, the error rate was high and correlation was relatively low (R² = 0.80 for horizontal movements and R² = 0.66 for vertical movements), compared to those of manual movement. According to the movement direction, manual movement times were not significantly different, but eye movement times were significantly different. Conclusion: Eye movement times in the selection of visual targets by an eye-gaze input device could be described and predicted by the Fitts" Law. Eye movement times were significantly different according to the direction of eye movement. Application: The results of this study might help to understand eye movement times in visual target selection tasks by the eye input devices.

눈 메이크업의 실태와 선호색상에 관한 연구

이설희,김주덕 한국화장품미용학회 2018 한국화장품미용학회지 Vol.8 No.3

The eyes of the face can change their image through makeup, and can express various facial images and overall moods depending on the style of make-up. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find a suitable image for me through eye makeup, not cosmetic surgery, considering the characteristics of each type of eye. First of all, 52.2 percent of women who do partially makeup showed significant differences in age and marriage, while 61.7 percent of women chose colors that suit them when purchasing eye shadows. Second, 61.7 percent of women who wear eye shadow "to make their eyes clear" accounted for the majority, while 41.9 percent of women used eye shadow for eye make-up, and 4.30 percent of women recognize that eye makeup affects their facial image. As is the case with this study, appearance plays a significant role in modern women, and the presence of the face suggests that the eye is recognized as an important factor that greatly influences the elements of self-image. Therefore, if eye makeup is done according to eye make-up, considering the characteristics of eye cosmetics and the image of color, the effects of eye makeup change will be higher if eye makeup.

아이트래킹을 통한 공간 시지각 실험연구 경향 및 공간연구의 지향성에 관한 연구

문보경,김주연 한국공간디자인학회 2019 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.14 No.7

(Background and Purpose)The analysis of the patterns of eye-tracking can determine the conditions for perceiving the spatial form because of the visual information acquired through the eye. The features of the perception of spatial form, collection of visual and responses through visual indication can be analyzed by spatial type. Analytical research based on eye-tracking is an important experimental method to collect patterns of eye-tracking and derive results through eye-tracking experiments, an area of cognitive science. The purpose of this study is to aggregate the database for spatial-visual and visual studies through the analysis of pre-research trends related to the research of eye-tracking experiments and to establish the orientation of future research of eye-tracking experiments. (Method) Master's theses, doctoral dissertations, and academic journals published outside of Korea were selected as research targets. The scope of the research is aggregated through research and analysis, focusing on the study of spatial visual perception. The research situation, research field, and central subject were examined through the characteristic analysis of the preceding research on eye-tracking experiments from 2010 to 2018. The experimental content analysis included detailed contents, experimental equipment, subject contents, experimental stimuli, and analysis methods. (Result) The general trends of spatial-visual perception experimental research through eye tracking are as follows: First, research is being conducted in various fields besides space and environment, and research on eye trackers is expanding. Second, the gaze point and gaze time analysis focused on gaze as the fixed point of gaze were the most frequent. Third, the criteria for the selection of participants were applied equally, after which the participants were divided into age groups appropriate for each experiment. Fourth, the experimental equipment used RED (Remote Eye Tracking Device) and attached the device to the monitor in most cases. Fifth, the experimental stimulus was experimented by selecting representative images by categorizing the measured images for each experiment. Sixth, AOI (Areas of Interest) analysis, which is used to set the area and analyze the phenomenon, was used as the main system. (Conclusion) As a result of analyzing the previous experimental studies, establishing and synthesizing the necessary items, the spatial-visual perception experimental research was set to six orientations. Visual awareness of space is an area that needs to be studied in the future, and experimental data are scientific and practical. A basic study on the contents of the preceding study was an investigation into the role of the basic database for future vision tracking experiments. (연구배경 및 목적) 아이트래킹을 통해서 사람의 시선의 패턴을 분석하는 것은 눈을 통해서 획득하는 시각정보로 인해 공간의 형태를 지각하는데 있어서 공간형태 지각조건이 무엇인지 파악할 수 있다. 공간형태를 지각하고 주시를 통한 시지각 반응을 수집하여 공간형태별로 획득된 요소의 특성을 분석 할 수 있다. 따라서 아이트래킹을 기본으로 한 분석연구는 시선의 패턴을 수집하여 인간의 행태변화 및 움직임의 특성을 인지과학의 한 영역인 아이트래킹 실험을 통해서 요소별로 결과를 도출할 중요한 실험방법이다. 본 연구에서는 아이트래킹 실험연구에 관련된 선행연구 경향분석을 통하여 공간 시지각 연구에 대한 데이터베이스를 종합하고 향후 아이트래킹 실험연구의 지향성 정립을 목적으로 한다. (연구방법) 본 연구에서는 선행 아이트래킹 실험 연구의 국내외에서 발간된 석사, 박사 학회논문 및 학술지를 연구대상으로 선정하였다. 연구의 범위는 공간 시지각 관련 연구를 중심으로 조사 및 분석을 통하여 종합하며, 2010년부터 2018년까지의 조사된 논문에 대하여 선행 아이트래킹실험 연구에 대한 특성분석으로 연구현황, 연구영역 및 중심 주제를 분석하였으며 실험관련 내용분석으로는 세부내용 및 실험장비, 피험자 내용과 실험자극내용 및 분석방법, 실험분석방법을 종합하여 분석하였다. (결과) 아이트래킹을 통한 공간 시지각 실험연구 경향을 종합하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연구분야는 공간·환경 분야 외에도 다양한 분야에서 실험연구가 이루어지고 있으며 아이트래커에 대한 실험 연구가 확대되는 추세이다. 둘째, 시선의 고정점으로 시선이 집중되는 응시점과 응시시간 분석이 가장 많게 나타났다. 셋째, 실험피험자 선정기준은 남녀비율을 동등하게 적용하고 각 실험에 맞는 연령대로 구분지어 실험하였다. 넷째, 실험장비는 대부분의 경우 모니터에 디바이스를 부착하는 RED(Remote Eye Tracking Device) 고정 형 시선추적 장치를 사용하였다. 다섯째, 실험자극물은 각 실험에 맞는 측정한 이미지를 유형화하여 대표이미지 선정하여 실험하였다. 여섯째, 실험분석 방법으로는 영역을 설정하여 주시현상을 분석할 수 있는 AOI(Areas of Interest) 분석이 주된 시스템으로 사용하였다. (결론) 아이트래킹 선행 실험연구를 요목별로 분석하면서 실험에 필요한 사항을 정립하고 종합한 결과, 공간 시지각 실험연구는 6가지 지향성으로 설정하였다. 공간을 인지하는 시지각 반응연구는 앞으로 연구가 필요한 영역이고 실험적 자료는 과학적이고 실질적이다. 선행 연구내용 종합의 기초 연구로서 향후 아이트래킹 실험을 위해 기초적 데이터베이스 역할을 위한 조사 연구이었다.

Real Time System for Student Fatigue Detection during Online Learning

Kinjal V Joshi,Azim Kangda,Sunny Patel 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.9 No.3

At the present learning through online video is very popular. But there is no way to de-termine whether student is actually watching video or not. In this paper, an algorithm for real time eye state classification using simple web-cam is presented. Here one application is developed in which eyes of the person seated in-front of camera are detected using classifier. Four different eye positions: looking straight, looking left, looking upward and looking right are classified with the help of K-means clustering of the features of detected eyes. Here looking downward is not considered because it seems closed eyes and when closed eyes are detected the video will automatically pause. This approach is also used to detect constant gaze towards screen to prevent Computer Vision Syndrome. Another application of eye detection and eye state classification is to detect driver fatigue during driving. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of the presented meth-ods.Given that two eyes are detected in a face; the system classifies the eye-states with an accuracy of 95%.

College Students’ Eye Strain Caused by Eye Health Behaviors

( Sung Ji Park ),( Seul Gi Oh ),( Ji Sook Kang ) 융합연구학회 2017 융합연구학회지 Vol.1 No.1

This study has the aim to investigate the college students’ eye strain caused by their eye movements. In this study, we used a developed questionnaire comprised of 88 questions including eye strain. The data was collected from February 4, 2012 until February 22, 2012. The participants were 273 undergraduates who were resident in Jeolla and Gyeonggi provinces of Korea. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS 19.0. The results of this study as follows. 67% of participants used optical aids such as eye glasses and contact lenses. For them, the initial age of using the optical aids was 14.27. They experienced sensitivity (61.2%), dryness (58.6%), itching (44.6%) of their eyes. They purchased contact lenses at the optician’s shop (94.4%), and they used contact lenses with the object of both correction and beautification (43.4%). The initial age of wearing contact lenses was 18.38. The mean score of eye strain was 16.36. There were significant differences in gender (t=-3.171, p=.002), eyesight testing time (F=6.380, p=.002), use of the optical aids (t=-4.096, p<.001), use of the contact lenses (t=-5.988, p<.001), eye disease (t=5.903, p<.001), sitting posture (F=-6.477, p<.001), side effects of wearing contact lenses (t=3.502, p=.001), daily use of contact lenses (t=-2.921, p=004), and weekly use of contact lenses (t=-2.273, p=.024) causing the eye strain. This study confirmed that the participants wearing contact lenses feel more eye strain than otherwise. Therefore, it is necessary to develop nursing interventions and educational program to help manage contact lenses and eye health.

눈 미용성형수술후 아이 메이크업 변화 연구

최미혜(Mi-Hye Choi) 한국화장품미용학회 2013 한국화장품미용학회지 Vol.3 No.2

This study aimed to examine eye cosmetic surgery and eye make-up for women who have received eye cosmetic surgery, and also to establish the basic data related to eye-shadow, a part of eye make-up. Selecting two private plastic surgeries from Seoul Gangbuk region and one from Gangnam region, we distributed total 150 questionnaires to women from 10s to 30s, who received eye cosmetic surgery(AKA, double-eyelid surgery), and then analyzed the empirical data from 100 respondents by using SPSS WIN 12.0. Though there were some differences in the motive of receiving eye cosmetic surgery depending on age, the satisfaction after surgery was high, and most of them also highly recognized the influence of eye make-up on changes in image. Especially, they were shown to pay the most attention to eye-shadow among eye make-up. Before eye cosmetic surgery, a lot of women thought that they had an intelligent and polished image. After the surgery, however, the number of women thinking that they had an intelligent image was decreased while the number of women thinking that they had a sexy image was increased. In case of changes in eye-shadow color, before the surgery, most women preferred brown color. After the surgery, however, the preference for brown color was a little decreased while the number of women who preferred pink or green color was increased.

단계식 입력 체계를 이용한 시선 추적 기반의 한글 입력 인터페이스 설계

김호중(Hojoong Kim),우성경(Sung-kyung Woo),이건우(Kunwoo Lee) 한국HCI학회 2017 한국HCI학회 논문지 Vol.12 No.4

Eye-typing은 인간-컴퓨터 상호작용의 일종으로 시선의 위치 정보를 기반으로 하는 입력 체계이다. 눈동자의 움직임 이외의 물리적 행위를 필요로 하지 않아 거동이 어려운 전신마비 환자들을 위한 입력 수단으로 널리 사용된다. 하지만 eye-typing을 위한 한글 기반의 인터페이스는 거의 제시되지 않은 것이 현실이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한글 입력에 최적화된 eye-typing 입력 체계를 구현하였다. 우선 큰 잡음과 Midas touch problem으로 대표되는 eye-typing의 특성을 고려하여 설계 목표를 정립하였다. 잡음 문제를 해결하기 위해 개별 버튼의 크기를 극대화하기 위해 단계식 입력 체계를 도입하였고 Midas touch problem을 해결하기 위해 입력 영역 중간에 시선 보류 영역을 두었다. 다음으로 각 음절이 자음과 모음의 조합으로 생성되는 한글의 언어학적 특성에 대한 고찰을 바탕으로 두 종류의 eye-typing 인터페이스를 설계하였다. 각각 자모 일체형, 자모 분리형 인터페이스로 정의한 두 인터페이스는 한글의 자모음을 유형화하여 단계적으로 입력하도록 구현되었다. 그리고 이들의 성능을 검증하기위해 한글 두벌식 자판과 비교하고 입력 과정에서 시선의 동선을 분석하는 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 제시한 인터페이스가 실용적인 eye-typing 수단으로 활용될 가능성이 충분함을 확인하였다. Eye-typing is one kind of human-computer interactive input system which is implemented by location data of gaze. It is widely used as an input system for paralytics because it does not require physical motions other than the eye movement. However, eye-typing interface based on Korean character has not been suggested yet. Thus, this research aims to implement the eye-typing interface optimized for Korean. To begin with, design objectives were established based on the features of eye-typing: significant noise and Midas touch problem. Multilevel input system was introduced to deal with noise, and an area free from input button was applied to solve Midas touch problem. Then, two types of eye-typing interfaces were suggested on phonological consideration of Korean where each syllable is generated from combination of several phonemes. Named as consonant-vowel integrated interface and separated interface, the two interfaces are designed to input Korean in phases through grouped phonemes. Finally, evaluation procedures composed of comparative experiments against the conventional Double-Korean keyboard interface, and analysis on flow of gaze were conducted. As a result, newly designed interfaces showed potential to be applied as practical tools for eye-typing.

온열마사지가 눈꺼풀 온도 및 눈물막 지방층 두께에 미치는 효과

강동완(Dong Wan Kang),엄영섭(Young Sub Eom),임재원(Jay Won Rhim),강수연(Su Yeon Kang),김효명(Hyo Myung Kim),송종석(Jong Suk Song) 대한안과학회 2016 대한안과학회지 Vol.57 No.6

목적: 상품화된 온열패드를 이용한 온열마사지가 눈꺼풀 온도 및 눈물막 지방층 두께에 미치는 효과를 평가하고자 하였다. 대상과 방법: 건성안이나 마이봄샘 기능장애 등 특별한 안질환이 없는 13인 26안을 대상으로 LipiView 2Ⓡ System (TearscienceⓇ, Morrisville, NY, USA)을 이용, 각각 양안의 평균 눈물막 지방층 두께를 측정하였다. 온열마사지의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 양안 중우안에만 찜질을 시행하였고, 찜질 시작 직후와 3분, 5분의 우안 눈꺼풀 온도를 측정하여 찜질을 하지 않은 좌안과 비교하였다. 5분간의 온열마사지 후 다시 양안의 눈물막 지방층 두께를 측정하여 온열마사지가 눈물막 지방층 두께에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 결과: 13인 26안에서의 온열마사지 전 평균 눈물막 두께는 우안 55.1 ± 21.0 nm, 좌안 53.9 ± 13.9 nm로 측정되었다(p=0.474). 온열마사지 전 눈꺼풀 온도는 우안 35.9 ± 0.3℃, 좌안 35.9 ± 0.2℃로 측정되었고, 마사지 시작 직후, 3분, 5분 후 눈꺼풀 온도는 각각 40.3 ± 1.3℃, 40.3 ± 1.3℃, 40.3 ± 1.9℃로 마사지를 하는 동안 눈꺼풀의 온도가 비교적 일정하게 유지되었다. 온열마사지 후 눈물막 지방층 두께는 우안 83.5 ± 18.8 nm로 마사지 전에 비해 유의한 증가를 보였고(p=0.001), 좌안 65.5 ± 27.1 nm에 비해서도 유의하게 차이를 보였다(p=0.005). 결론: 온열마사지는 정상안에서 마사지 후 눈물막 지방층의 두께를 증가시켰고, 5분의 마사지 시간 동안 40.3oC 정도의 비교적 안정적인 온도의 증가를 보여 눈물막 지방층 유지에 도움이 될 것이라 생각된다. <대한안과학회지 2016;57(6):876-880> Purpose: Warm compression using a commercial heat pad was used to evaluate the effects of temperature on the eyelids and tear film lipid layer thickness. Methods: Targeting 13 patients (26 eyes) with non-specific eye disease such as dry eye syndrome or Meibomian gland dysfunction, we measured the average thickness of the tear film lipid layer in both eyes with the LipiView 2?? System (Tearscience??, Morrisville, NY, USA). We performed warm compression on the right eye only in order to evaluate the effectiveness of massage and measured the temperature of the right eye lid immediately, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes after compression in order to compare with the untreated left eye. After warm compression for 5 minutes, we measured tear film lipid layer thickness of both eyes and analyzed the effectiveness of warm compression. Results: The average tear film lipid layer thickness was 55.1 ± 21.0 nm in the right eyes and 53.9 ± 13.9 nm in the left eyes (p = 0.474). Before performing the warm compression, the temperature of the right eye lid was 53.9 ± 13.9 nm, and that of the left was 35.9 ± 0.2oC. The eye lid temperature of the right eye immediately, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes after warm compression was 40.3 ± 1.3oC, 40.3 ± 1.3oC, and 40.3 ± 1.9oC, respectively, and these temperatures were relatively constant during the massage. Tear film lipid layer thickness after warm compression in the right eye was 83.5 ± 18.8 nm, which was increased compared to the original temperature (p = 0.001) and showed significant difference compared with the 65.5 ± 27.1 nm in the left eye (p = 0.005). Conclusions: Warm compression increased the tear film lipid layer thickness and showed a relatively constant increased temperature of 40.3°C over 5 minutes. This technique will be helpful for maintaining tear film lipid layer thickness in patients with Meibomian gland dysfunction. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2016;57(6):876-880

건성안 환자의 광학적 특성에 대한 객관적인 분석

전혜민,이동준,Hye Min Jeon,Dong Jun Lee 대한안과학회 2014 대한안과학회지 Vol.55 No.11

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of Optical Quality Analysis System (OQAS<SUP>Ⓡ) instrument for the assessment of dry eye syndrome. Methods: Dynamic recording of double-pass (DP) retinal images was performed in 1 eye dry eye patients (20 eyes) and in healthy controls (20 eyes) for 20 seconds after eye blinking. Results: The mean objective scatter Index (OSI) value was 4.53 in dry eyes, 0.67 in healthy eyes and the standard deviation of OSI was 1.20 in dry eyes and 1.18 in healthy eyes. The patients with dry eyes showed significantly higher mean OSI and standard deviation values. Ocular scatter increased over time and significant changes occurred 13.5 seconds after blinking. The difference in OSI value between 0 second and 20 seconds was significantly greater in dry eye patients (4.15) than in controls (0.32). Conclusions: Ocular scatter increased over time after blinking. The dry eye patients had larger and more variable ocular scatter index than the controls. OQAS<SUP>Ⓡ may be useful to detect and follow-up tear film-related patient complaints in dry eye syndrome. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2014;55(11):1600-1605