전자파에 의한 손해와 배상책임원리

오병철 한국민사법학회 2005 民事法學 Vol.30 No.-

The damage caused by electromagnetic consists of three types as the damage by electromagnetic interference, the damage to health and the damage by electromagnetic susceptibility. According to types and process of occurring damage, the responsibility to be applied is diverse. First of all, the compensation for the damage is ruled by tort under negligence rule. The criterion of negligence is same to guideline for EMC and EMI. However, for the damage to health, 'Protection Guideline for Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields' is a de facto criterion of negligence because emitted electromagnetic below minimum of guideline is not responsible for the damage. The shortcoming concerning application of tort under negligence rule is hardship of causality between electromagnetic and damage. It is actually hard to apply product liability on the compensation for the damage. Although product liability needs not negligence, the proof of causality between electromagnetic and damage is also very difficult. So the burden of proof of causality must be mitigated in product liability for damage caused by electromagnetic. The damage to health caused by electromagnetic can be ruled by environment liability in Korea Environment Policy Basic Act. This special environment liability is a heavy penalty for offender because it needs no negligence, but a range for application is so narrow. The damage not be applicable for this special liability can be dealt with special tort of civil law theory. It has a merit that proof of causality is mitigated to proof probability between damage and electromagnetic.

Visualizing Electromagnetic Vector Fields in Matter using MATHEMATICA

Yong-Dae Choi,Hee-Joong Yun 한국진공학회(ASCT) 2019 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.28 No.3

The quantities of dynamic physics including gravitational field and electromagnetic field are accurately described using vector differential operators. Electromagnetism is notably more conceptual in matter compared to vacuum because abstract, three-dimensional fields that are sometimes difficult to visualize are involved in most analysis. A visual representation of abstract vector fields in matter is invaluable to students or researchers working in this field and may also assist teachers in teaching electromagnetism to physics or engineering students. We successfully visualized the most fundamental concepts of the electromagnetic vector calculated and estimated using vector differential operators in Mathematica. This visualization based on vector calculations can be used as a starting platform for the further exploration of electromagnetic vector fields.

Second quantized scalar QED in homogeneous time-dependent electromagnetic fields

Academic Press 2014 Annals of physics Vol.351 No.-

We formulate the second quantization of a charged scalar field in homogeneous, time-dependent electromagnetic fields, in which the Hamiltonian is an infinite system of decoupled, time-dependent oscillators for electric fields, but it is another infinite system of coupled, time-dependent oscillators for magnetic fields. We then employ the quantum invariant method to find various quantum states for the charged field. For time-dependent electric fields, a pair of quantum invariant operators for each oscillator with the given momentum plays the role of the time-dependent annihilation and the creation operators, constructs the exact quantum states, and gives the vacuum persistence amplitude as well as the pair-production rate. We also find the quantum invariants for the coupled oscillators for the charged field in time-dependent magnetic fields and advance a perturbation method when the magnetic fields change adiabatically. Finally, the quantum state and the pair production are discussed when a time-dependent electric field is present in parallel to the magnetic field.

제주지역 극저주파 전자계 실측 및 평가

오성보,김덕구 제주대학교 공과대학 첨단기술연구소 2005 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.16 No.2

The possible risks of ELF electromagnetic fields on electric power facilities for the human body, is a growing concern for the society. In recent years, we have had many civil application about electromagnetic fields according to increasing of construction of electric power facilities. This paper describes human body effect by regulation management and the guidelines of human body protection of electromagnetic field. We try to evaluate the effect of electromagnetic fields by actual measurement at electric power facilities in Jeju.

의료기관 내 전자파 환경

신세원,윤상모,신현진,안현수,안희덕 영남대학교 의과대학 2004 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.21 No.2

Background: Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are ubiquitous in modern society including medical field. As the technology of medical instruments and telecommunications has developed rapidly, it has influenced on our lives in many ways. Modem medical practice requires high quality medical equipments, which have a great deal of electromagnetic interference and susceptibility. The purpose of this study were to evaluate electromagnetic condition under usual clinical condition and to suggest a practical guideline in general hospital. Materials and Methods: The actual state of the electromagnetic interference in the medical field was studied under usual clinical conditions including operating rooms, intensive care units, magnetic resonance imaging unit, and hyperthermia unit. Results: There was considerable noise as a result of electromagnetic fields from medical equipments including electrosurgical units and hyperthermia unit, and cellular phones, which could induce serious functional derangements of functioning medical devices. Conclusion: It will be necessary to evaluate the individual electromagnetic situations under various medical conditions and to define a limited zone for cellular phone as well as reposition medical equipments to secure a safer medical practice and to minimize electromagnetic interference.

Measurement and Modeling of Personal Exposure to the Electric and Magnetic Fields in the Vicinity of High Voltage Power Lines

Tourab, Wafa,Babouri, Abdesselam Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2016 Safety and health at work Vol.7 No.2

Background: This work presents an experimental and modeling study of the electromagnetic environment in the vicinity of a high voltage substation located in eastern Algeria (Annaba city) specified with a very high population density. The effects of electromagnetic fields emanating from the coupled multi-lines high voltage power systems (MLHV) on the health of the workers and people living in proximity of substations has been analyzed. Methods: Experimental Measurements for the Multi-lines power system proposed have been conducted in the free space under the high voltage lines. Field's intensities were measured using a referenced and calibrated electromagnetic field meter PMM8053B for the levels 0 m, 1 m, 1.5 m and 1.8 m witch present the sensitive's parts as organs and major functions (head, heart, pelvis and feet) of the human body. Results: The measurement results were validated by numerical simulation using the finite element method and these results are compared with the limit values of the international standards. Conclusion: We project to set own national standards for exposure to electromagnetic fields, in order to achieve a regional database that will be at the disposal of partners concerned to ensure safety of people and mainly workers inside high voltage electrical substations.

전자파 방사 내성 시험을 위한 최적화된 균일장 측정 방법에 관한 연구

조진영,문준철,정창규,Cho Jin-Young,Mun Jun-Chul,Jung Chang-Kyoo 한국전자파학회 2005 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.16 No.6

본 논문에서는 전자파 방사 내성 시험의 불확실성 요인이 되는 '오버 및 언더 편차'와 그로 인해 발생하는 '오버 및 언더 테스팅'을 줄이고자 기존 균일장 측정 방법의 문제점을 비교 분석하고 '오버 및 언더 편차'를 최소화할 수 있는 새로운 균일장 측정 방법을 제안하였다. 성능이 다른 4개의 국내 시험 기관 무반사실에 이를 적용하여 기존 측정 방법과 비교 실험하였으며 6 dB을 초과하는 필드에 대해 최소 편차인 FDI(Field Deviation Index)와 비교 분석하였다. 실험에 대한 분석 결과 '오버 및 언더 편차'는 제안 방법이 FDI와 동일하게 나타났으며 특정 주파수에선 현재 국내 규격 및 국제 규격보다 4.9 dB, 2.37 dB 개선되었고 전체 주파수에서는 평균적으로 1.193 dB, 0.017 dB 개선되었다. '오버 및 언더 테스팅 포인트'는 제안 방법이 기존 방법보다 최대 926개, 10개 포인트가 적게 측정되었으며 균일 영역 중심부 4포인트에서는 최대 118개, 9개 적게 측정되었으며, 다른 포인트에 대한 비율 또한 가장 낮게 측정되어 시험의 불확실성의 요인을 최소화하였음을 확인하였다. In this paper, we reduce 'over and under deviation' and 'over and under testing' which have a cause of uncertainty in electromagnetic radiated immunity test. We analyze continued measurement method of field uniformity and propose new estimate method having the minimum uncertainty condition. We test comparison in 4 anechoic chambers and analyze FDI(Field Deviation Index) which is the minimum deviation excess 6 dB on fields. We obtain that the proposed test method improve 1.193 dB than domestic standard(KN 61000-4-3) and 0.017 dB than international standard (IEC61000-4-3) in every frequency. In the test result 'over and under testing point' have 926 point at every field area and have 118 point at center uniform area. These result know that proposed measurement method have 10 point less at every field area and 9 point less at center uniform area than continued measurement method. The proposed test method have few point more than continued measurement method. Therefore, we confirmed that the proposed test method have the minimum uncertainty in electromagnetic radiated immunity test.

Proposing a Low-Frequency Radiated Magnetic Field Susceptibility (RS101) Test Exemption Criterion for NPPs

민문기,이재기,이광현,이동일 한국원자력학회 2019 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.51 No.4

When the equipment which is related to safety or important to power production is installed in nuclearpower plant units (NPPs), verification of equipment Electromagnetic Susceptibility (EMS) must be performed. The low-frequency radiated magnetic field susceptibility (RS101) test is one of the EMS testsspecified in U.S NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) Regulatory Guide (RG) 1.180 revision 1. The RS101test verifies the ability of equipment installed in close proximity to sources of large radiated magneticfields to withstand them. However, RG 1.180 revision 1 allows for an exemption of the low-frequencyradiated magnetic susceptibility (RS101) test if the safetyerelated equipment will not be installed inareas with strong sources of magnetic fields. There is no specific exemption criterion in RG 1.180 revision1. EPRI TR-102323 revision 4 specifically provides a guide that the low-frequency radiated magnetic fieldsusceptibility (RS101) test can be conservatively exempted for equipment installed at least 1 m awayfrom the sources of large magnetic fields (>300 A/m). But there is no exemption criterion for equipmentinstalled within 1 m of the sources of smaller magnetic fields (<300 A/m). Since some types of equipmentradiating magnetic flux are often installed near safety related equipment in an electrical equipmentroom (EER) and main control room (MCR), the RS101 test exemption criterion needs to be reasonablydefined for the cases of installation within 1 m. There is also insufficient data regarding the strength ofmagnetic fields that can be used in NPPs. In order to ensure confidence in the RS101 test exemptioncriterion, we measured the strength of low-frequency radiated magnetic fields by distance. This study isexpected to provide an insight into the RS101 test exemption criterion that meets the RG 1.180 revision 1. It also provides a margin analysis that can be used to mitigate the influence of low-frequency radiatedmagnetic field sources in NPPs

Zero-point Fluctuations of Quantized Electromagnetic Fields in Time-varying Linear Media

김덕현,최정렬,Nadir Chaabi,Mustapha Maamache,Salah Menouar 한국물리학회 2010 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.56 No.3

If the precise nonclassical behavior of radiation fields is to be investigated, it is crucial to quantize the electromagnetic fields. The traditional quantization procedure is extended to that of light described by time-dependent Hamiltonians by means of the Lewis-Riesenfeld invariant operator method. The quantization problem of light fields is presented in time-varying linear media by using the invariant operator theory of Lewis-Riesenfeld. The zero-point fluctuation of the electromagnetic fields in time-varying linear media is investigated. Since there are infinite modes inside a cavity,the fluctuation of the zero-point field is also infinite. However, in view of electrical engineering, the width of the band is finite enough that the infinite zero-point fluctuation can not be detected. As a means of detection for the zero-point fluctuation, an electron that interacts with the fluctuation of the field is considered. When there is conductivity in the media, the measured total fields decrease with time due to dissipation.

전자계-기계계 결합해석에 의한 건식변압기의 단락강도 예측

안현모(Hyun-Mo Ahn),한성진(Sung-Chin Hahn) 대한전기학회 2011 전기학회논문지 Vol.60 No.2

This paper deals with the coupled electromagnetic-mechanical field analysis for short-circuit electromagnetic force of the dry-type transformer. The short-circuit currents are calculated using external circuit in accordance with short-circuit test equipment. According to short-circuit current, the generated magnetic leakage flux density in dry-type transformer model is calculated by finite element method. The radially-directed electromagnetic forces in windings are calculated using electromagnetic field analysis and then axially-directed electromagnetic forces in windings are calculated using electromagnetic-mechanical field analysis. The calculated axially-directed electromagnetic forces in high voltage winding are compared to those of measured ones and showed good agreement with experimental results.