서울지역 급식 국민학교의 음용수 수질에 관한 연구

이원묘,이용옥,방형애 한국환경보건학회 1995 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.21 No.1

The aims of this study are to enhance the students knowledge of the drinking water and its reliability by investigating drinking water situation on the drinking water. The results are as following 1. Status and drinking behavior about school drinking water (1) 97.82% of the schools are using the tap water as the resource of drinking water. (2) 46 schools are in possession of water tank and 18 schools of them are using the water tank as the resource of drinking water. The clearing and sanitization of the tank are carried out once in a year with hypochloronatrium by the low-level officials. (3) 51.28% of the schools are providing the students with drinking water and 75% of them with boiled water. The drinking water supply managers are low-level officials, nurse teachers, and dietitian. 2. Analysis of the drinking water quality (1) Most of the drinking water provided by the school are tap water 35.8%, barely tea 5.85%, filtered water 6.3%, ground water 1.1% and all turned out to be suitable for drinking. (2) The drinking water carried from home turned out to be unsuitable for drinking except pH criterion, especially the test of APC(Aerobic Plate Count) and Coliform group showed worse degree. These results were caused by the hygiene problem and maltreatment in water container.

우리나라의 먹는샘물 법제의 개선방안 -먹는물관리법을 중심으로-

손진상 ( Jinsang Sohn ) 안암법학회 2015 안암 법학 Vol.0 No.48

This paper aims to way to address improvement of the drinking water legislations by analyzing Drinking Water Management Act. Population growth, urbanization, water consumption was observed impacts, such as industrialization increases significantly, the stability of the crystal clear water with the construction of water supply infrastructure has emerged as a major topic. In addition, water environmental changes that come closer to the real threat of water shortage and water pollution are to recognize water as a economic goods. While this paradigm change facing the water industry has been injured by aspiring to lead a growth industry in the 21st century it is being referred to as blue gold. The rational management of water and the advancement of drinking water legislation enacted in order to promote public health will be called contemporary challenges. On the basis of this perspective, this study was to establish the framework of the improvement of the legal and policy direction related to the formulation of the drinking water diversified and advanced mechanisms. The term drinking water means natural water commonly used for drinking purposes, and tap water, drinking spring water and deep sea drinking water, etc. which are treated natural water adequately fordrinking. This study suggest that drinking water legislation should be improved towards diversification of naturally clear drinking water and improvement of quality standards for water and charges for water quality improvement, etc.

녹색소비 관점에서 수돗물 음용 제고를 위한 교육프로그램 개발 및 효과 연구

구혜경,최아라,강소연,유상화 한국소비자정책교육학회 2018 소비자정책교육연구 Vol.14 No.2

본 연구는 미래에 지속가능 소비의 주체가 되는 대학생 소비자를 대상으로 녹색소비 관점에서 수돗물 음용 행동을 제고하기 위한 교육 프로그램을 개발하고 수행하여 그 효과를 평가하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 대학생 소비자들에게 수돗물에 대한 긍정적 인식과 지식을 확산시키고, 수돗물에 대한 올바른 태도를 함양하여 수돗물 음용실천을 활성화 한다면 정수기나 먹는 생수를 줄이게 되어 개인적 측면에서의 경제적 혜택뿐만 아니라 물절약 및에너지 절약 등 환경적 혜택 모두를 누릴 수 있게 된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 수돗물 관련 자료 및 K-water의자료 등 문헌고찰을 통해 수집한 자료를 바탕으로 수돗물 관련 지식, 태도, 기술 등을 강화하거나 긍정적으로 변화시킬 수 있는 내용을 중심으로 하여 약 45분 수업 분량의 교육콘텐츠를 강의안(PPT 파일 형태)으로 제작하였으며교육 전과 후 소비자역량의 변화를 측정하여 교육콘텐츠에 대한 검토와 교육 효과에의 영향 요인을 고찰하였다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교육 후 수돗물 음용 관련 소비자역량인 소비자의 객관적 지식, 주관적 지식, 수돗물 음용 태도, 수돗물 음용 기술 등이 모두 향상되어 교육 자료의 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 대학생소비자의 수돗물 음용의 중요성 이해도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 수돗물 음용 녹색 소비 태도, 깨끗한 수돗물 음용 노력, 수돗물 관여도 변수가 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 교육 후 수돗물 음용 실천 의사에영향을 미치는 요인은 수돗물 긍정 태도, 수돗물 관여도 수준, 깨끗한 수돗물 음용 노력 변수가 긍정적 영향을미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 수돗물에 대한 정확한 정보 및 수돗물 음용 방법, 신뢰 회복 방안에 대한 구체적자료들을 효율적으로 교육하여 수돗물 음용 인식을 제고할 수 있으며 기존과 같은 일방적인 정책 홍보보다 직접적인 소비자 교육이 보다 효과적임을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 형태의 접근은 수돗물 안전, 신뢰 확보를 위한첫걸음으로서 의미가 있을 것이며 소비자접점에서 수돗물에 대한 소비자의 지식, 태도, 기술 향상 노력의 중요성을 강조하였다는데 의의가 있다. The purpose of this study is to develop and implement an education program to improve tap water drinking behavior in terms of green consumption of the undergraduates who are the subject of sustainable consumption in the future. If we encourage university students to spread their positive perceptions and knowledge about tap water and cultivate the correct attitude toward tap water to activate tap water drinking practices, water purifiers and bottled water will be reduced, which will not only provide economic benefits in terms of personal benefits, and other environmental benefits. Therefore, in this study, about 45 minutes of instructional content (PPT file format) was produced based on the data collected through the review of tap water data and K-water data, which is focused on contents that can enhance or improve positive consumers' knowledge, attitude and skill about tap water. After that, we measured the change of consumer competence before and after education and reviewed the contents of educational contents and factors affecting educational effect. The results of this study are as follows. First, the objective knowledge, subjective knowledge, tap water drinking attitude, and tap water drinking skill, which are consumer competence related to tap water drinking after education, are all improved. Through this, we were able to confirm the effect of educational materials. Second, the factors that positively affect the understanding of the importance of tap water drinking in college students are ‘green consumption attitude of tap water drinking’, ‘effort of drinking clean tap water’ and ‘involvement of tap water’. Third, the factors affecting intention to practice tap water drinking after education are positively influenced by ‘positive attitude of tap water’, ‘involvement of tap water’, and ‘effort of drinking clean tap water’. This results showed that consumers' awareness of tap water consumption can be improved and that direct consumer education is more effective than one-sided policy promotion by educating efficiently specific data about the accurate information of tap water, measures of drinking tap water and a way to restore tap water trust. This type of approach is meaningful as the first step for securing tap water safety and trust, and it is meaningful that this study emphasized the importance of consumers' knowledge, attitude and efforts to improve the skill of drinking tap water at the consumers' touch points.

Unsafe Drinking Water in Tikapur, Nepal

Megh Raj Bhattarai,Ma Easter Joy Sajo,Yang-Suk Yoon,Dong-Heui Kim,Dong-Won Ahn,Kyu-Jae Lee 한국물학회 2013 한국물학회 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.03

This specific dissertation thoroughly examines and analyses the existing condition of safe drinking water, prevailing problems and most possible solutions to improve its quality in Tikapur Municipality of Nepal. First of all, it is found that relatively very few proportion of population residing particularly in the core urban area of the Municipality have access to gravity water supply system whereas almost 90 percents of total population depend on the underground water sources like tube- wells. Since the existing major sources of drinking water in this Municipality are based on unscientific, traditional and unprotected supply systems, the inhabitants are compelled to use inadequate, unhygienic and poor water quality, which is found hardly chlorinated and purified to adequate levels. Although the sources and access to water is quite high in this Municipality in comparison to the average condition of the Nepal, prevalence of bacterial contamination and unsafe drinking water seems as one of the major challenges in most of the rural and drought affected areas of the Municipality. Apart from it, due to the dense settlements and lack of adequate land, it is most often seen that the distance of tube wells and safety tank of toilets is narrow consisting high risk of contamination of human excreta. Most importantly, it is really surprising that even medical stores do not keep water guard and other water treatment options except in summer season. Prominently, lack of felt need and habit cultivation for the use of safe drinking water among people living in this Municipality have contributed largely for the emergence of rampant water quality problem and its subsequent result of water borne and other diseases like Diarrhoea, cholera and jaundice. On the one hand it is estimated that the capacity of water storage tank based on surface water supply system is limited only for 1500 households out of more than 11000, on the other hand its traditional operative system and practice of irregular and ineffective cleanliness of tank and its sources have raised another major problem for maintaining its safety. In rainy seasons due to the unavailability of scientific sewerage and drainage system, the tube- wells are covered with contaminated and dirty water mainly in the urban areas of the Municipality. In addition to it, poor storage system, practice of open defecation near to water sources, allocation of insufficient budget for providing scientific water supply system, lack of public awareness and lack of ownership among concerned stakeholders for the promotion and management of safe drinking water are also appearing as the major problems. First and foremost, what seems inevitable is the simultaneous use of both hardware and software approaches to promote and provide easy and sustainable access for safe drinking water. Activities to arouse felt need to generate the sense of ownership and promotion of the Proper practice of POU water treatment options could be some effective tools for the sustainable development of safe drinking water. Similarly, as the habit of open defecation near to water sources has been rampant in the Tikapur Municipality area, it is undoubtedly crucial to eliminate Open defecation practice by promoting safe disposal practice of human excreta through Public awareness campaign. In the similar fashion development and expansion of scientific and modern water supply system, proper management of scientific sewerage and drainage system is also equally important. Last but not the least, the methods for the mobilization of community, strengthening and capacity development of stakeholders, development and implementation local level participatory action plan are seem important and even effective for maintaining and providing safe drinking water.

Impacts of Nipple Drinker Position on Water Intake, Water Wastage and Drinking Duration of Pigs

( Elanchezhian Arulmozhi ),( Jayanta Kumar Basak ),( Fawad Khan ),( Jihoon Park ),( Frank Gyan Okyere ),( Yong Jin Lee ),( Hyeon Tae Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2019 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.24 No.2

Water determines the life-quality of pigs however, adequate measures need to be taken in order to reduce wastage while the animals are drinking. The current study hypothesized and examined a suitable position at which to fix the nipple drinker to provide sufficient drinking water to pigs while also limiting water wastage. Additionally, this study describes both the drinking pattern and drinking duration of pigs. The height to place the drinker was calculated based on the neck movement of the pigs (neck movement angle, NMA). According to the NMA, three independent treatments were investigated with angles placed at clockwise 30°, 0°, and counter clockwise 30°. These positions will be correspondingly referred to as T1, T2, and T3, respectively. To understand the diurnal drinking pattern and drinking duration, along with each pig’s drinking cycle, the number of visits to the drinker was recorded with a camera. The outcome shows that T3 had less water wastage and a higher average daily gain compared to T1 and T2. Further, the number of visits to the drinker and drinking duration were affected by the treatments. The research affirmed that the nipple drinker with a counter clockwise 30° angle at a proper height is the best at reducing water wastage for finishing pigs. Correspondingly, the T3 treatment might create opportunities to drink more water in group-housed pigs.

General Condition of Drinking Water in Nepal

Kyu-Jae Lee,Ma Easter Joy Sajo1,Yang-Suk Yoon,Eun-Ha Kim,Dong-Heui Kim,Dong-Won Ahn 한국물학회 2013 한국물학회 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.03

In the context of Nepal, the issue of easy access to safe drinking water has always been a hot debate mainly because though the country is generally recognized as one of the richest country on the basis of consisting high water density, the proportion of people suffering from water borne diseases is significantly massive. According to the census report of Central Bureau of Statistics 2011, nearly 85percents of households in the country have access to improved drinking water. However these statistics necessarily does not determine and ensure that the stated proportion of households have easy and sufficient access to safe drinking water mainly because most often it is seen that most of the water supplies contain high bacterial contamination and found hardly chlorinated to adequate levels. Whereas the existing major sources and supply systems of drinking water in Nepal are concerned, people heavily depend on inadequate, unhygienic and poor water quality sources like rivers, tube- wells and spouts. Besides that, Poor storage system, practice of open defecation around water sources, traditional operative system, improper drainage system and negligence from concerned stakeholders for the proper maintenance of water supply system are also viewed as most common reasons for the unavailability of sufficient safe drinking water in Nepal. Prominently if we focus on the condition of safe drinking water of Far Western Region of Nepal, it has always been considerably below the national coverage. In the Mountain areas, the water is generally considered to be safe however the contamination of Iron in water is found frequently. In the hill sides lime contaminated water is most commonly available which has further led for the emergence of water and skin borne diseases. In this area the access to safe water is primarily based on gravity system but the availability of limited water sources, insufficient allocation of budget and improper distribution have played vital role for the lack of access to safe to water. Since the hill and mountain districts of this region suffer from the lack of easy access to drinking water, they have to labor hard by walking long distance for the storage of water for which they have to spend healthy amount of time and simultaneously it is not sure that whether that water is safe or not. Access to water is better in Terai region in comparison to the rest because of the availability of underground water sources through tube and dug wells. However, though the sources and access are easier, the worst effect aroused by the lack of access to safe drinking water in this region is more pathetic where a lot of citizens are badly affected by the arsenic contaminated water. Most importantly, the high proportion of patients visiting hospitals for the checkup due to the consistent and acute outbreaks of intestinal parasitic diseases seems emerging from the use of arsenic contaminated water in Terai region which has underscored the prevalence of unsafe water. Even in city areas of the country. Water supply systems are typically occasional, having supply only for relatively few hours per day. Since the facility of water supply through piped system is limited, many people are compelled to depend on the traditional and unprotected sources like ponds in hill region and open dug- wells in Terai region. Since Terai is located in plain areas, people have to rely on diverse types of water sources and mechanisms like streams, tube and dug- wells, underground water systems, small rivers and other sources as well which are undoubtedly do not confirm the reliability and quality of the water. In contrast to Mountain and hill districts of Far West, sources of water in Tikapur Municipality are much more heavily based on underground water but have no easy access to surface water system, though only few who are rich does have. In addition to it, unavailability of drainage system, lack of land for the construction of tube wells due to dense settlements in urban areas and absence of felt need are also other highly functioning factors for the scarcity of safe drinking water. Additionally unsafe water storage habits of people living in this Municipality have created water quality problems. Due to the lack of access to safe water, water borne diseases like cholera, skin diseases and even typhoid are also common in the municipality. In some of the rural and drought affected areas of the Municipality, people use unprotected dug- wells and surface water as the source of drinking water without any scientific treatment.

서울지역 일부 국민학교의 음용수 이용에 관한 연구

이원묘,방형애 대한영양사협회 1995 대한영양사협회 학술지 Vol.1 No.1

The aims of this study are to enhance the students' knowledge of the drinking water and its reliability by investigating drinking water situation and the degree of students' knowledge on the drinking water. The results are as follows; 1. Status and drinking behavior about school drinking water (1) 97.53% of the schools are using the tap water as the resource of drinking water (2) 46 schools are in possession of water tank and 18 schools of them are using the water tank as the resource of drinking water. The cleaning and sanitization of the tank are carried out once in a year with hypochloronatrium by the low-level officials, nurse teachers, and dietitian. 2. The degree of students' knowledge about drinking water (1) This survey represent that students favor the spring water best and think the tap water worst for drinking. (2) 83% of the students think that the tap water is polluted and these conception are formed mostly by the mass communication. 80% of boys and 90% of girls answered they don't drink plain tap water.

Determination of six iodotrihalomethanes in drinking water in Korea

Woo, Bomi,Park, Ju-Hyun,Kim, Seungki,Lee, Jeongae,Choi, Jong-Ho,Pyo, Heesoo Elsevier 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.640 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Trihalomethanes (THMs) are chemicals regulated by Environmental Protection Agency's first drinking water regulation issued after the passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act. Among THMs, iodotrihalomethanes (I-THMs) are produced by treating water containing iodides ion with chlorine or ozone. I-THMs are more carcinogenic and biotoxic than chlorinated or brominated THMs. The purpose of this study was to analyze of I-THMs in drinking water using the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method with various extraction solvents. The calibration curves ranged from 0.01 to 20 ng/mL and the correlation coefficient showed a good linearity of 0.99 or more. The method detection limit ranged from 0.01 to 0.10 ng/mL. The accuracy of the LLE method ranged from 99.43 to 112.40%, and its precision ranged from 1.10 to 10.36%. Good recoveries (71.35–118.60%) were obtained for spiked drinking water samples, demonstrating that the LLE method is suitable for the analysis of drinking water samples. Dichloroiodomethane, bromochloroiodomethane, and dibromoiodomethane were identified in drinking water collected from 70 places of water purification plants in Korea. The samples were classified by disinfection systems, regions, seasons, and water sources. The concentration of I-THMs in pre-/postchlorination facilities owing to excess chlorine usage was higher than in ozonization/postchlorination facilities. Moreover, the concentrations of I-THMs were high in the coastal region, because of the large amount of halide ions from the sea. There was no seasonal difference; however, the concentration of I-THMs in pre-/postchlorination facilities increased in spring and summer. The concentration of I-THMs in water sources was high in samples from the Geum River and the Yeongsan and Sumjin River. The concentration and detection frequency of I-THMs in Han River and Nakdong River were high in the coastal region, because of numerous pre-/postchlorination facilities and the abundance of halide ions from the ocean.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We established an LLE-GC–MS method for analysis of I-THMs in drinking water. </LI> <LI> The MDL of I-THMs was 0.01–0.10 ng/mL and showed a precision of <11%. </LI> <LI> We analyzed six kinds of I-THMs in drinking water from water purification plants in Korea. </LI> <LI> The samples were classified by disinfection systems, regions, seasons and water sources. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>Scheme. The extraction scheme of I-THMs in drinking water.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

구미 지역 주부들의 먹는 물과 물 환경에 대한 인식

정철 ( Cheol Cheong ),박혜경 ( Hye Gyoung Park ) 경북대학교 과학교육연구소 2008 科學敎育硏究誌 Vol.32 No.1

이 연구의 목적은 구미 지역 주부들의 먹는 물과 물 환경에 대한 인식을 조사하여, 주부들의 먹는 물로서의 수돗물과 수돗물 오염에 대한 생각들을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 대상은 구미 지역 주부 20명을 대상으로 먹는 물과 물 환경에 대한 질문지를 작성하게 하여 그 결과를 분석하였다. 연구 결과로 첫째, 대상자들은 구미 지역에 영향을 미치는 자연 자원으로서의 먹는 물과 물 환경에 대한 관심이 높았다. 또한 대상자의 35%는 정수기로 정수된 물을 마시고, 30%는 수돗물을 끓여서 마시고 있는것으로 조사되었다. 수돗물의 안전성에 대해서는 75%였으나, 먹는 물의 안전성은 상대적으로 낮게 인식하고 있었다. 둘째, 주부들은 먹는 물 보전 캠페인과 능동적인 참여가 지역 사회와 연계할 때 더욱 효과적이라고 주장하였다. 더욱이 먹는 물과 물환경에 대한 지속적인 교육을 통해 먹는 물로서의 수돗물에 대한 인식이 촉진될 수 있다고 하였다. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the perception of drinking water and water environment held by housewives in Gumi city area. The subject of this study were 20 housewives and surveyed with a questionnaire on a self-reporting basis. Results are as follows: 1. Housewives were concerned about drinking water and water environment as natural resource affecting Gumi city area. The percentage og the housewives who had used the purified tap water and the boiled water as drinking water was 35% and 30%, respectively. Also, The percentage of the safety of tap water was 75%. However, their perceived level about the safety of drinking water was relatively low. 2. Housewives suggests that a drinking water conservation campaign and active participation may be more effective if it is linked to local community. Furthermore, continuous education about drinking water and water environment promoting perception of tap water as drinking water.

Effect of Cool Drinking Water on Production and Shell Quality of Laying Hens in Summer

Glatz, P.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.6

Feed intake, egg weight, rate of lay and shell quality characteristics were measured in an Australian tinted egg laying strain from 31-42 weeks of age, housed at $30^{\circ}C$ and provided drinking water at 5, 10, 17 and $30^{\circ}C$. In a second experiment a European brown egg laying strain (59-66 weeks of age) housed at $30^{\circ}C$ were provided drinking water at 5, 10, 15 and $30^{\circ}C$. Brown egg layers given cool drinking water (5, 10 and $15^{\circ}C$) consumed more (p<0.05) feed and produced significantly (p<0.05) thicker and heavier shells than hens given drinking water at ambient temperature ($30^{\circ}C$). However the tinted egg layers given chilled drinking water only consumed more (p<0.05) feed and produced thicker (p<0.05) and heavier (p<0.05) shells when consuming drinking water at $5^{\circ}C$. As the tinted egg layers acclimatised to the environmental temperature there was a decline in the influence of cool drinking water on feed intake and shell quality. For brown egg layers, however, cool drinking water resulted in an improvement (p<0.05) in feed intake and shell quality over the entire period birds were provided cool water. These studies suggest that there is potential for using cool drinking water to improve feed intake and shell quality of hens housed under hot conditions. The combination of high ambient temperature and high drinking water temperature, a common occurrence in Australian layer sheds, should be avoided.