The Specific Diglossia in Czech -A Tension between Standard and Substandard-

( Inchon Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2008 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.41

This paper deals with sociolinguistic issues of the Czech language situation which is defined in terms of diglossia. Czech diglossia shows some specific aspects in that there is a serious discrepancy between Standard Czech and Everyday Spoken Czech and status of Spoken Standard Czech has been challenged by Common Czech in public communication. The sphere of these language varieties and the hierarchy between their layers can be observed within the stratification of contemporary Czech in this work. To consider the diachronic view of the problem, the discussion of the origin of Czech diglossia and the theory of language culture founded by the Prague Linguistic Circle in 1930s should be taken into account. Finally it is useful to examine linguistic features of Common Czech as compared with the language data of its counterpart, Standard Czech.

Teaching Arabic Language using the Advertisement texts - Focusing on the Diglossia

( Yun Eun Kyeong ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2017 중동연구 Vol.36 No.1

This research aims to study the effective methods of teaching rabic language using the advertisement texts focusing on the diglossia. The phenomenon of diglossia is one of the most important issues that must be placed in the priorities of teaching Arabic language to the non-native speakers more effectively. Considering the levels of Arabic language in the light of the diglossia, the research presents a new and comprehensive way of teaching Arabic language to non-native speakers using the advertisement texts. In general, the advertisement texts are considered as an ideal material in the Arabic language classes because they contain the characteristics of the literary standard Arabic and spoken Arabic according to the purposes of the production. So they can help students to develop skills in Arabic language, especially the skill to speak. The research presents examples of the different advertisement texts that can be used in the Arabic language classes, as well as a suggested procedural model for how to use the comprehensive method of teaching Arabic through the texts of advertising based on the communicative Approach.

The Specific Diglossia in Czech -A Tension between Standard and Substandard-

김인천 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2008 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.41

This paper deals with sociolinguistic issues of the Czech language situation which is defined in terms of diglossia. Czech diglossia shows some specific aspects in that there is a serious discrepancy between Standard Czech and Everyday Spoken Czech and status of Spoken Standard Czech has been challenged by Common Czech in public communication. The sphere of these language varieties and the hierarchy between their layers can be observed within the stratification of contemporary Czech in this work. To consider the diachronic view of the problem, the discussion of the origin of Czech diglossia and the theory of language culture founded by the Prague Linguistic Circle in 1930s should be taken into account. Finally it is useful to examine linguistic features of Common Czech as compared with the language data of its counterpart, Standard Czech.

Teaching Arabic Language using the Advertisement texts - Focusing on the Diglossia

윤은경 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 중동연구소 2017 중동연구 Vol.36 No.1

This research aims to study the effective methods of teaching rabic language using the advertisement texts focusing on the diglossia. The phenomenon of diglossia is one of the most important issues that must be placed in the priorities of teaching Arabic language to the non-native speakers more effectively. Considering the levels of Arabic language in the light of the diglossia, the research presents a new and comprehensive way of teaching Arabic language to non-native speakers using the advertisement texts. In general, the advertisement texts are considered as an ideal material in the Arabic language classes because they contain the characteristics of the literary standard Arabic and spoken Arabic according to the purposes of the production. So they can help students to develop skills in Arabic language, especially the skill to speak. The research presents examples of the different advertisement texts that can be used in the Arabic language classes, as well as a suggested procedural model for how to use the comprehensive method of teaching Arabic through the texts of advertising based on the communicative Approach. إن الّلغة العربيّة هي إحدى اللغات السامية وتعد من أهم لغات العالم حاليا حيث يستخدمها أكثر من ثلاثمائة مليون نسمة في 22 دولة عربيّة كما أن الّلغة العربيّة هي اللغة الرسمية للصّلاة لكل مسلمى العالم. إضافة إلى كوﻧﻬا إحدى اللغات الرسميّة الست لمن ّ ظمة الأمم المتحدة وعدد من الهيئات والمؤسسات الدولية، وهذا ما يؤدي إلى إقبال كبير من قبل الطلاب الكثيرين على تعلمها باعتبارها من أهم لغات الحضارة والثقافة والعلوم في العالم أجمع. ولكن لا يفوتنا هنا أن نتحدث عن الأحوال اللغوية في العالم العربي الحديث، والتي تمتاز بظاهرة تعدد المستويات الّلغويّة بصور متعددة وتواجد اللغة العربية الفصحى أي ظاهرة الازدواجية التي تختلف عن "Diglossia" واللهجات العامية وهو ما يسمى باللغة الإنجليزية. الحقيقة فان ظاهرة "Bilingualism" ظاهرة ثنائية اللغة، أي الازدواجية في اللغة العربية من أهم المشكلات اللغوية التي تواجه العالم العربي، وبخاصة من النواحي الاجتماعية والتربوية. لأن النمط العالي أي اللغة العربية الفصحى تستخدم في الأغراض الرسمية القليلة مثل وسائل الإعلام والكتابة والتعليم وغيرها، في حين يُستخدم النمط العامي أي اللهجات العامية لأغراض غير رسمية مثل المحادثة بين أفراد الأسرة والأصدقاء في البيت وفي الشارع. ومن هذا المنطلق يمكننا القول بأن ظاهرة الازدواجية في اللغة العربية تعتبر من أهم القضايا التي يجب أن نضعها ضمن أولويات تعليم اللغة العربية للناطقين بغيرها بصورة أكثر فعالية، وذلك من أجل تعليم اللغة العربية مع التركيز على تطوير مهارات اللغة وخاصة مهارة التحدث حسب المذهب الاتصالي. ونظرا لهذه الأهمية، سوف يتناول هذا البحث طريقة مقترحة لتعليم اللغة العربية قائمة على استخدام النصوص الإعلانية في تعليم اللغة العربية للناطقين بغيرها. جدير بالذكر أن الخبراء في مجال تعليم اللغات الاجنبية يجمعون على أن بعض المواد البصرية والسمعية مثل كلمات الأغاني والأفلام السينمائية والنصوص الإعلانية تعد من أفضل المواد التعليمية لغير الناطقين ﺑﻬا وخاصة لتعليم اللغة الفصحى واللهجات العامية في آن واحد. كما أنه من المهم إثارة الدافع والاهتمام بالدرس للطلاب من خلال تشجيعهم على المشاركة في الدراسة بشكل فعَّال. بالإضافة إلى ذلك يتوجب وضع خطة مفصلة للمناهج التعليمية المعتمدة على تحسين مهارة الكلام والتفاهم التي ﺗﻬدف إلى دفع الطلاب إلى استخدام اللغة الحية. حيث سبق وأن بعض البحوث قد تناولت طرق تعليم اللغة العربية باستخدام الأغاني والأفلام السينمائية(سا هي مان 1992 ، يون أون كيونغ 2015 ). لكن لم يتم تناول النصوص الإعلانية حتى ...

프라하 기능주의언어학파의 ‘언어문화이론’ -양층언어(Diglossia) 속에 내재한 표준어 규범의 문제-

김인천 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 동유럽발칸연구소 2009 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.23 No.1

Prague Linguistic Circle was interested in the question of Language Culture, as a topic issue of Czech linguistic situation in the beginning of 1930s. In order to cultivate Standard Czech, they addressed primarily the unstable Czech language situation and founded the Theory of Language Culture. The theory aimed at removing mandatory language rules which Czech linguistic purists formulated in 1890s and at codifying the norm of standard language which adequately reflects contemporary language custom. The key principles of the theory such as language custom, language norm and codification etc. focused on consolidating prestige of standard language. Under consideration that only standard language is assumed to support linguistic uniformity and stability and to promote language culture of a language community, the theory took a serious view of functions of standard language, in this context the theory is sometimes labeled as the theory of standard language. The linguistic synchronicity which serves as a basic framework of the theory worked as a criterion for determining linguistic purity and accuracy, it showed however the rigidity of the theory since it confined the temporal scope to the recent 50 years’ language custom and limited the norm of Standard Czech to the Czech used mainly in ‘Good authors’ literature’. The linguists of the Prague School laid stress on the functional stylistics of standard language. This idea was based on the assumption that the only standard language performs the most effective function communication among all the other variants of the language. This demonstrates the fact that the theory is characterized mainly by functionalism. In the tradition of the theory of language culture, however, the codified norms of modern standard Czech still rely primarily upon the custom of written language rather than that of spoken language and consequently the written form of the language is not actively used by Czech native speakers. The chronic problem of language situation in Czech Republic, so called ‘Czech Diglossia’ is recently growing worse. 1930년 대 초반에 프라하언어학파는 ‘언어문화(Language culture)’의 문제를 언어학 연구의 화두로 삼으며, 체코 언어사회 내에서 이미 오랫동안 불안정한 지위를 차지해 왔던 표준체코어를 육성할 이른바 ‘언어문화이론(Theory of Language Culture)’을 주창한다. 이 이론은, 1870년대에 체코어 보호의 목적으로 언어순수주의에 의해 만들어진 인위적인 언어규칙들을 제거하고 당대의 언어관습을 충분히 반영한 표준어규범의 성문화를 그 주요 목표로 삼았다. 이 이론의 핵심 원리들인 언어관습, 언어규범, 성문화 등은 한 언어권 내에 사용되고 있는 다양한 층위의 언어들의 육성보다는 특별히 언어의 통일성과 안정성을 중시하는 표준어의 우월적 지위를 확보하는 데 초점을 맞추었다. 이 이론은 표준어만이 한 언어공동체의 수준 높은 언어문화를 이끌어 갈 수 있다고 보았는데 바로 이런 이유 때문에 언어문화이론을 표준어의 이론으로 부르기도 한다. 언어문화이론의 기본 골격을 이루는 언어의 공시성(Linguistic synchronicity) 원리는 언어의 순수성과 정확성을 결정짓는 하나의 규준으로 작용하였지만, 언어 공시성의 시간적 범위를 ‘최근 50년간의 언어관습’으로 제한하고 그 기간 동안에 훌륭한 작가의 명작에 사용된 체코어를 표준어의 규준으로 삼게 함으로써 이론의 경직성을 보여주었다. 이 학파는 또한 한 민족의 여러 가지 언어변이형 중에서 오직 표준어만이 다양한 의사소통의 분야에서 대표적 기능을 수행할 수 있다고 보고 표준어의 기능적 문체를 중시하였는데, 이는 프라하언어학파의 기능주의적 학풍을 잘 드러내주는 증거라 할 수 있다. 그러나 언어문화이론의 원리에 따라 성문화된 표준어의 규범들은 사실 구어보다는 문어의 언어관습에 의존함으로써 체코어화자로 하여금 표준어를 적극적으로 사용하도록 유도하는 데 결국 실패하였다. 이러한 사실은 오늘날도 여전히 체코의 언어사회에 진행되고 있는 양층언어상황(Diglossia)에 의해서도 입증될 수 있을 것이다.

러시아의 양층언어/이중언어현상 연구의 특성과 과제

정영주(Jung, Youngjoo) 한국노어노문학회 2016 노어노문학 Vol.28 No.4

퍼거슨이 ‘양층언어현상’이라는 용어를 제시한 후(1959), 많은 사회언어학자들이 이 주제를 연구했다. 퍼거슨은 한 언어의 변종들이 기능에 따라 각각 상위어와 하위어로 구분된다는 것을 관찰했다. 뒤를 이은 일련의 연구자들은 양층언어 현상이 유전적으로 무관한 언어들 사이에서도 관찰된다고 주장한다. 그런데 러시아의 연구자들은 퍼거슨의 고전적 모델만을 양층언어현상으로 보는 경향이 강하다. 확장된 모델이 양층언어현상이 아니라는 주장을 뒷받침하는 논거는 명확히 제시되지 않았다. 본고에서는 러시아의 양층언어/이중언어현상 연구의 흐름과 특성을 살펴보고, 앞으로의 과제를 제시한다. Since Charles A. Ferguson proposed the conception “diglossia”(1959), plenty of sociolinguists are studying on this theme. Ferguson observed that variations of a language are classified as the H-variation and the L-variation by their functions. Thereafter a series of linguists have argued that the similar situations are detected even between two or more genetically unrelated languages. However Russian sociolinguists display a tendency to accept as “diglossia” only the “classical model”, conceived by Ferguson. The arguments of Russian researchers against the “extended model” are regarded as insufficient. In this article, I try to overlook the history and specifications of Western and Russian studies on diglossia/bilingualism, and suggest further tasks to be accomplished.

부흥기(Al-Nahd?ah)이후 아랍어의 양충언어현상과 현대 표준 아랍어

윤용수 한국이슬람학회 2004 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.14 No.2

After al-Nandah since 1798, the Arab society had been experienced much rapid social revolution. This revolution had influence the linguistic consciousness among Arab. The most of. the Arab linguists in that time had suggested the proposal to the renaissance for Arabic. This dispute about Arabic renaissance had mainly concentrated into the diglossia. The insistence for the solution of diglossia was largely divided into two parts (conservative and reformist). Although they had the same object for the Arabic renaissance, the procedures for it had shown much different and confronted sharply between both. In this article, I would like to analysis each backgrounds and the difference of each insistences in order to understand the linguistics situation in the Arab world concentrating diglossia. And I will try to give the solution personally to solve the problem of diglossic situation in Arab world.

프라하 기능주의언어학파의 ‘언어문화이론’

김인천(Inchon Kim) 한국외국어대학교 외국학종합연구센터 동유럽발칸연구소 2009 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.23 No.1

1930년 대 초반에 프라하언어학파는 ‘언어문화(Language culture)’의 문제를 언어학 연구의 화두로 삼으며, 체코 언어사회 내에서 이미 오랫동안 불안정한 지위를 차지해 왔던 표준체코어를 육성할 이른바 ‘언어문화이론(Theory of Language Culture)’을 주창한다. 이 이론은, 1870년대에 체코어 보호의 목적으로 언어순수주의에 의해 만들어진 인위적인 언어규칙들을 제거하고 당대의 언어관습을 충분히 반영한 표준어규범의 성문화를 그 주요 목표로 삼았다. 이 이론의 핵심 원리들인 언어관습, 언어규범, 성문화 등은 한 언어권 내에 사용되고 있는 다양한 층위의 언어들의 육성보다는 특별히 언어의 통일성과 안정성을 중시하는 표준어의 우월적 지위를 확보하는 데 초점을 맞추었다. 이 이론 은 표준어만이 한 언어공동체의 수준 높은 언어문화를 이끌어 갈 수 있다고 보았는데 바로 이런 이유 때문에 언어문화이론을 표준어의 이론으로 부르기도 한다. 언어문화이론의 기본 골격을 이루는 언어의 공시성(Linguistic synchronicity) 원리는 언어의 순수성과 정확성을 결정짓는 하나의 규준으로 작용하였지만, 언어 공시성의 시간적 범위를 ‘최근 50년간의 언어관습’으로 제한하고 그 기간 동안에 훌륭한 작가의 명작에 사용된 체코어를 표준어의 규준으로 삼게 함으로써 이론의 경직성을 보여주었다. 이 학파는 또한 한 민족의 여러 가지 언어변이형 중에서 오직 표준어만이 다양한 의사소통의 분야에서 대표적 기능을 수행할 수 있다고 보고 표준어의 기능적 문체를 중시하였는데, 이는 프라하언어학파의 기능주의적 학풍을 잘 드러내주는 증거라 할 수 있다. 그러나 언어문화 이론의 원리에 따라 성문화된 표준어의 규범들은 사실 구어보다는 문어의 언어관습에 의존함으로써 체코어화자로 하여금 표준어를 적극적으로 사용하도록 유도하는 데 결국 실패하였다. 이러한 사실은 오늘날도 여전히 체코의 언어사회에 진행되고 있는 양층언어상황(Diglossia) 에 의해서도 입증될 수 있을 것이다. Prague Linguistic Circle was interested in the question of Language Culture, as a topic issue of Czech linguistic situation in the beginning of 1930s. In order to cultivate Standard Czech, they addressed primarily the unstable Czech language situation and founded the Theory of Language Culture. The theory aimed at removing mandatory language rules which Czech linguistic purists formulated in 1890s and at codifying the norm of standard language which adequately reflects contemporary language custom. The key principles of the theory such as language custom, language norm and codification etc. focused on consolidating prestige of standard language. Under consideration that only standard language is assumed to support linguistic uniformity and stability and to promote language culture of a language community, the theory took a serious view of functions of standard language, in this context the theory is sometimes labeled as the theory of standard language. The linguistic synchronicity which serves as a basic framework of the theory worked as a criterion for determining linguistic purity and accuracy, it showed however the rigidity of the theory since it confined the temporal scope to the recent 50 years’ language custom and limited the norm of Standard Czech to the Czech used mainly in ‘Good authors’ literature’. The linguists of the Prague School laid stress on the functional stylistics of standard language. This idea was based on the assumption that the only standard language performs the most effective function communication among all the other variants of the language. This demonstrates the fact that the theory is characterized mainly by functionalism. In the tradition of the theory of language culture, however, the codified norms of modern standard Czech still rely primarily upon the custom of written language rather than that of spoken language and consequently the written form of the language is not actively used by Czech native speakers. The chronic problem of language situation in Czech Republic, so called ‘Czech Diglossia’ is recently growing worse.

CONTENTS : ARTICLES ; Ditching Diglossia: Describing Ecologies of the Spoken and Inscribed in Pre-modern Korea

( Ross King ) 성균관대학교 동아시아학술원 2015 Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.15 No.1

This paper critiques previous research about the relationship between speech and writing in East Asia in general, and in Korea in particular, with a view to two questions of terminology: how to refer to the complex ecology of spoken and written language in pre-20th century Korea, and how to refer to the broader East Asian cultural formation of which Korea was a part. Following the seminal work of Sheldon Pollock on the ‘Sanskrit Cosmopolis,’ the author proposes the term ‘Sinographic Cosmopolis’ for the regions of East Asia that used Literary Sinitic and sinographs, and presents arguments suggesting that the term ‘diglossia’ has little or no utility in discussing ecologies of speech and writing, whether in pre-modern Korea or in the broader Sinographic Cosmopolis.

〈용비어천가(龍飛御天歌)〉와 〈월인천강지곡(月印千江之曲)〉비교연구 -양층언어현상(Diglossia)을 중심으로-

정소연 ( So Yeon Chung ) 우리어문학회 2009 우리어문연구 Vol.33 No.-