구문 문법의 관점에서 살펴본 한국 학생의 동결구조 습득 연구 및 교육 방안

최은재 ( Choi¸ Eunjae ) 한국중국언어학회 2020 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.91

It is especially difficult for Korean students to master the use of Chinese complement. The reason for this is that first, the concept of the complement of Korean grammar is so different from the Chinese language that it cannot establish a symmetrical relationship. Secondly, the use of complement in Chinese is complex and flexible, and there are many kinds of complement, namely, result complement, tending complement, probable complement, state complement, degree complement, etc. Among them, the result complement is one of the most used and complex categories in meaning. As a result, it is difficult for Korean students to master the correct use of the result complement. From this point of view, in order to help Korean students master the use of the result complement, using the theory of construction grammar and the corresponding relation between the structure of Chinese result complement and Korean, this paper analyzes the small types of Chinese result complement In addition, a survey was conducted to see how Korean students actually acquired four types of result complement. The results of the survey were further analyzed through the SPSS statistical method, and the four small types of learning were carefully examined and verified according to the different Chinese language levels of Korean students. Finally, based on the analysis results, several ways of how Korean students can learn the complement of Chinese results effectively are described.

≪釋迦如來十地修行記≫ 술보구문 연구

박원기 중국어문연구회 2022 中國語文論叢 Vol.- No.110

Seokgayeoraesipjisuhaenggi was written by a Buddhist monk during the Goryeo Dynasty in Korea. This work is typical of Early Modern Chinese, and it was written during the Yuan Dynasty of China. Until now, there have been several editions of this, but here, the Nakeunbon edition has been studied as the main material. According to research so far, it was written in 1328. In terms of overall style, grammar, and vocabulary, this literature reflects the language of the Yuan and Ming Dynasty. This study focused on Verb-complement constructions in this literature, which were classified into four subcategories based on some sort of criterion. These four subcategories are ‘Verb-resultative complement’, ‘Verb-directional complement’, ‘state complement’, and ‘potential complement’. Each subcategory can be divided into more detailed categories. ‘Verb-resultative complement’ can be sub-classified according to its semantic orientations: recipient-orientation complement, agent-orientation complement, verb-orientation complement. The verb-orientation complement is also called ‘phase complement’. The Verb-directional complement can be sub-classified into simple directional complement and compound directional complement. Each of these is divided into directional meaning and resultative meaning usage again. The state complement is divided into Result type & Descriptive type. The potential complement is divided into V-de-C, V-de-O. Each complement construction objectively reflects the situation of the complement construction during the Yuan and Ming Dynasty. Although the volume of this work is not large, it fully reflects the objective situation of the language at the time. This paper compared and examined through the literature of Yuan Dynasty and Shuihuzhuan(水滸傳) of the Ming Dynasty, and found that much of them were similar as a result. In particular, the Yuan and Ming Dynasty was the period of simplification of the Verb-complement constructions, and this work shows this character well. We expect Seokgayeoraesipjisuhaenggi to be sufficiently used as a major basis for Early Modern Chinese Complement research in the future.

On the Secondary Predication in Chinese

Xiaocheng Fei,Youngjun Jang 한국생성문법학회 2011 생성문법연구 Vol.21 No.1

The secondary predication in Chinese involves two different modes, namely the de-constructions and the V-V compounds. First we analyze the three different kinds of de-constructions such as resultatives, depictives, and modifying constructions. Though the three functions of de-constructions are designated by different Chinese characters, they are homonyms and thus induce some confusion for foreigners. We differentiate them by their syntactic structures and identify three distinct functions: (i) the phrase before the -de is a complement to the primary predicate, (ii) an adjunct of the sentence, or (iii) an adnominal that modifies the following noun. Then, we analyze the structure of resultative and depictive constructions involving the V-V compounds. Unlike English, where resultatives and depictives are expressed by a complement or an adjunct phrase, Chinese employs V-V compounds and so-called de-constructions. We show that Chinese employ a lexical resultative formation unlike the analytic phrasal resultative formation in English. In Particular, we show that there are three different structures for resultatives in Chinese such as [verb + adjective], [verb + verb], and [adjective + verb] forms. Finally, we show that the former two constructions can be used as resultatives and depictives, whereas the latter form can only be depictives.

Pseudo-Resultatives in English : A Construction-Based Analysis

Kyung chul Chang 현대문법학회 2013 현대문법연구 Vol.75 No.-

There has been controversy over the nature of so-called pseudo-resultatives in English which are usually placed at the end of sentences like Mary braided her hair tight. The issue is whether they are adverbs (or adverb phrases) that perform as adjuncts or adjectives (or adjective phrases) that act as complements. Drawing on both existing and novel arguments and evidence, it is argued that they are adjectives or adjective phrases that function as complements of the verb (or verb phrase). Under the complex predicate hypothesis, it is suggested that a pseudo-resultative adjective immediately combines with a so-called verb of creation to form a semantic and grammatical unit between whose parts a direct object can be interposed. A construction-based analysis of this unit is also proposed treating it as a template that is stored in the lexicon with a constructional meaning and perhaps fused therein with their parts. The notion of representational modularity is employed to formalise the proposed analysis, and notes are made towards a unified account.

중고중국어 ‘V+(O)+令/使+(O)+XP’구문의 구문론적 해석

박원기 중국어문연구회 2020 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.99

The Age of Middle Chinese was when the changes of type in Chinese were almost complete. Thus, during this period, the inflectional form of the Old Chinese language disappeared and the use of the periphrasis cxn emerged instead. ‘V+(O)+ling(令)/shi(使)+(O)+XP’ cxn is typical of this phenomenon. This cxn has been completed by the development of causative verbs. This cxn was born when the causative verbs were re-joined with the existing causative pivotal cxns. So, in meaning, some subtypes of this cxn still indicate the meaning of command as the existing causative pivotal cxns. However, other types represent the meaning of the result. This second type is similar to ‘VOC’ complement cxn. The two types also have the same verbs or complements. But these two types have different meaning functions. ‘V+(O)+ling(令) / shi(使)+(O)+XP’ cxn professionally serves to further highlight the speaker’s intentions. On the other hand, ‘V+(O)+ling(令)/shi(使)+(O)+XP’ cxn is not limited to the four-character format. The key is that the first and second verbs are aimed at one object. Thus, the act of two actions on one object constitutes a kind of unity. As a result, there are two main types of semantic functions. The first is the actual type which mainly involves the existing command verbs. The second is the resultant type, and the verb that participates in it is unrestricted. Also, the second verbs of the second type usually express the result status. This cxn appeared during the Age of the Warring states and existed until the Song Dynasty. However, this phrase was the most active in the Age of Middle Chinese. We look forward to further research on this cxn in the future.

현대중국어 사동의 형태적 생산성 분석: V1V2 형식의 사동구조를 중심으로

이봉금 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2019 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.37 No.-

The meaning of causative construction in Complement of Result is a combination of two lexical Chinese verbs expressing a causative meaning. Generally, most linguists insist that Chinese has two types of causatives—lexical causative and syntactic(or periphrastic) causative. However, they do not agree that Chinese has a morphological causative, because Chinese is an isolated language that has not undergone morphological changes. This research has opposite views to prevailing opinions. Complement of Result construction, which is special causative forms(VP) on Chinese, can be divided into two lexical words, V1 and V2. This combination structure is very similar to lexical causative structure when viewed for the sake of formality. However, when we analyze the situation in detail, we can find that they have radical differences between the structures. Turning now to morphological causatives, the prototypical case has the following two characteristics. First, the causative is related to the non-causative predicate by morphological means, for example, by affixation. A simple example provided by the prototypical morphological causative is that the means of VP(V1+V2) construction has its productivity. In this situation, VP has two types of constructions. One is ‘VP-a’ and the other is ‘VP-b’, and especially the latter has a wide variety of productivity, which is exemplified by ‘咬斷’, ‘打破’, ‘扭傷’, ‘解開’, ‘熬白’ etc. This research provides that although these structures has limitations to causative productivity, they are very close to morphological causatives, and have a broad distinction with lexical causative constructions.

현대 중국어 대상자 주어문의 의미 특징에 관한 시론(試論) -유형론과 인지 의미적 관점을 중심으로-

이지현 한국중국언어학회 2012 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.42

The purpose of this paper is to analyze middle property in the research about the patient subject construction in Mandarin Chinese. In the process of applying the semantic map of Haspelmath(1987) to Chinese, we assume that ergative verb, ``V+resultative complement`` construction and ``hao+V``construction in Chinese are related to anticausative meaning. As a result, we can ascertain the cross-linguistic common features of meaning in Chinese.

상황 유형에 근거한 중국어의 중간 범주 모색 -인구어와의 대조를 중심으로-

이지현 한국중국언어학회 2012 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.41

The purpose of this paper is to research the capability of middle category in Mandarin Chinese by means of contrasting with Indo-European Languages based on cognitive theory. The middle is identified as cross-linguistically spreading semantic category, and composes events in which the Initiator is of affected entity. In the Middle category the events is characterized by a low degree of elaboration. In this paper ``hao+V`` construction and ``V+resultative complement`` construction is considered as reflecting middle specificity of Mandarin Chinese. ``hao`` and resultative complement are analyzed to function as middle marker.

An Experimental Study of Resultative Constructions with X-key

Juwon Lee,Eunjeong Oh,Sanghoun Song 한국중원언어학회 2018 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.49

In this article we present experimental evidence supporting the two syntactic hypotheses regarding Korean resultative constructions with X-key proposed in Lee (2016): (i) the resultative predicate, X-key, is syntactically an adverb (not an adjective), and (ii) X-key or the result phrase headed by X-key is a complement of the main verb in a resultative sentence. First, we provide a set of experimental results about resultative constructions with Adj(ective)-key with respect to the two syntactic properties, and then those about resultative constructions with V(erb)-key. In the current study, we conducted the acceptability judgment testing on a comprehensive scale using the 5-point Likert scale task and the binary Yes/No task. 264 university-level students participated in the current experiment (132 for each experimental task). We analyzed the experimental results using the statistical techniques in a quantitative way, including the T-test, ANOVA, and Fisher Yates Exact test. We argue that the experimental results empirically support the adverbial complement analysis of Korean resultative constructions with X-key.

An Experimental Study of ResultativeConstructions with X-key

이주원,오은정,송상헌 한국중원언어학회 2018 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.49

In this article we present experimental evidence supporting the two syntactic hypotheses regarding Korean resultative constructions with X-key proposed in Lee (2016): (i) the resultative predicate, X-key, is syntactically an adverb (not an adjective), and (ii) X-key or the result phrase headed by X-key is a complement of the main verb in a resultative sentence. First, we provide a set of experimental results about resultative constructions with Adj(ective)-key with respect to the two syntactic properties, and then those about resultative constructions with V(erb)-key. In the current study, we conducted the acceptability judgment testing on a comprehensive scale using the 5-point Likert scale task and the binary Yes/No task. 264 university-level students participated in the current experiment (132 for each experimental task). We analyzed the experimental results using the statistical techniques in a quantitative way, including the T-test, ANOVA, and Fisher Yates Exact test. We argue that the experimental results empirically support the adverbial complement analysis of Korean resultative constructions with X-key.