교황 사절 코스탄티니의 중국 파견과 동서 문화의 소통

최병욱(Choi, Byung-Wook) 한국교회사연구소 2012 敎會史硏究 Vol.0 No.40

Celso Costantini is the first person to dispatched and reside in China as the apostolic delegate. As the apostolic delegate, his activity in China can largely be divided into two parts: one, to remove Chinese Catholicism from French religious custody and bringing under direct control of the Vatican, and, two, to start the naturalization of Chinese Catholicism. Of course, these were results of his personal efforts, but they can also be thought of as the result of Vatican’s missionary policy changes of the time in a broader sense. Furthermore, his activism can be thought of as the result of political situations and changes within Vatican at the time. For 19 centuries, Catholicism has made many negative impacts in China, and in the 20th century, “self-reflection” or “introspection” theory was brought up, and people such as Ying Lian-Zhi and Ma Xiang-bo came about. Foreign missionaries started to change as well. Vincent Lebbe, a Belgian missionary and a representative of other missionaries who changed, promoted the self-reliance of Chinese church, and emphasized social improvements and anti-Japanese movements. Such endless request for social changes from the Catholics in China sparked the Vatican’s interest, and became the driving force of Catholic Church’s naturalization in China. Costantini tried to follow the adaptationism missionary methods of Ming-Qing Dynasty era’s Jesuit missionaries as a model. Also, he thought that the traditional cultures of each country and ethnicity can express the fundamental spirit of all Catholic faiths. Another achievement in Costantini’s cultural communication between the West and the East is that he introduced the Chinese arts and architecture to Catholic churches. He actually invited a Chinese painter for cooperation to introduce Chinese painting to the Church. Also, he invited a Benedictine artist to promote China’s architectural art, had him research Chinese architecture, and put him in charge of Catholic buildings architecture. This can be seen as the start of Chinese architectural art in the Church. He claimed that any art of any culture can be used to express Catholic faiths, and further claimed that the Oriental art was very fitting to express the Catholic beliefs.

방송통신 분야 위임입법의 국회 통제절차 분석

박석철(Suk Chul Park) 한국언론법학회 2015 언론과 법 Vol.14 No.3

위임입법은 수권법률이 정한 범위 내에서 위임받은 사항에 대해서만 제정할 수 있지만 제정 한계의 기준이 불명확하여 행정부의 자의적인 입법행위가 발생할 가능성이 있다. 그러나 이를 사전에 방지할 수 있는 우리나라의 국회 통제장치는 매우 느슨하게 설정되어 있다. 이 연구는 방송통신 관련 법제를 중심으로 국회의 통제장치가 제대로 작동되고 있는지를 살펴보고 행정부에 의한 행정입법권의 자의적 행사를 방지하기 위한 제도 개선 방향에 대해 논의하였다. 분석결과 방송통신 관련 위임입법에 대한 국회의 통제장치는 제대로 작동하지 못하고 있었다. 방송통신 유관부처에서 제·개정 법률에 대해 일부분만 검토하였고 법이 미칠 파급효과보다는 법 체계상의 문제만을 검토하는 수준에 머물러 있었다. 이러한 결과는 국회 자체의 의지부족에도 원인을 찾을 수 있지만 견제 없는 행정권의 확대에 대해 국회가 통제할 수 있는 근거가 미비하기 때문에 비롯된 것으로 볼 수 있다. 그동안 위임입법은 국민 생활에 밀접하게 영향을 미치기 때문에 국회에 의한 적극적인 통제장치의 제안이 필요하다는 주장이 반복적으로 제기됐었다. 이는 방송통신 이외의 분야에서도 현재의 국회 통제장치가 제대로 작동하고 있지 않으며 위임입법에 근거한 정부 정책의 문제점이 유사하게 노출되었기 때문이라고 볼 수 있다. 위임입법에 대한 국회의 통제는 의회주의의 성숙, 정부정책의 품질을 제고, 정부규제의 공익실현에 기여할 수 있으므로 행정부의 본질적 기능을 침해하지 않는 범위에서 실질적 작동이 가능하도록 개정돼야 할 것이다. Administrative legislation can only be enacted within a range that the authorized law delimits; however, due to unclear limits of the arbitrary legislative power, there are possibilities. The National Assembly’s control system is capable of prevention in advance; but is set very loosely instead. This study, with a focus on media and communication law, examined whether the control by National Assembly is operating properly and discussed improvements to prevent an arbitrary legislative power by the administration. Results show that the National Assembly’s control is not operating properly; the control by National Assembly on the delegated legislation in the media and communication. Also, it examined on a part of enactment and amendment of the act in the administrative branch related media and communication, and only deliberated matters of the legal system instead of the ripple effects these law will have. These results are caused by the lack of political will on the National Assembly; however, it is mostly caused by the inadequateness of the basis to control the National Assembly for the administrative powers. Delegated legislation closely affects people’s lives, which causes many researchers to repeatedly argue the necessity of active control system by the National Assembly. This is because the control of the National Assembly isn’t operating properly in other fields except media and communication. The problems in government policy based on the delegated legislation are similarly exposed. The control by National Assembly on the delegated legislation can contribute to the growth of parliamentarism; the improvement of the quality in government policy; and the practice of the public interest in government regulations. In conclusion, it must be amended to operate effectively within a range without prejudice to the essential function of the administration.

간호․간병통합서비스병동 간호사의 업무 위임준비성, 개인 및 조직 의사소통능력이 직무스트레스에 미치는 영향

이수진,김지원,박남희 한국보건간호학회 2025 한국보건간호학회지 Vol.39 No.1

. Purpose: This study examined the preparedness of nurses for job delegation, their individual and organizational communication skills in comprehensive nursing care wards, the relationships between these variables, and the factors affecting job stress. Methods: A survey was conducted from June 1 to July 31, 2023, with 120 nurses, having over 8 months of experience, from a tertiary and a general hospital in B metropolitan city. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, the independent t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression analysis, and the post-hoc Scheff? test on SPSS/WIN 27.0. Results: Job stress had a significant negative correlation with organizational communication skills (r=-.24, p=.008). Preparedness for job delegation showed significant positive correlations with individual communication skills (r=.44, p=.008) and organizational communication skills (r=.34, p<.001). Individual communication skills showed a significant positive correlation with organizational communication skills (r=.39, p<.001). The factors impacting job stress included the charge nurse position (β=.28, p=.014) and organizational communication skill (β=-.20, p=.018), with an explanatory power of 23.7% (F=10.26, p<.001). Conclusion: To reduce the job stress of nurses in comprehensive nursing care service wards, developing programs that enhance organizational communication skills and addressing stressors specific to the charge nurses is recommended.

권한위임이 조직구성원의 독립적・비판적 사고에 미치는 영향 및 다양성관리와 의사소통 능력의 조절효과 검증

김철우 한국인사행정학회 2013 한국인사행정학회보 Vol.12 No.3

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of delegation on public employees’ independent critical thinking. Using data from a large-scale survey of employees in US federal government agencies administered by the Office of Personnel Management in 2008, the study also examined the possible moderating roles of public manager’s diversity management and communication skills. The results indicated that the independent critical thinking of public employees have increased when they perceived high degree of delegation from their managers. In addition, employees’ independent critical thinking also increased when managers have strong diversity management and communication skills. Lastly, when diversity management skill is higher, the perceived relationship between delegation and independent critical thinking is stronger.

간호 ∙ 간병통합서비스 병동 간호사와 일반 병동 간호사의 위임 준비성, 비판적 사고성향, 의사소통 능력이 직무만족에 미치는 영향

위다혜,김윤경 병원간호사회 2022 임상간호연구 Vol.28 No.3

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effects of preparedness towards delegation, critical thinking disposition, and communicative competence on job satisfaction among comprehensive nursing care service ward nurses and general ward nurses. Methods: The participants in this study were 218 nurses from two university hospitals. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and were analyzed using SPSS Statistics/WIN 21.0, including descriptive statistics, x2 test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: For comprehensive nursing care service ward nurses, the significant influencing factors on job satisfaction were age (β=-.37, p=.041), marital status (β=.35, p=.001), critical thinking disposition (β=.29, p=.003), and communicative competence (β=.28, p=.002) with the explanatory power was 39.0% (F=12.00, p<.001). On the other hand, for general ward nurses, the significant influencing factors on job satisfaction were advanced degree (β=.29, p=.047), critical thinking disposition (β=.23, p=.040), and communicative competence (β=.42, p<.001) with the explanatory power was 33.0% (F=11.78, p<.001). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest the importance of developing and applying education programs to improve critical thinking disposition and communicative competence of nurses. This would enhance the comprehensive nursing service and increase overall nursing manpower resources. In addition, further studies are needed to improve nursing work environments and to develop strategies for enhancing preparedness towards delegation, which would increase the job satisfaction of nurses in the comprehensive nursing care service wards.

병원간호사의 셀프리더십, 의사소통능력, 간호근무환경이 위임준비성에 미치는 영향

김아진,정희자 국제문화기술진흥원 2025 문화기술의 융합 Vol.11 No.2

본 연구는 병원간호사의 셀프리더십, 의사소통능력, 간호근무환경과 위임준비성 간의 관련성을 확인하고, 위임준비성에 영향을 미치는 요인을 규명하기 위해 시행되었다. 본 연구의 대상자는 일개 대학병원에 근무하는 간호사 121명으로, 자료수집은 2023년 9월 18일부터 10월 30일까지 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, multiple linear regression analysis를 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과 대상자의 위임준비성에 영향을 미치는 요인은 셀프리더십(β=.34, p<.001)과 간호근무환경(β=-.24, p=.003)으로 나타났으며, 이들 변수의 위임준비성에 대한 설명력은 32.1%이었다. 따라서 병원간호사의 간호업무 위임준비성을 향상시키기 위해서는 셀프리더십을 높이기 위한 중재 방안이 마련되어야 할 것이며, 더불어 간호업무환경과 위임준비성 간의 관련성에 대한 지속적인 규명이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting delegation preparedness of hospital nurse. The participants were 121 nurses working in a university hospital. Data collection was performed from September 18 to October 30, 2023 and collected data analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, multiple linear regression by he IBM SPSS Statistics 29.0 program. The results revealed that self-leadership (β=.34, p<.001) and nursing practice environment (β=-.24, p=.003) were significant predictors of delegation preparedness. The explanatory power of these factors for delegation preparedness was 32.1%. Therefore, it is necessary to develop intervention strategies aimed at enhancing self-leadership to improve the delegation preparedness of hospital nurses. Additionally, continuous investigation into the relationship between the nursing work environment and delegation preparedness is essential.

간호대학생의 위임준비성에 미치는 영향요인

김주행,강나래,김남희 한국콘텐츠학회 2023 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.23 No.5

This study is a research study to identify the influencing factors on the delegation preparedness of nursing students. Data were collected from 94 nursing students in two regions. Descriptive statistics, t-test, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis were used for data using the IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 for Window program. Delegation preparedness was negatively correlated with inhibition factor of nursing delegation and positively correlated with self-leadership, nursing professionalism, and communication competence. Inhibition factor of nursing delegation (β=-.25, p=.004), nursing professionalism (β=.42, p<.001), communication competence (β=.23, p=.021) was revealed as the variable having effect on delegation preparedness. Education on preparation for delegation should be included in undergraduate classes so that delegation can be carried out efficiently and accurately in the clinical field. 본 연구는 간호대학생의 위임준비성에 미치는 영향요인을 파악하기 위한 조사연구이다. 2개 지역의 간호대학생 94명을 대상으로 자료를 수집하였다. IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 for Window 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계, t-검정, 상관관계 분석, 선형 회귀분석을 이용하여 분석하였다. 위임준비성은 저해요인과 음의 상관관계, 셀프리더십, 간호전문직관, 의사소통능력과는 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 간호업무 위임의 저해요인을 적게 인식할수록(β=-.25, p=.004), 간호전문직관이 높을수록(β=.42, p<.001), 의사소통능력이 높을수록(β=.23, p=.021) 위임준비성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 임상 현장에서 효율적이고 정확한 위임을 실행할 수 있도록 학부 수업에서 위임준비성에 관한 교육이 포함되어야 한다.

1949년-1980년대 초기 시범을 통한 우슈의 국제화

리우창(LiuChang),정경원(JungKyungwon) 한국체육학회 2019 한국체육학회지 Vol.58 No.5

This research aims to analyze how the Wushu became well-known to the world by looking at its internationalization process from 1949 to the early 1980. Chinese government and the related organizations, such as Chinese Wushu association, tried to promote Wushu to the world by strategically sending off Wushu teachers and education materials, promoting overseas demonstrations, and even creating Wushu movies, especially after 1978 when the Reform and opening policy adopted. While the details of international communication of Wushu before 1978 are not yet clear. Therefore, this study collected the related material from People’s Daily, the memoirs that were written by Wushu pioneers and the books of Wushu history. Also interviews and foreign newspapers were referred to understand the influences of the international communications of Wushu delegation as well as the foreigner’s attitude towards Wushu performance. The results are as follows. 1. After the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, the first international communication of Wushu was took place when Li Tianji taught Tai Chi to the Japanese politics (Matsumura Kenzo and Furui Yoshimi) in 1959. A year later, in 1960, the Wushu team performed in Prague (the second Spartakiad) in June and also visited Myanmar in December. 2. Wushu international communication was frequently done when foreign visitors came to China from 1961 to 1965. Wushu team in Beijing Sports Institute performed at least 11 times for the foreign guests during this period. 3. During the Cultural revolution (1966-1976), especially for the former 5 years, Wushu suffered great damage. Large number of martial artists were distributed to the rural area, normal Wushu activities were prohibited, weapons and books of Wushu were destroyed. 4. It was not until 1974 that international communication of Wushu started again when the delegation visited Mexico, United States, Hong Kong, and Japan. After that, from 1975 to 1981, Wushu delegation kept their active interactions by visiting 47 countries and areas in 5 continent.

권한위임이 조직구성원의 독립적,비판적 사고에 미치는 영향 및 다양성관리와 의사소통 능력의 조절효과 검증

김철우 ( Chul Woo Kim ) 한국인사행정학회 2013 한국인사행정학회보 Vol.12 No.3

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of delegation on public employees` independent critical thinking. Using data from a large-scale survey of employees in US federal government agencies administered by the Office of Personnel Management in 2008, the study also examined the possible moderating roles of public manager`s diversity management and communication skills. The results indicated that the independent critical thinking of public employees have increased when they perceived high degree of delegation from their managers. In addition, employees` independent critical thinking also increased when managers have strong diversity management and communication skills. Lastly, when diversity management skill is higher, the perceived relationship between delegation and independent critical thinking is stronger.

단말기유통법의 지원금 상한제 - 헌재 2017. 5. 25. 2014헌마844에 대한 평석 -

이준일 법조협회 2017 法曹 Vol.66 No.5

The Constitutional Court ruled that the Mobile Communication Devices Distribution Act, which stipulates a ceiling on subsidies, is not in violation of the principle of prohibition of comprehensive delegation legislation nor of proportionality. This is due to the fact that the contents to be included in the notices of the Korea Communications Commission can be predicted in the Act and the legitimacy of the legislative purpose of the Act, the suitability of the means, the minimum of damage and the balance of the legal interests are already satisfied. However, the ceiling on the subsidy is a system that creates adverse effects for consumers. Despite the purpose of limiting mobile subscription subsidies and lowering mobile subscription fees, subsidy ceiling did not lead to telecom tariff reductions. Rather, it only increases the cost of the consumer required to purchase the mobile communication devices, and it is advantageous only to the mobile communication service provider. Nonetheless, the Constitutional Court has given an indulgence to the subsidy ceiling system, which was operated as a temporary system and now abolished. In addition to the public interest objectives set forth in Article 37 (2) of the Constitution, the public interest objectives of minority protection as provided in Article 119 (2) of the Constitution should also be taken into consideration in determining whether the state intervention in economic order is recognized. Therefore, strict control is required. 헌법재판소는 지원금 상한제를 규정하고 있는 단말기유통법에 대해서 포괄위임입법금지원칙에도 위배되지 않고, 비례성원칙에도 위배되지 않는다고 판시했다. 위임하는 단말기유통법에서 이미 방송통신위원회의 고시에 담길 내용의 예측이 가능하고, 단말기유통법이 제시한 입법목적의 정당성, 수단의 적합성, 피해의 최소성, 법익의 균형성이 충족되었기 때문이다. 하지만 지원금 상한제는 소비자에게 불리한 효과를 발생시키는 제도이다. 단말기구입 지원금을 제한하여 이동통신서비스 이용료를 인하시키려는 목적에도 불구하고, 지원금 상한제는 통신요금 인하로 이어지지 않았다. 오히려 단말기 구입에 필요한 소비자의 비용만 증가시키는 효과를 발생시키고, 이동통신서비스업자 등에게만 유리하게 작동하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 헌법재판소는 한시적 제도로 운영되어 이제는 폐지되어 버린 지원금 상한제에 면죄부를 주고 말았다. 경제질서에 대한 국가의 개입은 헌법 제37조 제2항이 제시하고 있는 공익적 목적 이외에도 헌법 제119조 제2항이 제시하고 있는 소수자 보호를 위한 공익적 목적까지도 고려해서 인정되어야 한다는 점에서 엄격한 통제가 필요하다.