Circadian Rhythms, Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms, and Chronotype: Interaction and Implication for Mental Health in Healthy Subjects

You Jung Won,Nam Yoonyoung,Yu Rina,Ryu Vin 대한우울조울병학회 2024 우울조울병 Vol.22 No.1

ackground: Circadian rhythms have gained importance in the field of psychiatry because of their involvement in overall body functions and their association with mental health. This study investigated the relationship between circadian rhythms, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and chronotype. Methods: Circadian rhythms, depression and anxiety symptoms, hypomanic symptoms, quality of life, hopelessness, and chronotype were evaluated in 30 healthy adults. Results: Multiple linear regression analysis revealed statistically significant correlations between Biological Rhythms Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN) scores and certain factors. Particularly, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (p=0.009), Beck Anxiety Inventory (p=0.03), and Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (p<0.001) were found to be significant predictors of the degree of circadian rhythm disruption, as measured by BRIAN. The results showed that irregularity in circadian rhythms was associated with depression and anxiety symptoms, and no significant correlation was observed between chronotype and irregularity in the circadian rhythms. The findings indicated that misalignment between an individual’s chronotype and societal norms, such as work schedules and meal times, could contribute to circadian rhythm disruption, particularly in individuals with an evening chronotype. In contrast, this disruption was associated with an increased risk of anxiety and depression. Conclusion: These findings provide important information to better understand the impact of circadian rhythms on mental health.

대학생의 음주, 일주기성과 대학생활에 대한 적응

서경현 알코올과 건강행동학회 2003 알코올과 건강행동연구 Vol.4 No.1

The purpose of present study is to investigate that college students' drinking behavior, circadian rhythm, and adjustment for college life such as depression, stress in campus life, and grade-point average. This investigation, furthermore, focus on the differences in their depression, stress in campus life, and grade-point average by circadian rhythm and drinking behavior. The participants were 258 college students (72 males and 186 females) whose ages ranged from 17 to 38 (M=22.69, SD=3.37). The questionnaires and psychological tests used in this research included the following: Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, Circadian Rhythm Questionnaire, Sleep Deprivation Scale, Stress Coping Questionnaire for College Students, and Zung's Self-Rating Depression. Main statistical design was a 2 (drinking) × 2 (circadian rhythm) 2-way MANCOVA. Results revealed that male students drank more alcoholic beverages than female students, while females felt more sleep deprivation than males. There is a significant relationship between doing internet game at night and circadian rhythm for males only. And there is a significant relationship between drinking and circadian rhythm. Students who got high scores in circadian rhythm questionnaire experienced sleep deprivation more than students who got low scores in circadian rhythm questionnaire. Students who got high scores in circadian rhythm had more stress in college life and depressed more than students who got low scores in circadian rhythm. There were 2-way interactions in stress of college life and depression by drinking and circadian rhythm. Simple main effect analysis showed that there were main effects in stress of college life and depression only for students who drink alcohol beverages a lot.

Relationship of Circadian Rhythm in Behavioral Characteristics and Lipid Peroxidation of Brain Tissues in Mice

Chi Eun Oh(Chi Eun Oh),Hyun Ju Lim(Hyun Ju Lim),Jeounghyun Park(Jeounghyun Park),Eunsoo Moon(Eunsoo Moon),Ji Kyoung Park(Ji Kyoung Park) 대한정신약물학회 2022 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.20 No.4

Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship among several indices of circadian rhythms and lipid peroxidation of brain tissue in mice. Methods: After entrainment of 4-week-old mice, one group was disrupted their circadian rhythms for three days and the other group for seven days (n = 10, respectively). After a recovery period, the Y-maze test, the elevated plus maze test, the tail suspension test, and the forced swimming test were conducted. To assess lipid peroxidation in brain tissue, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were measured in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Results: When circadian rhythms were disrupted and adapted back to their original rhythm, the recovery time of the 7-day disruption group (median 3.35 days) was significiantly faster than one of the 3-day disruption group (median 4.87 days). In the group with a 7-day disruption, mice that had recovered their rhythms early had higher malondialdehyde levels in their hippocampus compared to those with delayed recovery. The entrainment of circadian rhythms was negatively correlated with the malondialdehyde level of brain tissue. The behavioral test results showed no differences depending on the disruption durations or recovery patterns of circadian rhythms. Conclusion: These results suggest that disruption types, recovery patterns, and the entrainment of circadian rhythms are likely to affect oxidative stress in adolescents or young adult mice. Future study is needed to confirm and specify these results on the effects of circadian rhythms on oxidative stress and age-dependent effects.

Implications of Circadian Rhythm in Dopamine and Mood Regulation

김정아,장상원,최한경,정수영,손기훈,김경진 한국분자세포생물학회 2017 Molecules and cells Vol.40 No.7

Mammalian physiology and behavior are regulated by an internal time-keeping system, referred to as circadian rhythm. The circadian timing system has a hierarchical organization composed of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and local clocks in extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral organs. The circadian clock molecular mechanism involves a network of transcription-translation feedback loops. In addition to the clinical association between circadian rhythm disruption and mood disorders, recent studies have suggested a molecular link between mood regulation and circadian rhythm. Specifically, genetic deletion of the circadian nuclear receptor Rev-erbα induces mania-like behavior caused by increased midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) tone at dusk. The association between circadian rhythm and emotion-related behaviors can be applied to pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), DAergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta progressively degenerate leading to motor dysfunction. Patients with PD also exhibit non-motor symptoms, including sleep disorder and neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms that link the molecular circadian clock and brain machinery in the regulation of emotional behaviors and related midbrain DAergic neuronal circuits in healthy and pathological states. This review summarizes the current literature regarding the association between circadian rhythm and mood regulation from a chronobiological perspective, and may provide insight into therapeutic approaches to target psychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases involving circadian rhythm dysfunction.

Implications of Circadian Rhythm in Dopamine and Mood Regulation

Kim, Jeongah,Jang, Sangwon,Choe, Han Kyoung,Chung, Sooyoung,Son, Gi Hoon,Kim, Kyungjin Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2017 Molecules and cells Vol.40 No.7

Mammalian physiology and behavior are regulated by an internal time-keeping system, referred to as circadian rhythm. The circadian timing system has a hierarchical organization composed of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and local clocks in extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral organs. The circadian clock molecular mechanism involves a network of transcription-translation feedback loops. In addition to the clinical association between circadian rhythm disruption and mood disorders, recent studies have suggested a molecular link between mood regulation and circadian rhythm. Specifically, genetic deletion of the circadian nuclear receptor Rev-$erb{\alpha}$ induces mania-like behavior caused by increased midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) tone at dusk. The association between circadian rhythm and emotion-related behaviors can be applied to pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease (PD), DAergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta progressively degenerate leading to motor dysfunction. Patients with PD also exhibit non-motor symptoms, including sleep disorder and neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms that link the molecular circadian clock and brain machinery in the regulation of emotional behaviors and related midbrain DAergic neuronal circuits in healthy and pathological states. This review summarizes the current literature regarding the association between circadian rhythm and mood regulation from a chronobiological perspective, and may provide insight into therapeutic approaches to target psychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases involving circadian rhythm dysfunction.

Circadian Clock Genes, PER1 and PER2, as Tumor Suppressors

Beomseok Son(손범석),Hyunhee Do(도현희),EunGi Kim(김은기),BuHyun Youn(윤부현),Wanyeon Kim(김완연) 한국생명과학회 2017 생명과학회지 Vol.27 No.10

암을 포함한 다양한 인간의 질병 발생이 circadian clock 유전자의 변형된 발현 양상과 깊은 연관관계를 나타내고 있다. 세포 주기와 세포 성장은 circadian rhythm과 연결되어 있으며, 이를 조절하는 clock 유전자의 비정상적인 발현은 결국 종양 발생과 암의 발달을 유발하게 된다. Circadian clock에 관한 분자적 기전은 다수의 clock activator와 clock repressor의 통합적인 조절에 따른 전사 및 번역이 포함된 음성피드백 고리로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 circadian rhythm의 자동조절 기전에 의해 전체 유전체의 약 10~15%가 전사 수준에서 영향받는 것으로 나타났다. 많은 clock 유전자들 중, Period 1 (Per1)과 Period 2 (Per2)는 clock repressor 유전자로 정상적인 생리적 리듬을 조절하는 것에 기여한다. PER1과 PER2는 cyclin, CDK, CKI를 포함하는 세포 주기 조절자의 발현에 관여함이 밝혀졌으며, 다양한 암에서 PER1과 PER2의 발현 감소가 보고되었다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 PER1과 PER2의 circadian rhythm에서의 분자적 기능과 종양 발생과 관련된 PER1과 PER2의 하위 표적인자에 대해 살펴보고, 암 치료를 위한 새로운 치료 표적과 암의 예후를 예측하기 위한 분자 지표로써의 PER1과 PER2의 가능성에 대해 서술하고자 한다. Disruptive expression patterns of the circadian clock genes are highly associated with many human diseases, including cancer. Cell cycle and proliferation is linked to a circadian rhythm; therefore, abnormal clock gene expression could result in tumorigenesis and malignant development. The molecular network of the circadian clock is based on transcriptional and translational feedback loops orchestrated by a variety of clock activators and clock repressors. The expression of 10~15% of the genome is controlled by the overall balance of circadian oscillation. Among the many clock genes, Period 1 (Per1) and Period 2 (Per2) are clock repressor genes that play an important role in the regulation of normal physiological rhythms. It has been reported that PER1 and PER2 are involved in the expression of cell cycle regulators including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and CDK inhibitors. In addition, correlation of the down-regulation of PER1 and PER2 with development of many cancer types has been revealed. In this review, we focused on the molecular function of PER1 and PER2 in the circadian clock network and the transcriptional and translational targets of PER1 and PER2 involved in cell cycle and tumorigenesis. Moreover, we provide information suggesting that PER1 and PER2 could be promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapies and serve as potential prognostic markers for certain types of human cancers.

정신질환 연구에서의 일주기 리듬 측정

김수연(Soo Yeon Kim),문은수(Eunsoo Moon),정희정(Hee Jeong Jeong) 대한생물치료정신의학회 2020 생물치료정신의학 Vol.26 No.3

The circadian rhythms have been gradually important in psychiatric field. Several studies have shown that major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and dementia, were highly associated with the abnormalities of circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms might have an influence on the pathogenesis and prognosis of psychiatric disorders. Understanding the impact of circadian rhythms on psychiatric disorders became crucial to psychiatrists. Therefore, this review investigated the types of the circadian rhythms to be used in psychiatric field. The measurement of circadian rhythms were performed by several ways, such as sleep diary, self-reported scales, heart rate, heart rate variability, polysomnography, electroencephalography, actigraphy, melatonin, cortisol. Using these data related to circadian rhythms might be utilized to evaluate the relevance of the pathogenesis in psychiatric disorders and predict the treatment response and prognosis of illness. Furthermore, if the real-time monitoring of circadian rhythms is possible, the novel diagnostic and therapeutic model using circadian rhythms could be applied in psychiatric area.

Bipolar Disorder, Circadian Rhythm and Clock Genes

Junsoo Chung,Young-Chan Kim,Jong Hyun Jeong 대한정신약물학회 2024 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.22 No.2

Sleep disturbance and abnormal circadian rhythm might be closely related to bipolar disorder. Several studies involving disturbed sleep/wake cycle, changes in rhythms such as melatonin and cortisol, clock genes, and circadian preference have shown the relationship between bipolar disorder and circadian rhythm. The results differed across different studies. In some studies, a delay in the circadian rhythm was observed in the depressive episode and advanced circadian rhythm was observed during the manic episode. In other studies, a delay in circadian rhythm was observed independent of mood episodes. Accordingly, circadian rhythm disorder was proposed as a trait marker for bipolar disorder. The altered circadian rhythm may represent a pathological mechanism that contributes to the mood episodes. However, a prospective cohort study is needed for further clarification.

Circadian Rhythm이 운동 후 생리적 변화에 미치는 영향

이소은(Lee So-Eun),최승욱(Choi Seung-Wook),김규태(Kim Kyu-Tae) 한국체육과학회 2007 한국체육과학회지 Vol.16 No.3

As Circadian Rhythm exists in human body, effect of exercise may vary in accordance with time zone that exercise is executed even if the exercise is done with same strength. It is reported that when a person is exercising intensively active oxygen increases at muscle and liver higher with 2-3 times or so in doing 2-3 times higher compared to the case when the person is at rest. This phenomenon has relation with the increase of level of pentane concentration in the air that is emitted during exercise. Resultingly, continuing excessive training brings damage of tissue. So, exercise must be planned with careful consideration of proper sterngth and time of exercise. It is considered that damage due to the activity of active oxygen during exercise may decrease, if one measures the increase of active oxygen before and after the exercise considering exercise time and executes exercise at the time zone where the level rises less. In addition, anti-oxidase which is the defense system of active oxygen shows increase depending on active oxygen. Then, it is necessary to examine the result based on morning exercise(09:00), afternoon exercise(14:00), and evening exercise(20:00). Thus, the goal of this study is to offer scientific basic data that is necessary for developing exercise-prescription-program which is suitable for college women by finding effective time zone of exercise through comparing and analyzing the influence that Treadmill exercise based on Circadian Rhythm has on physiological change(Glucose, lactate, & temperature) on college women. In evaluating physiological change(Glucose, lactate, & temperature) after 60%VO₂R Treadmill exercise which is based on Circadian Rhythm, Glucose, lactate, and temperature were measured in different time of a day after choosing college women(22.2±1.55). As the result, it was suggested that Treadmill exercise for 60 minutes which used the exercise strength of middle degree(60%VO₂R) of college women based on Circadian Rhythm has influence on physiological change(Glucose, lactate, and temperature) within each time zone. It emerged that the difference of Glucose before and after exercise is the lowest in the evening and that the difference of temperature is the lowest in the evening and afternoon. And, for lactate, same change in quantity was observed regardless of Circadian Rhythm. Conclusion which may be drawn from this study is as follows: It is considered that college women before and after Treadmill exercise for 60 minutes have influence on physiological change(Glucose, lactate, & temperature) in connection with Circadian Rhythm.

체온, 맥박, 활동성, 기분의 Circadian Rhythm 간의 관계

김명애,고성희 성인간호학회 1994 성인간호학회지 Vol.6 No.1

This study examined the relationship between body temperature, heart rate rhythm, level of activation rhythm and mood rhythm. A sample of 20 females who work as nurses or nursing student at a university hospital took oral temperature, heart rate reading, and completed Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List, the Mood Adjective Checklist every two or three hours from 6AM to 9-11PM for six consecutive days. These data were analyzed by using Mean and Cosinor Method. Pearson correlations were calculated between the parameters of the rhythmic variables by percent rhythm and percent amplitude. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. 17 of 20 subjects had statistically significant (p<.05) circadian rhythm in temperature which revealed the highest incidence, and 13 of 20 in pulse rate which revealed the lowest incidence among the rhythm variables. In temperature rhythm parameters, the mesor estimates showed 36.52≥0.04℃, the amplitude showed 0.30≥0.03, and the acrophase showed 14:32 hours. In pulse rhythm parameters, the mesor estimates showed 75.67≥1.25 beats/min, the amplitude showed 4.89≥0.66 beates/min, and the acrophase showed 13:09 hours. The analysis suggested an antiphase pattern of two clusters of rhthms. Body temperature, pulse rate, general activation, and the factors of happiness, mental, social mood constituted the first cluster which appear high at midday from 10:37 to 14:54 hours. On the other hand deactivation-sleep and anger-depression mood constituted the second cluster and seem to have high at early times form 01:12 to 01:33 hours. 2. According to the pearson correlations between the percent amplitude of the rhythmic variables, there were positive relationship between body temperature rhythm and the factors of general activation, deactivation-sleep, social mood, and between the factor of general activation and all mood factors, and between the factor of deactivation-sleep and the factors of happiness, mental, social mood. As mentioned above, we(I) could confirm body temperature, heart rate rhythm and level of activation and mood rhythm. Body temperature, heart rate rhythm and level of activation are directly connected with each other. The level of activation is also closely related to mood rhythm. This study is expected to enhance the better understanding about various rhythm variables.