複合助詞「上で」の用法と助詞「で」について

신의식 ( Shin¸ Yi-shick ) 한국외국어대학교 일본연구소 2021 日本硏究 Vol.- No.89

본고는 일본어 복합조사 「上で」의 용법과 조사 「で」에 대해서 해당형식이 가진 문법적인 특징들을 상세하게 분석하였다. 「上で」는 선행연구에서 그 의미와 용법이 다양하게 분석되고 있으며, 특히 馬場(2006)의 분석에서는 「上で」가 격성분적 용법과 동시용법(접속조사적)으로 나뉘는 것으로 파악되고 있다. 하지만 선행연구에서는 용법을 나누는 기준이 간단한 면이 있고, 「上で」가 가진 문법적 특성을 고려하면 간단히 나뉠 수 있는 것이 아니다. 본고에서는 해당 형식이 복합조사라는 점을 염두에 두고, 우선 「上で」가 가진 문법적 특징을 파악하였다. 그 결과 「上で」는 격성분적 특징과 접속조사적 특징을 함께 가지고 있고, 그러한 특징의 강약에 따라 격조사적 특징과 접속조사적 특징이 연속성을 지니고 있음을 알 게 되었다. 그러한 연속성 상에서 격조사적 특징이 강한 「上で①」과 접속조사적 특징이 강한 「上で②」가 존재한다. 한편 복합조사를 이루는 조사 「で」에 관해서도 분석하여, 해당조사가 본래의 격조사 「で」의 성질이 희박화 된 것으로 파악하였다. 여기서도 「上で①」의 「で①」는 격조사의 성질이 남아있는 것으로 파악되었고, 「上で②」의 「で②」는 격조사의 성질이 희박화 된 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 조사 「で①②」간의 격조사 성질의 희박화도 연속성을 가지고 파악되고 있어, 이러한 연속성이 「上で①」와 「上で②」의 용법상의 연속성에 관계하고 있는 것으로 보여진다. 따라서 본고에서는 복합조사 「上で」를 「で」의 격조사성의 희박화와 함께 복합조사화 된 형식으로 파악하였다. In this paper, I analyzed the grammatical features of the usage Japanese compound particle ue-de and particle de in detail. The meaning and usages of form ue-de have analyzed by precedent researches. In research of Baba(2006), especially ud-de has two uses that are Case use and Concurrent use(conjunctive use). However the criterion to distinguish these uses was simple, when we consider the grammatical features of ue-de, it is hard to divide the usages of this form. First, I analyzed ue-de which is compound particle. As the result, ue-de has the two feathers of case particle and conjunctive particle. I noticed that there is the continuity of between feachers of case particle and feacher of conjunctive particle by the strength of the these feachers. Therefore, there are ue-de① which has the feacher of case particle and ue-de② which has the feacher of conjunctive particle. Second, I grasped that particle de, which is an component of compound particle ue-de, is weaken. It was cleared that the de① of ue-de① has a little property of case, and de② od ue-de② has been weaken its property of case. Furthermore, the particles between de① and de② are analyzed on the dilution in the property of case. Therefore, it seemed that the dilution of the property of case in de①② concerns the continuity of ue-de① and ue-de②. In conclusion, it is understand that ue-de is the form which becomes the compound particle with the dilution of property of case de.

複合形式における格助詞性の希薄化について - 形式名詞と助詞が結合したタイプ複合助詞を中心に-

신의식 한국외국어대학교 일본연구소 2022 日本硏究 Vol.- No.91

In this paper, I analyzed the dilution of property of case particle and the conversion of the compound particle in the compound form. Generally, there were many studies of compound particle which were analyzed the meaning of the usages with focussing on the predicate and the formal noun in the compound form. On the other hand, in this paper I analyzed the dilution of property of the case particle o and de in the compound form no-o, tokoro-o, ue-de, tokoro-de. Generally, case particle constitute noun phrase which is combined noun, in contrast the compound forms in this paper have the usages of conjunctive particle. Moreover, there are the use of case particle and the use of the conjunctive particle in these compound forms. I assume that the existing of the two usages in the compound form has a connection with the dilution of property of case particle. In other to discuss this point, I tested some of the grammatical conditions. The results indicated that the use of case particle in the compound forms has the property of the case particle, but the property of case particle is diluted in the use of conjunctive in the compound forms. Moreover, there are differences of degree of dilution of property of case particle in these compound forms and usages. From now on, this discussion will be expected in the conversion of compound particle in the compound particles compounded formal noun with particle type.

時間節の「トコロデ」とこの形式における「デ」の格助詞性

신의식 한국일본어교육학회 2022 日本語敎育 Vol.- No.101

In this paper, I analyzed the temporal tokorode and features of case particle de in usages of tokorode which connect with -ta form of verb. Generally, two usages of tokorode are analyzed into conjunctive particle in precedent researches. However, temporal tokorode has the features of case constituent grammatically. There is a temporal tokorode in verbal phrase of sentence structure, but concessive tokorode is out of verbal phrase. Moreover, temporal tokorode is not connected with modal expressions of a sentence. In contrast, concessive tokorode is usually connected with modality in sentence. In this point, temporal tokorode is the case constituent, and it is likely that de in this usage is case particle. There is enough evidence to show that (tokoro)de has features of case particle. Particularly, (tokoro)de seems to be a case particle in grammatical test of additional modification clause and connecting with toritate particle. In conclusion, it seems reasonable to conclude that the classification of the usages in tokorode is affected by the features of case particle in (tokoro)de. From now on, this discussion will be expected in analysis of semantical variation in tokoro clauses.

현대 국어 서술격 조사 ‘이’에 대하여

최호철 ( Choe Hochol ) 중국한국(조선)어교육연구학회 2022 한국(조선)어교육연구 Vol.19 No.0

In modern school grammar, ‘i(이)’ is referred to as a predicative case particle and it is regarded as a word. Various discussions have been made about this predicative case particle ‘i(이)’, and they can be classified as dealing with the following three problems: case particle, setting in a word, and whether or not the concept of ‘conjugation’ can be applied. This paper tried to reexamine where these problems came from and to suggest reasonable alternatives. First, the case concepts and the scope of the predicative case particles may vary depend on the grammar theory. As a result, the validity of the term ‘predicative case particle’ may differ. In order to solve this problem, the paper adjusted to the term ‘predicative particles’ by deleting the word ‘case’ from the term ‘predicative case particles’. Next, when the concept of conjugation or declension is introduced into the Korean language, multiple conjugations/declensions or the conjugation/declension of phrases, which are larger units than words, should also be reasonably described. However, these issues have not been much of a problem so far. This is because, although grammatically the particles or endings of the Korean language was described as an declension/conjugation endings, it was cognitively regarded as an agglutinative element. Therefore, the paper suggested that by establishing and describing the concept of agglutination that is conforming with the Korean speaker’s perception, it is possible to reasonably describe the hierarchically concatenated particles/endings. Finally, to the question of whether to treat predicative case particle ‘i(이)’ as a word or an affix, it is reasonable to be regarded as a word. This is because, in the Korean language, full morph holding lexical meanings and empty morph holding grammatical meanings can be morphologically separated. It is also because Korean speakers cognitively do not regard empty morph as a declension/conjugation endings, but rather as an agglutinative element. And it is because setting the empty morph holding a grammatical meaning as an independent word units can correspond to the description of the phrase/clause structure within the language. In conclusion, this paper readjusted ‘predicative particle’ to ‘predicative to(토)’. This is because they can be combined into the same category in that both particles/endings are in charge of grammatical functions. In addition, since it also attached to phrases larger than words, it seems that various problems related to the concept of declension/conjugation can be solved by setting it in units of words. Therefore the word ‘to(토)’ was used, which implies both the concept of ‘agglutination’ and ‘syntactic’.

일본어 조사 「の」에 관한 일고찰 ― 의미적 격조사 기능을 중심으로 ―

김영심 한국일본학회 2017 日本學報 Vol.111 No.-

일본어 조사 「の」가 격조사로 분류되는 경우가 있지만, 이것은 「が」 「を」 「に」 등과 같은 일반적인 격조사와는 다르다고 할 수 있다. 본 논문은 연체수식구조 「NP1のNP2」에서 「の」와 공기하는 전후 명사의 상관관계에 주목하여, 「の」를 일반적인 격조사와는 다른 의미적 격조사로서 평가할 수 있는지에 대해 고찰한 것이다. 「の」의 전후 명사의 성질 및 의미 관계가 「の」의 의미적 격조사 기능에 중요한 영향을 끼친다. 「NP1のNP2」 구조 내 NP2의 동사적 성질 유무에 따라서, 「の」가 의미적 격조사로서 기능하는지 또는 연체조사로서만 기능하는 것인지 결정된다. 또 NP2에 동사적 성질이 있고 두 개 이상의 항을 요구하는 원동사에 대응하는 경우, NP1이 유정물인지 무정물인지에 따라 「の」가 나타내는 격의 허용도가 결정되며 여기에는 애매성이 발생할 수 있다. 이러한 애매성에도 불구하고 「の」가 의미적으로 어떤 격조사든지 나타낸다는 사실에는 변함이 없다. 조사 「の」가 의미적 격조사로서 기능한다는 점에서 일반적인 격조사와 구별된다고 할 수 있다. The Japanese particle “no” is sometimes classified as a case particle, but this should be considered different from general case particles such as “ga”, “o”, and “ni”. In this research, we focused on nouns that co-occur with “no” in the noun phrase “NP1 no NP2” and examined whether it can be positioned as a semantic case particle. The nature and semantic relationship of nouns co-occurring with “no” has an important influence on the function of the semantic case particle “no.” Depending on whether NP2 has a verb-like nature, it is decided whether “no” becomes a semantic case particle or an adnominal particle. Additionally, it was confirmed that NP1, which is either a living or non-living subject, is a factor that determines the permissible degree of “no” as the case particle, when NP2 has a verb-like nature and corresponds to the original verb that requires two or more terms. Even though this idea may appear ambiguous, this does not change the fact that “no” is semantically represented as a case particle in any way. This seems to suggest that “no” is distinguished from the general case particle in that it may function as a semantic case particle.

부정격의 정립을 위한 시론―후치사·첨사의 확인과 관련하여―

고영근 형태론 2020 형태론 Vol.22 No.1

The system of nominal case endings in Korean comprises four categories: structural case endings, semantic case endings, special case endings, and independent case endings. The structural case endings comprise five: nominative, accusative, genitive, conjunctive and indefinite cases. The so-called “pucengkyek” (indefinite case) was identified as the unrealized form(s) of other case endings, but this was a relative indefinite case. If, following the Altaic grammatical model, we set up postpositions and particles, we must instead posit a Zero (∅) form which cannot be reduced to or replaced by any one given case form. Previous grammars focused overwhelmingly on function when positing case systems, but if we consider their formation processes, many case forms can be integrated with postpositions, and many can be reduced to mono-syllabic forms. The series of “cosa” particles treated in traditional grammars as “pocosa” (delimiters) are, as a rule, placed after case endings. Let us call this the principle of “Case-markers First”. The present author posits a new category by separating out “pocosa” from “cosa” and calling them “chemsa” instead of “pocosa.” But among these “chemsa,” there is one delimiter which is placed before case forms: the delimiter ‘man’ (only). This is because ‘man’ functioned originally as a bound noun in Middle Korean but changed into a delimiter only later. 우리말의 격 어미에는 크게 구조격, 의미격, 특수격, 독립격의 네 범주를 둘 수 있다. 구조격에는 주격, 대격, 속격. 접속격, 부정격의 5개가 있다. 종전의 “부정격”은 격 어미의 미실현형을 대상으로 하였으나 이는 상대적 부정격이었다. 알타어어 문법 모형을 따라 후치사와 첨사를 세우게 되면 일정한 격 형태로 환원할 수 없는 영 형태의 격 어미를 세우지 않을 수 없다. 종전의 문법에서는 기능에만 치중하여 격 체계를 세웠으나 형성 과정을 고려하면 많은 격 형태가 후치사에 편입될 수 있으며 격 형태는 일음절로 된 형태로 축소시킬 수 있다. 종전의 전통 문법에서 “보조사”로 다루어 오던 일련의 조사류는 원칙적으로 격 어미 뒤에 놓인다. 이를 “격 어미 우선 원칙”이라 부르기도 한다. 이런 점을 고려하여 보조사를 조사에서 떼어 내어 “첨사”라는 새로운 범주를 세웠다. 그런데 첨사 가운데는 격 어미 앞에 자리잡는 것이 있다. 단독의 첨사 ‘만’이 그것인데 중세어에는 의존 명사였던 것이 현대로 오면서 첨사로 기능이 바뀐 데 그 까닭이 있다.

17세기 왕실 언간인 ‘숙명·숙휘신한첩’의 격조사 표기에 관한 고찰

김성옥 한국언어문화교육학회 2020 언어와 문화 Vol.16 No.2

This study examined the notational characteristics of case particles in the 17th century royal Korean old vernacular letter, ‘Sukmyeong·Sukhwi Sinhancheop’. It examined the appearance of the honorific subjective case, ‘∼으로겨오셔/으로겨ᄋᆞ오셔’, that is not found in other Korean old vernacular letters, the apperance of subjective case, ‘가’ in the Korean old vernacular letter written in the middle and late 17th century, ‘ㆍ’ appeared as ‘ᄅᆞᆯ’ and ‘ᄂᆞᆫ’ when the noun final is the open syllable despite the change of ‘ㆍ>ㅡ’ and the weakening of vowel harmony in the 16th century, and the locative case being same as the genitive case and prevailance use of ‘의’ being as an unusual locative case in the 15th century. Through this, it discussed that as the ‘가’ appeared in the middle and late 17th century, the subjective case ‘ㅣ’ in the 15th century weakened in the process of unifying the subjective case. For subjective case and the objective case, when the noun final is a syllable, ‘ᄅᆞᆯ’ and ‘ᄂᆞᆫ’ were used mainly at some point in the unification process for the objective case ‘ᄅᆞᆯ/를>를’ and subjective case ‘ᄂᆞᆫ/는>는’. For the locative case, in the process of unifying to ‘에’, ‘의’ which is same as the genitive case, was used more often than the ‘에’ at some time. .

중국인 유학생의 한국어 조사 오류 분석

김미진 ( Mi Jin Kim ) 영주어문학회 2013 영주어문 Vol.26 No.-

This study is intended to explore the measures that might help the errors be used as the tool of learning by compiling and analyzing the errors that occur in the learning process of Korean language, the agglutinative language with the advanced particles and the ending, among those who use the Chinese language which is the isolating language. Materials of this study is the essay written by 68 Chinese students among the students attending the lecture, "Korean Language Ⅱ for Foreigners", a subject of liberal arts in Jeju National University. The total number of particles used by 68 students was 2,603, among which 355 errors were found. The mean error rate was 14%. Adverb particle showed the highest ratio of substitution error, followed by the subject and object particles. The error of omission was found the most frequent in the subject and object particles, while the error of addition was noticeable in the auxiliary and adverb particles. In case particles, the error ratio was found to be the highest in the order of complement case, subject case, object case, adverb case, and pro-noun case particles. The error ratio was relatively low for auxiliary particle compared to the frequency of appearance, while no error was found in conjunctive particle. The learners who were the subjects of this study often thought that their Korean language fluency did not improve, and in fact, they sometimes stopped learning the Korean language after they entered the universities. That is attributed to the fact that they are capable of basic communication in Korean and can compose the Korean sentences, and therefore do not face much inconvenience in daily lives. This researcher hopes that this study would provide useful basis for taking the measures that might help the Korean language learners to keep interested in Korean language and continue the learning.

移動格「ヲ」の文法的な位置づけについて

신의식 한국일본문화학회 2023 日本文化學報 Vol.- No.98

This study discusses the movement case o. Unlike the accusative case marker o, this movement case o, which is used with movement verbs, indicates the location of the movement. There exist extensive discussions on the grammatical position of this movement case o in precedent studies. In syntactic analysis, one question that arises is whether this o used with movement verbs is a structural or an inherent case. Other linguists examine whether this o indicates an obligatory complement or a secondary complement in the grammatical meaning. This study argues that the movement case o functions as a structural case and is an essential case for forming noun phrase(NP). To support this claim, various phenomena previously noted in the literature were examined, where the movement o is associated with adverbial phrase(PP) and involves semantic factors that cannot be fully captured through syntactic analysis alone. The phenomena observed in pseudo-cleft sentences and quantifier-floating constructions suggest that, in addition to syntactic positioning, there are semantic aspects at play. Furthermore, in transitive verbs with non-nominative structures, there exists a semantic structure that takes the accusative case, providing a possibility to consider the movement case o as a structural case. The essential nature of the movement case o is confirmed through phenomena such as the restorability of case markers in case particle omission and the acceptability of the double accusative constraint.

현대국어 조사 '도'의 문법적 역할

최웅환 우리말글학회 2004 우리말 글 Vol.31 No.-

The purpose of this thesis is to confirm grammatical function of particle ‘to’ and to explain disagreement of syntactic and pragmatic level in connection with ‘to’ agglutination in Modern Korean. Because particle ‘to’ has been treated as a Special Particle(Delimiter) add meaning, syntactical function of particle ‘to’ was disregard by this time. But we verify that particle ‘to’ has also syntactical property. The conclusions of this thesis as follows: First, particle ‘to’ has case-property; showing position in the sentence. Structural Case particle did not appeared in combination with particle ‘to’, and particle ‘to’ realize in Negative polarity-sentence, and double particle ‘to’ possible. These prove that particle ‘to’ has case-property. Second, interpretation of information-structure in connection with ‘to’ agglutination participate in syntactic representation. When information-structure become proposition, disagreement of syntactical and pragmatic level be found out. It is due to restriction of ‘to’ agglutination.(Kumoh National Institute Technology)