가로경관에서 보행자 행동요소 분석 연구 -수원시 국제자매도시 테마거리 보행 실험을 중심으로 -

최진경,김주연 한국생활환경학회 2020 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.27 No.3

During urban landscape, the street landscape allows people to interact with the surrounding environment and communicate with each other. This study was conducted to identify the behavior and characteristics of pedestrians walking on street landscapes as part of a study on pedestrian characteristics of “International Sisters' Theme Street” conducted in Suwon for the revitalization of street scenery. Pedestrian behavior were taken within the range by setting the walking range at the street view. The behavioral elements to analyze pedestrian activities were analyzed by separating detailed behavioral elements within the behavioral group and the group. The analysis results are as follows. The frequency of behavioral factors did not differ relatively in WALK and HEAD groups, unlike HEAD behavioral groups, which account for a higher proportion than the next WALK behavioral group. These results may be attributed to the occurrence of detailed behavioral elements of READ in the SIGN behavioral group among participants, resulting in detailed behavior of the STOP in the WALK behavioral group. In addition, depending on the type of participant, detailed behavioral elements of LEFT and RIGHT occurred in the WALK behavioral group, showing differences in the occurrence of HEAD behavioral group due to body reorientation, affecting the frequency and duration of the action group. In this study, sculptures and signs located in street scenery were affecting pedestrian behavior. Through this study, one method of quantitative measurement experiments on the movement of pedestrians in a street landscape was proposed. There is also value of research in providing basic data in public design planning for street landscape.

항공서비스의 불만요인이 전환의도와 전환행동에 미치는 영향연구

박수영 ( Soo Young Park ) 아시아.유럽미래학회 2009 유라시아연구 Vol.6 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 세계적으로 해외관광수요가 침체되고 있는 현 시점에서 항공서비스에 대한 승객의 불만 중 전환의도와 전환행동에 미치는 요인을 파악하여 항공사가 지속적으로 승객을 유지하고 이탈을 미연에 방지하여 상대적으로 적은 운영비용으로 운영효율성을 극대화시킴으로써 극심한 경쟁의 구도 속에서 차별화된 경쟁전략 및 마케팅전략을 수립하는데 도움을 주고자 하는 것이다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 문헌연구와 실증연구를 병행하였다. 문헌연구에서는 항공서비스의 불만요인, 전환의도, 전환행동에 관한 이론적 고찰을 수행하였고 이를 통하여 가설을 설정하였다. 실증연구를 위하여 인천국제공항에서 국제선을 이용하여 출입국하는 내국인 항공승객을 대상으로 항공서비스의 불만요인과 전환의도, 전환행동에 관한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 본 연구의 자료분석을 위하여 SPSS 12.0 통계 패키지를 이용하여 빈도분석, 타당성분석, 신뢰도분석, 단순회귀분석, 다중회귀분석 등을 실시하였다. 타당성 분석을 위하여 항공사 서비스불만에 대하여 요인분석을 실시한 결과 5개의 요인을 도출하였는데, 요인 1을 ‘예약 및 발권서비스’, 요인 2를 ‘운항서비스’, 요인 3을 ‘지상서비스’, 요인 4를 ‘기내서비스’, 요인 5를 ‘부대서비스’로 명명하였다. 전환의도와 전환행동에 대한 요인분석을 실시한 결과 각각 1개의 요인을 도출하였으며 Chronbach``s Alpha 계수를 이용하여 신뢰도 분석을 한 결과 7개요인 모두 .700을 상회하여 문항간의 신뢰성이 충족되었다. 가설 검증을 위하여 다중회귀분석과 단순회귀분석을 실시한 결과 항공서비스 중 첫째, 부대 서비스, 예약 및 발권 서비스, 기내 서비스, 지상 서비스에 대한 불만요인이 항공서비스에 대한 전환의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 부대 서비스, 예약 및 발권 서비스, 기내 서비스에 대한 불만요인이 항공서비스에 대한 전환행동에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 항공서비스에 대한 전환의도는 전환행동에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 실증분석을 바탕으로 몇 가지 시사점을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전환의도와 전환행동에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 불만요인이 부대 서비스인 것으로 나타났다. 특히 최근 마일리지의 적립과 사용에 승객들의 관심이 많아지고 있어서 마일리지는 더 이상 보너스의 개념이 아닌 권리로 받아들여지고 있다. 항공사에서는 수익이 높고 경쟁력이 있는 노선에 대해서는 마일리지의 사용을 제한하고 있는데, 승객의 입장에서는 누적한 마일리지를 원할 때 사용할 수 없다는 것에 대해 자신의 권리가 박탈당한다고 인식하게 되는 것이다. 항공사는 탑승시 마일리지의 적립이 누락되지 않게 배려해야 함은 물론, 승객들이 사용하고자 할 때 편리하게 사용할 수 있는 제도적 장치를 마련해야 하며 아울러 다양한 제휴를 통하여 더 많은 마일리지 적립 및 많은 사용처를 제공하는 것도 중요하다. 다른 항공사 혹은 다른 업종까지 확대된 폭넓은 제휴는 승객의 이탈을 방지할 수 있을 것이다. 둘째, 전환의도와 전환행동에 두 번째로 영향을 미치는 요인이 예약 및 발권 서비스인 것으로 나타났다. 승객은 항공사의 잘못된 정보 전달 및 업무오류로 인하여 공항에서 탑승할 때 불편을 겪기도 하고 여정을 취소해야 하는 상황을 경험하기도 한다. 항공권의 유효기간이나 제약조건 등을 제대로 확인하지 않아 추가 비용이 발생하거나 항공권 사용이 불가한 경우 승객은 예상하지 못한 불필요한 비용을 추가로 지불해야 하는 것으로 인식한다. 따라서 예약 및 발권을 담당하는 직원은 전문적으로 업무를 숙지하고 있어야 함은 물론 승객에게 항공권의 제약 등에 대해 정확하게 정보를 전달하고 업무 오류를 줄이기 위한 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다. 셋째, 승객이 항공서비스에 대해 불만을 갖게 되면 전환의도를 가지게 되고 이것은 전환행동에 유의한 영향을 미치는 바, 승객의 불만사항을 미연에 방지하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다. 항공사는 승객의 불만을 초래한 원인에 대해 정확히 파악하고 재발방지 노력을 효과적으로 하여야 할 것이다. 또한 승객의 불만사항에 대한 처리의 신속성이 요구되는데, 불만에 대해 승객을 정확하게 이해시키고 대체서비스를 즉시 제공하며 적절하게 보상할 수 있는 제도를 확립하여야 할 것이다. 결국 불만 제거를 통한 경쟁력 강화방안을 수립하고 이미지 제고를 위해 노력하는 항공사가 경쟁에서 우위를 점하고 궁극적으로 생존할 것이다. The purpose of the study was to identify which service dissatisfaction elements of airline passengers effect switching intention and switching behavior and how they effect each other so that the airlines could continue to retain passengers and prevent them from leaving, whereby it would help to prepare the marketing strategy to maintain or improve sales performance notwithstanding the competition while overseas travel demand is dropping worldwide. To accomplish the purpose, the document study and the actual study were done at the same time. During the document study, dissatisfaction elements of airline services, switching intention and switching behavior were theoretically studied and the assumptions were set out from the preceding studies. For the actual study, the questionnaire survey was done with the Korean who arrived and departed via international airlines at the Incheon International Airport as to dissatisfaction elements of airline services, switching intention and switching behavior. For data analysis of the study, frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, simple regression analysis and multiple regression analysis were made by SPSS 12.0 statistics package. To analyze reliability, the factor analysis was made as to dissatisfaction with airline service, which came out with the 5 factors - factor 1 was named for reservation and ticketing service factor 2 for operations service factor 3 for ground service, factor 4 for in-flight service and factor 5 for incidental service, respectively. The factor analysis for reliability analysis of switching intention and switching behavior resulted in one element each. The result of the reliability analysis by Chronbach`s Alpha coefficient indicated that all the 7 factors were above .700 by which reliability among questions were proved. The result of the analysis was as follows. First, the dissatisfaction elements with incidental service, reservation and ticketing service, in-flight service and ground service showed a valid effect on switching intention. Second, the dissatisfaction elements with incidental service, reservation and ticketing service and in-flight service showed a valid effect on switching behavior. Third, switching intention for airline services indicated a valid effect on switching intention. The suggestions from the actual analysis were as followings: Firstly, the dissatisfaction element with incidental service was indicated to make the biggest effect onto switching intention and switching behavior. Airlines ought to be careful with mileage accumulation not to miss when on board and a system should be in place for passengers to use it with convenience where wanted. Also, it would be critical to give more mileage and to prepare more places to use it through diverse alliances. Extensive alliances with different airlines and different industries would be able to prevent passengers from leaving. Secondly, the second biggest effect for switching intention and switching behavior was indicated coming from the dissatisfaction element with reservation and ticketing service. A passenger may have inconvenience when getting on board at the airport or be forced to cancel his itinerary due to misinformation or mistake of an airline. When additional cost incurs or air ticket cannot be used as its validity or restriction terms were not properly checked out, the passenger believes to have to pay unnecessary additional cost that have been unexpected. Accordingly, the staff in charge of reservation and ticketing should not only be well aware of the duties professionally but also make efforts to communicate the information of air ticket restrictions and to reduce working mistakes. Thirdly, passenger`s dissatisfaction with airline services leads to switching intention which eventually makes a valid effect on switching behavior. As such, to prevent passenger`s dissatisfaction is more important than anything. The airlines ought to identify exactly what bring passenger`s dissatisfaction and then to make effective efforts not to let them happen again. In addition, speedy dealing with passenger`s complaints is required. A system should be placed to make the passenger well understood of concerned complaint, to provide substitute service immediately and to offer proper compensation. Eventually, the airline who prepares a plan to strengthen competitiveness by getting rid of dissatisfaction and makes efforts to improve its image would be competitive and be a final survivor.

Fiber element-based nonlinear analysis of concrete bridge piers with consideration of permanent displacement

Mokhtar Ansari,Farhad Daneshjoo,Amir Safiey,Naser Safaeian Hamzehkolaei,Maryam Sorkhou 국제구조공학회 2019 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.69 No.3

Utilization of fiber beam-column element has gained considerable attention in recent years due mainly to its ability to model distributed plasticity over the length of the element through a number of integration points. However, the relatively high sensitivity of the method to modeling parameters as well as material behavior models can pose a significant challenge. Residual drift is one of the seismic demands which is highly sensitive to modeling parameters and material behavior models. Permanent deformations play a prominent role in the post-earthquake evaluation of serviceability of bridges affected by a near-fault ground shaking. In this research, the influence of distributed plasticity modeling parameters using both force-based and displacement-based fiber elements in the prediction of internal forces obtained from the nonlinear static analysis is studied. Having chosen suitable type and size of elements and number of integration points, the authors take the next step by investigating the influence of material behavioral model employed for the prediction of permanent deformations in the nonlinear dynamic analysis. The result shows that the choice of element type and size, number of integration points, modification of cyclic concrete behavior model and reloading strain of concrete significantly influence the fidelity of fiber element method for the prediction of permanent deformations.

완성계 강사장교의 극한 거동의 해석적 연구

김승준(Kim Seungjun),임석빈(Im Seok-Been),이기세(Lee Kee-Sei),강영종(Kang Young-Jong) 대한토목학회 2012 대한토목학회논문집 A Vol.32 No.2A

논문은 비선형 해석을 통한 완성계 강사장교의 극한 거동에 대해 다룬다. 사장교는 재료적 비선형성과 함께 다양한 기하학적 비선형성을 나타내므로 극한 거동을 명확히 규명하려면 반드시 합리적인 비선형해석이 수행되어야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 합리적인 극한 해석기법을 통해 활하중에 대한 강사장교의 주요한 극한거동을 규명하고자 하였다. 강사장교의 비선형 해석을 위하여 비선형 트러스 요소 및 비선형 프레임요소를 이용하였고, 강재의 재료적 비선형성을 효율적으로 고려하기 위해 개선소성힌지법을 이용하였다. 활하중에 대한 극한 거동을 합리적으 분석하기 위해 본 연구에서는 초기형상해석활하중 해석으로 이어지는 2단계 해석 기법을 통해 극한 해석을 수행하였다. 해석 모델은 총 지간장이 920.0 m 사장교를 이용하였고, 방사형 및 팬 형 사장교를 해석에 이용하였다. 극한 해석결과를 통해 얻은 하중-변위 곡선, 구조물 변형형상, 소성단면, 휨모멘트분포도 등을 분석하여 활하중에 대한 완성계 사장교의 주요한 극한 거동을 규명하였다. This paper presents an investigation on the ultimate behavior of steel cable-stayed bridges using nonlinear finite element analysis method. Cable-stayed bridges exhibit various geometric nonlinearities as well as material nonlinearities, so rational nonlinear finite element analysis should be performed for investigation of the ultimate behavior. In this study, ultimate behavior of steel cable-stayed bridges was studied using rational ultimate analysis method. Nonlinear equivalent truss element and nonlinear frame element were used for modeling the cable, girder and mast. Moreover, refined plastic hinge method was adopted for considering the material nonlinearity of steel members. In this study, the 2-step analysis method was used. Before live load analysis, initial shape analysis was performed in order to consider the dead load condition. For investigation of the ultimate behavior of steel cable-stayed bridges, analysis models which span length is 920.0 m were used. Radiation type and fan type were considered as the cable-arrangement types. With various quantitative evidences such as load-displacement curves, deformed shapes, locations of the yield point or region, bending moment distribution and so on, the ultimate behavior of steel cable-stayed bridges was investigated and described in this paper.

The strain-smoothed MITC3+ shell finite element

Lee, Chaemin,Lee, Phill-Seung Elsevier 2019 Computers & structures Vol.223 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this paper, we propose the strain-smoothed MITC3+ shell finite element. The membrane strain field of the continuum mechanics based 3-node triangular shell element (MITC3+) is smoothed using the recently developed strain-smoothed element (SSE) method. The strain-smoothed MITC3+ shell element passes basic tests (patch, isotropy and zero energy mode tests) and shows significantly improved membrane behavior in various numerical examples. The major advantage of the SSE method is that no additional degree of freedom is required for solution improvement.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The strain-smoothed MITC3+ shell finite element is proposed. </LI> <LI> The membrane strain of the MITC3+ element is improved using the strain-smoothed element method. </LI> <LI> The strain-smoothed element does not require special smoothing domains and additional DOFs. </LI> <LI> Through various numerical examples, its improved performance is demonstrated. </LI> </UL> </P>

High Deformable Concrete (HDC) element: An experimental and numerical study

Kesejini, Yasser Alilou,Bahramifar, Amir,Afshin, Hassan,Tabrizi, Mehrdad Emami Techno-Press 2021 Advances in concrete construction Vol.11 No.5

High deformable concrete (HDC) elements have compressive strength rates equal to conventional concrete and have got a high compressive strain at about 20% to 50%. These types of concrete elements as prefabricated parts have an abundance of applications in the construction industry which is the most used in the construction of tunnels in squeezing grounds, tunnel passwords from fault zones or swelling soils as soft supports. HDC elements after reaching to compressive yield stress, in nonlinear behavior have hardening combined with increasing strain and compressive strength. The main aim of this laboratory and numerical research is to construct concrete elements with the above properties so the compressive stress-strain behavior of different concrete elements with four categories of mix designs have been discussed and finally one of them has been defined as HDC element mix design. Furthermore, two columns with and without implementing of HDC elements have been made and stress-strain curves of them have been investigated experimentally. An analysis model is presented for columns using finite element method adopted by ABAQUS. The results obtained from the ABAQUS finite element method are compared with experimental data. The main comparison is made for stress-strain curve. The stress-strain curves from the finite element method agree well with experimental results. The results show that the dimension of the HDC samples is significant in the stress-strain behavior. The use of the element greatly increases energy absorption and ductility.

주의 회복 이론과 행태 지원 요소를 적용한 해외 노인복지시설 치유환경 사례연구

정재훈,김광호 한국실내디자인학회 2022 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.31 No.4

The purpose of this study is to find a way for the Soft Fascination in the natural environment to work in the elderly welfare facilities, as well as to find the relationship between attention restoration theory and elements of behavioral affordance. The method theoretically considers the healing environment, behavioral affordance elements, and recovery environment formation elements of the attention restoration theory. The relationship between the eight elements of behavioral affordance and the four healing environment formation elements of attention recovery theory was then examined using items from the perceived restorativeness scale. Based on this, an analysis framework was prepared to explore ways to provide a recovery environment in elderly welfare facilities by analyzing overseas elderly welfare facilities. The results of this study show that the behavioral support element has a complex interrelationship, including the concept of recovery environment in multiple attention recovery theories; however, in general, compatibility and extent are associated with active (+) behavioral affordance elements, while the fascination and being away are associated with passive (−) behavioral affordance elements. To create an overall healing environment in elderly welfare facilities, it is necessary to adequately plan an active space while avoiding bias toward passive space.

전국 초·중·고학생의 위험행동 실태 및 지원방안 연구

차명호,정경용,정지현 한국청소년학회 2010 청소년학연구 Vol.17 No.3

Purpose of this study is searching the actual condition and proposing support plan to risk behavior on students who go to elementary, middle, and high school in Korea. Participants were 7,262 students. They responded to the Adolescents Risk Behavior Scale by Sang-Chul Han(2003). The data was analyzed by frequency analysis and chi-square test. Results showed that private risk behavior was lie, drinking experience, Internet addiction, and internet crab to friend by chatting. More than one million students were estimated on private risk behaviors. Familial risk behavior was stealing money from parents. Risk behavior in school was indifference to study and malicious class loss. Social risk behavior was gambles and experience of pornography. Differences were shown by sex, school grade, school location, and parents' marital status. 본 연구의 목적은 전국에 있는 초․중․고등학교에 다니고 있는 학생들로 지역별, 학교급별로 표본을 선정하여 위험행동 실태를 알아보고 지원방안을 제시하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 한상철(2003)의 청소년 위험행동 척도를 39문항으로 수정하여 사용하였다. 조사대상자는 총7,262명이며, 자료처리는 빈도분석과 chi-square검증을 하였다. 연구결과를 살펴보면, 전국학생추정치 100만명이 넘는 개인적 위험행동은 친구에게 거짓말, 음주경험, 인터넷중독, 인터넷게임․채팅으로 나타났고 가족적 위험행동은 부모님 돈 도벽으로 나타났고, 학교적 위험행동은 공부 무관심, 고의적 수업결손으로 나타났고, 사회적 위험행동은 도박, 음란물 경험으로 나타났다. 성별, 학교급별, 학교소재지별, 부모의 결혼상태별 위험행동의 차이는 대부분 차이가 있었다.

소비자전시회의 체험요인(4Es)이 참관객의 만족과 행동의도에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구 - 2019 캐릭터라이선싱페어 참관객을 중심으로 -

윤영혜,김미성,윤유식 한국무역전시학회 2020 무역전시연구 Vol.15 No.2

The purpose of this study is to reveal the impact of the exhibition experience factors on the visitors’ satisfaction and behavior intention, and the relationship between satisfaction and behavior intention as well. A theoretical review was conducted based on prior research on the Exhibition Experience Elements(4Es), Satisfaction and Behavior Intention in order to achieve the research objectives. In addition, a survey was conducted on 600 visitors to Character Licensing Fair. Frequency analysis, factor analysis, and regression analysis were performed using a total of 582 valid samples obtained through the survey for empirical analysis and hypothesis testing. As a result of identifying the impact of exhibition experience factors on satisfaction, educational and esthetic experiences were found to have a significant positive effect on information satisfaction, program satisfaction, and space satisfaction. However, entertainment experiences did not significantly affect information satisfaction and space satisfaction, while escapist experiences did not have a significant impact on program satisfaction and space satisfaction. Next, as a result of understanding the impact of exhibition experience factors on visitors' behavior intention, it was found that all experience factors have a positive influence on the visitor's behavior, and that the intention of revisiting is influential in the order of entertainment experience, escapist experience, educational experience, esthetic experience, and recommended intention is educational experience, escapist experience, entertainment experience, and esthetic experience. Lastly, as a result of understanding the impact of exhibition satisfaction on visitors' behavior, it was found that information satisfaction, program satisfaction, and space satisfaction all had significant positive effects on behavior intention, and both the intention of revisiting and the intention of recommending them were influential in order of program satisfaction, guidance satisfaction, and space satisfaction. In summary, except for some experience factors, the exhibition's experience factors have a significant impact on exhibition satisfaction and behavior, and there is a significant correlation between exhibition satisfaction and behavior. Therefore, the exhibition organizers and exhibitors should focus on finding ways to develop the exhibition by strengthening the factors of experience. 본 연구는 전시회의 체험요인이 참관객의 전시회 만족도와 참관객의 행동의도에 미치는 영향과 만족도와 행동의도 간의 영향관계를 밝히고자 하였다. 연구 목적의 효과적인 달성을 위하여 전시회체험요인, 만족도, 행동의도에 대한 선행연구 분석을 실시하였으며, 캐릭터라이선싱페어 참관객 600여명을 대상으로 한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 실증분석과 가설검증을 위하여 설문조사를 통해 얻어진 총 582부의 유효표본을 활용하여 빈도분석, 요인분석, 회귀분석 등을 수행하였다. 가설검증 결과에 있어서 전시회 체험요인이 전시회 만족도에 미치는 영향을 파악한 결과, 교육적 체험과 심미적 체험은 안내만족, 프로그램만족, 공간만족에 모두 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 오락적 체험은 안내만족 및 공간만족에는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났고, 일탈적 체험은 프로그램만족 및 공간만족에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로 전시회 체험요인이 참관객의 행동의도에 미치는 영향을 파악한 결과 모든 체험요인이 참관객의 행동의도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 재방문 의도에는 오락적 체험, 일탈적 체험, 교육적 체험, 심미적 체험 순으로 영향력이 크고, 추천 의도에는 교육적 체험, 일탈적 체험, 오락적 체험, 심미적 체험 순으로 영향력이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 전시회 만족도가 참관객의 행동의도에 미치는 영향을 파악한 결과, 안내만족, 프로그램만족, 공간만족 모두 행동의도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 재방문 의도와 추천의도에 모두 프로그램만족, 안내만족, 공간만족 순으로 영향력이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 요약하면 일부 체험요인을 제외하고는 전시회의 체험요인이 전시회 만족 및 행동의도에 유의한 영향을 미치고, 전시회 만족과 행동의도 간에도 유의한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 체험요인강화를 통한 전시회 발전방안 모색을 주력해야할 것이다.

Numerical Analysis for Prediction of Fatigue Crack Opening Level

Choi, Hyeon Chang The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers 2004 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.18 No.11

Finite element analysis(FEA) is the most popular numerical method to simulate plasticity-induced fatigue crack closure and can predict fatigue crack closure behavior. Finite element analysis under plane stress state using 4-node isoparametric elements is performed to investigate the detailed closure behavior of fatigue cracks and the numerical results are compared with experimental results. The mesh of constant size elements on the crack surface can not correctly predict the opening level for fatigue crack as shown in the previous works. The crack opening behavior for the size mesh with a linear change shows almost flat stress level after a crack tip has passed by the monotonic plastic zone. The prediction of crack opening level presents a good agreement with published experimental data regardless of stress ratios, which are using the mesh of the elements that are in proportion to the reversed plastic zone size considering the opening stress intensity factors. Numerical interpolation results of finite element analysis can precisely predict the crack opening level. This method shows a good agreement with the experimental data regardless of the stress ratios and kinds of materials.