미국 신임경찰의 선발과 교육제도 고찰

탁종연 경찰대학교 2007 경찰학연구 Vol.7 No.1

This paper is an attempt to contribute to the advancement of the selection and education process of the Korean Police by examining those of the American Police. Extant selection and education process of the American police has been developed through year-long struggles of the police pioneers and support of the federal government. Currently, the American process is very task-oriented, which is reflected in application qualification, selection process, and police academy education. It is expected that a civilian applicant becomes an independent police officer through such a complex process which consists of approximately 900 hours of the in-academy education and 600 hours of the post-academy education in most large-size police departments. Many departments however have difficulty recruiting good applicants since the police job is notorious for hardworking and shallow chance of advancement. After careful examination of the American police, I suggest that the Korean police should reform the selection and education processes that enable the recruits become more capable police officer. In order to do so, the Korean government should establish a national task force, just as the President Lyndon John's commission on the Law Enforcement and Administration of the Justice in the 1960's.

그리스 근대경찰 형성과정에 보이는 오스만 터키적 전통, 대륙법 (프랑스의 장다르머리), 영미법의 혼효 연구 - 한국 근대경찰 형성과정과의 비교-

김형중,최자영 대구사학회 2011 대구사학 Vol.104 No.-

There are somewhat common elements in the formation of the modern police of Greece and Korea. They have been influenced much more by the continental law than the Anglo-American, as the military police played a significant role. The purpose of military force, however, was quite different against each other. In Greece, the military police was closely connected with the guerilla forces or ‘Thieves (Klevtes)’, being used more or less for the national independence. On the contrary, the Korea’s military police was introduced by the Japanese as a subsidiary measure for their colonial domination. In spite of this kind of difference, however, two countries proved the common aspect that the effort for concentration of political power was attended with the increase of police force itself. In Korea such an attempt made advance under the Japanese colonial domination. And the established police power held out even after the Korea’s independence from Japan achieved in the August, 1945, and under the American’s military government in Korea the Japanese colonial police system kept up without much difference. In Greece as a hotbed of traditional liberal democracy, however, the centralization of political power was not fully realized. Being invited from Bavaria of Germany to the throne of Greece in 1833, Otto created Chorophylaki, a kind of military police, following the French type of 'Gendarmerie’ as well as the Bavarian tradition on the line of continental Civil Law. The Chorophylaki, however, did not meet his wishes, since it showed a firm tendency of regional decentralization, and the military police was in antagonism with the citizens. Successively, the Astyphylaki, a new military police, was created in January 1, 1894. On this stage the police functions were committed on a large scale to the army forces in city regions, while in other regions the Chorophylaki provided the leading staffs for the Astyphylaki. On the other hand, the Astynomia, a citizen police, influenced by the Anglo-American Law came to be established in the beginning of the 20th century. And later, both of the Chorophylaki or military force and the citizen police, the Astynomia, were attached together to the Department of Public Security, operating, however, independently against each other. At last, the Chorophylaki and the Astynomia came to be unified to the Greek National Police(ELAS) in 1984. Skeptical introspection to this change, however, has still been prevalent in the Greek Society, as the Greek is doubting for how much the unification of police power could contribute to the democracy of citizen value. This kind of reflection for decentralization is very different from the Korean's view of point, as lots of people in Korea accept blindedly every concentrating power mechanism of the modern state. (Pusan University of Foreign Studies/khj12345@pufs.ac.kr,jayoung@pufs.ac.kr)

미국법상 경찰권 행사의 근거와 한계 -「경찰관직무집행법」의 원리적 해석을 위한 시론-

송시강 ( Si Kang Song ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2013 홍익법학 Vol.14 No.1

This article deals with the introduction to American police law, focusing on the legal basis and limit of the police power. In the USA, there isn`t any law equivalent to 「police enforcement law」in Korea. The exercise of police power is authorized by the statute of the governments which prescribes the establishment and duties of the institutional police. That is, the legal basis of organization can be the legal basis of action. The institutional police in the USA allocates most of resources for police action related to a crime or offense. Accordingly, the penal law directly sets limits of police action, on the basis of the doctrine of warrants in the Amendment 4 and due process in the Amendment 14. At the same time, the institutional police in the USA also conducts administrative police action unrelated to a crime or offense and service irrelevant to police action, furthermore. We, herein, need to put an emphasis on a considerable differentiation of legal treatment in American police law according to whether or not police action relates to a crime. For example, both the doctrine of warrants and due process are relaxed when the officer conducts administrative investigation not connected with a crime. American police law that classifies police action as related to a crime and unrelated to a crime and focuses upon the former, may help to interpret 「police enforcement law」 in Korea, especially when considering 「police enforcement law」 was affected by American police law through Japanese law.

그리스 근대경찰 형성과정에 보이는 오스만 터키적 전통, 대륙법 (프랑스의 장다르머리), 영미법의 혼효 연구 -한국 근대경찰 형성과정과의 비교-

김형중 ( Hyeung Joong Kim ),최자영 ( Ja Young Che ) 대구사학회 2011 대구사학 Vol.104 No.-

There are somewhat common elements in the formation of the modern police of Greece and Korea. They have been influenced much more by the continental law than the Anglo-American, as the military police played a significant role. The purpose of military force, however, was quite different against each other. In Greece, the military police was closely connected with the guerilla forces or ``Thieves (Klevtes)``, being used more or less for the national independence. On the contrary, the Korea`s military police was introduced by the Japanese as a subsidiary measure for their colonial domination. In spite of this kind of difference, however, two countries proved the common aspect that the effort for concentration of political power was attended with the increase of police force itself. In Korea such an attempt made advance under the Japanese colonial domination. And the established police power held out even after the Korea`s independence from Japan achieved in the August, 1945, and under the American`s military government in Korea the Japanese colonial police system kept up without much difference. In Greece as a hotbed of traditional liberal democracy, however, the centralization of political power was not fully realized. Being invited from Bavaria of Germany to the throne of Greece in 1833, Otto created Chorophylaki, a kind of military police, following the French type of ``Gendarmerie`` as well as the Bavarian tradition on the line of continental Civil Law. The Chorophylaki, however, did not meet his wishes, since it showed a firm tendency of regional decentralization, and the military police was in antagonism with the citizens. Successively, the Astyphylaki, a new military police, was created in January 1, 1894. On this stage the police functions were committed on a large scale to the army forces in city regions, while in other regions the Chorophylaki provided the leading staffs for the Astyphylaki. On the other hand, the Astynomia, a citizen police, influenced by the Anglo-American Law came to be established in the beginning of the 20th century. And later, both of the Chorophylaki or military force and the citizen police, the Astynomia, were attached together to the Department of Public Security, operating, however, independently against each other. At last, the Chorophylaki and the Astynomia came to be unified to the Greek National Police(ELAS) in 1984. Skeptical introspection to this change, however, has still been prevalent in the Greek Society, as the Greek is doubting for how much the unification of police power could contribute to the democracy of citizen value. This kind of reflection for decentralization is very different from the Korean`s view of point, as lots of people in Korea accept blindedly every concentrating power mechanism of the modern state.

경찰의 팬데믹 상황에 따른 대응방안 - 경찰직장협의회의 출범을 중심으로 -

이보현,강욱 한국경호경비학회 2020 시큐리티연구 Vol.- No.특별호

Interpol Secretary-General Jürgen Stock at a high-level video conference involving police chiefs and foreign affairs chiefs from 22 countries in the Asia-Pacific region made it clear that the police had added work to prevent the incident as well as to respond to routine crimes. Professor Carl Roberts also emphasizes that the police should be given equal roles with public health institutions and hospitals in the Pandemic situation, and that the police should participate and play an equal role in the entire process from the planning stage to implementation. Interpol selected Korean police's response as a model case and shared the case with Interpol's member countries, indicating that the Korean police's response was very effective and efficient. The Pandemic situation is expected to become routine in the future, and the importance of the police role will be further emphasized. Police have been able to establish a Police Staff Council (PSC), and organizations have been organized by each agency. Accordingly, it is time to review the existing role of the police in consideration of the PSC. With the establishment of the PSC, it is expected that there will be a change in the police's response to the existing Pandemic situation. In this study, we looked at the background of the establishment of the PSC and compared the case of the American police. Through this, the PSC presented a direction on how to play a role in the Pandemic situation. It is necessary to seek a desirable role through continuous interest and research on the PSC. ‘위르겐 스톡’ 인터폴 사무총장은 2020.6.3. 아시아 태평양 지역 22개국 경찰청장 및 외사국장이 참여한 고위급 화상회의에서 경찰은 일상적인 범죄의 대응뿐만 아니라 방역을 위한 업무가 추가되었음을 분명히 하였다. ‘칼 로버츠’ 교수도 팬데믹 상황에서 공중 보건 기관, 병원 등과 대등한 역할이 경찰에게 주어져야 하며, 이는 계획 수립단계부터 실행까지 전 과정에서 경찰이 참여하고 대등한 역할을 해야 함을 강조하고 있다. 인터폴은 한국 경찰의 대응을 모범사례로 선정하고 한국 경찰의 사례를 인터폴 회원국과 공유를 하는 등 우리나라 경찰의 대응은 매우 효과적이고 능률적이었다고 할 수 있다. 팬데믹 상황에서 경찰의 새로운 역할이 요구되고 있는 시점에서 직장협의회가 설립되었다. 직장협의회가 설립됨에 따라서 기존의 팬데믹 상황에서의 경찰의 대응방안에 변화가 있을 것으로 예상이 된다. 본 연구에서는 경찰직장협의회의 설립 배경을 살펴보고 미국 경찰의 사례를 비교하였다. 이를 통하여 경찰직장협의회가 팬데믹 상황에서 어떻게 역할을 해야 하는지에 대한 방향을 제시하였다. 경찰직장협의회가 출범하는 시점에서 경찰직장협의회에 대한 지속적인 관심과 연구를 통하여 바람직한 역할을 모색할 필요가 있다.

일본의 연합국총사령부 점령기 치안 정책 연구

김창윤 ( Chang Yun Kim ) 한국경찰학회 2009 한국경찰학회보 Vol.11 No.3

The American military occupations of Japan(1945-1952) after the world war Ⅱ had great influences on the history of Japan, the contents and systems. This study attempts to analyze the characters of police policy and their effects on the police systems in the Japan. For the purpose of this study, it uses a policy process theory on the police policy of Japan during the American military occupation. The conclusions of this study are summarized as follows. Firstly, the police policy of the reform of police system period(1945.9-1947.11) is police democracy policy. This policy is effected on a demilitarization and democracy policy. Secondly, the police policy of the decentralization of police system period(1946.4-1947.8) are decentralization of police and democratization of police management. This policy is effected on economy reconstruction policy. The political and cultural determinants were much more important than socioeconomic determinants and these determinants effect on the policies of police. The policies of GHQ(General Headquarters of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers) effect on the police policies in Japan and the police policies effect on the police systems too. In Japan, the policies of GHQ contributed to modernize the police policy and police system. The police of GHQ played the principal role in setting up the government of Japan. And decentralized police system effected on the system of Japan`s police and it continued to exist for a long time.

국가별 경찰기관의 체력검사 종목 및 평가기준에 관한 연구

김필승 경찰대학 치안정책연구소 2020 치안정책연구 Vol.34 No.4

This study was conducted to check the physical fitness test items and evaluation criteria of foreign police to provide basic data on the development of a rational physical examination system that aims for gender equality based on integrated recruitment of men and women. Physical fitness examination of foreign police is dualized by measuring the physical function related to police work and measuring the basic physical strength. The NYPD (Job Standards Test: JST) shall perform the inspection items within 4 minutes and 28 seconds in a cyclical manner, and this standard is equally applicable to men and women. The physical fitness test of the British Capital Police (MET Police) is a sport-style measurement method, consisting of two categories for measuring aerobic abilities and for measuring muscle strength. It can be measured indoors and differs from other countries in that the minimum standards for men and women are the same. The Australian Federal Police is implementing a sport-style measurement system, with the same male and female categories, but different male and female standards for push-ups (male 30 times, female 15 times). The French police's physical fitness test is conducted in a circular manner and measures two motor skills in 10 measuring categories (Energy 1, Agility 9), although male and female standards are the same, they differ by category. In particular, the endurance evaluation is known to have a sandbag (40kg for men and 25kg for women) and run 20m, with 1 minute 37 seconds for men and 1 minute 50 seconds for women, resulting in about 50 percent of losers. 본 연구는 외국경찰의 남녀 체력검사 종목과 평가기준을 고찰하여 남녀 통합 모집에 따른 양성평등한 임용을 목적으로 한 효율적 체력검사 제도를 개발하는데 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. NYPD(New York City Police Department)의 체력검사(Job Standards Test: JST)는 순환식 계측 방법으로 검사항목을 4분28초 이내에 수행하여야 하며 이 기준은 남녀 동일하게 적용되고 있다. 영국의 수도경찰(MET Police)의 체력검사는 종목식 계측방식이며, 유산소 능력을 측정하기 위한 항목과 근력을 측정하기 위한 2개의 종목으로 구성되었다. 실내에서 측정할 수 있으며 남녀의 최저기준이 동일하다는 점에서 다른 국가와 비교된다. 호주 연방 경찰(Australian Federal Police)은 종목식 계측방식을 시행 중이며 남녀항목은 동일하나 팔굽혀펴기 항목에서 남녀 차등 기준을 적용하고 있다.(남 30회, 여 15회). 프랑스 경찰의 체력검사는 순환식 계측을 실행하고 있으며 10개의 측정종목으로 2개의 운동능력을 측정하고 있다(지구력1 민첩성 9). 남녀 기준은 동일하나 종목별 차등을 두고 있다. 특히 지구력 평가는 사낭(砂囊)(여자 25kg, 남자 40kg,)을 들고 20m 달리기로 (남자 1분 37초 달리기, 여자 1분 50초 달리기)전체 지원자 중 40~50% 정도의 탈락자가 발생하는 매우 어려운 검사로 알려져 있다. 그밖에 20M 왕복 달리기 (남자 7분30초, 여자 5분) 종목에서 남녀 기준에 차이를 두고 실행하고 있다.

미국 경찰 사례 분석을 통한 지역경찰 전문화 방안

조민상(Min Sang Cho)(趙敏相),조호대(Ho Dae Jo)(趙晧旲,) 위기관리 이론과 실천 2011 Crisisonomy Vol.7 No.6

지역경찰이란 지구대와 파출소를 뜻하는 지역경찰관서 소속 경찰공무원 및 전투경찰순경을 말한다. 우리 경찰은 2003년부터 지역경찰제를 도입하여 지역경찰관으로 하여금 지역사회 경찰활동을 수행하도록 하고 있고, 시민경찰학교 개설 운영, 생활치안 간담회 개최 등 다양한 활동들을 병행하고 있다. 본 연구는 지역경찰의 활동에 대한 관련 이론을 고찰하고, 한국 지역경찰의 최근 현황을 살펴보았다. 또한 다양한 지역경찰 부서를 설치하여 운영하고 있는 미국의 사례를 검토하고 대표적인 경찰서 운영과 지역경찰 관련 프로그램 시행을 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 한국 지역경찰에 대한 올바른 인식과 지역경찰 운용이 전문화될 수 있는 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 미국 사례를 통해 제시되는 특징을 보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지역경찰 관련 부서가 별도로 존재하고 있다. 둘째, 다양한 프로그램이 존재하고 있다. 셋째, 지역경찰과 주민, 타 관련기관과의 소통 및 네트워크가 구축되어 있다. 이를 통해서 신고 대응 전담 부서의 설치, 지역경찰 근무시간의 탄력적 운용 시 인센티브 부여, 지역경찰 활동 부서의 세분화, 장기적 안목의 정책 실행, 국민 대상으로 한 경찰활동 프로그램 운영의 전문화 방안을 제시하였다. This study progressed by literature study to examine theory about local police’s activity. First, examined Korean local police’s latest activity actual conditions. Also, examined American department which is operating establishing various local police unit, and observed for representative police station operation and local police program enforcement. I wish to search correct realization about Korean local police through this study and specialization plan about use. Because the local police are located very near with local resident, rank and files can think most importantly among police activity. Various program and countermeasure about the local police should be prepared and is reason of study that must examine specialization plan of use. To finds, and searches plan for solution of the problem with local resident whether there is some problem in local community is important.

미군정기 치안정책 연구

김창윤(Kim Chang Yun) 한국공안행정학회 2008 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.17 No.4

미국은 미군정을 통해서 1945년에서 1948년까지 남한을 통치하였다. 본 연구는 미군정의 대한정책 중 특히 치안정책에 관한 연구이다. 미군정기의 치안정책은 크게 치안제도 도입기, 치안제도 성장기, 치안제도 확립기의 세가지 시기로 나뉜다. 첫번째 치안제도 도입기의 치안정책은 美전술군을 파견하여 치안을 유지하는 직접통치체제 구축 정책과 일제의 식민지치안체제의 부활을 통한 중앙집권적 치안체제 구축정책이었다. 두 번째 치안제도 성장기의 치안정책은 공산당제거라는 정책을 추진하게 된다. 마지막으로 치안제도 성장기의 치안정책은 치안기구확대 정책과 치안보조세력 확대라는 정책을 추진하게 된다. 미군정의 대한정책은 대한민국의 통치체제 형성에 많은 영향을 주었으며, 각 분야의 기본적인 토대 수립에 있어서 지대한 역할을 하게 된다. 특히 미군정의 치안정책에 대한 이해는 독립국가를 수립하는 과정을 이해하는데 필수적인 요소라고 할 수 있다. 또한 미군정이후 전개되는 경찰체제의 특징과 치안제도의 발전을 이해하기 위한 기본적인 출발점이 된다. 이러한 미군정의 치안정책은 각 시기별로 정치적 요인과 이데올로기적 요인에 따라서 영향을 받게 된다. 미군정 치안정책의 수립에 따라서 치안제도가 변화하게 되었으며, 이때의 치안제도는 중앙집권적인 경찰체제의 모습으로 나타나게 된다. 그리고 이때 창설된 경찰제도는 이후의 한국경찰제도에 있어서 뿌리와도 같은 커다란 영향을 미치게 된다. 본 연구를 통해서 한국의 중앙집권적 경찰제도 창설 배경에 대한 이해를 도모할 수 있을 것이며, 일본에서의 미군정 점령정책 중 치안정책과의 비교 틀을 제공할 수도 있을 것이다. The American military occupations of Korea(1945-1948) after the world war Ⅱ had great influences on the history of Korea, the contents and systems. This study attempts to analyze the characters of police policy and their effects on the police systems in the Korea. For the purpose of this study, it uses a policy process theory on the police policy of Korea during the American military occupation. The conclusions of this study are summarized as follows. Firstly, the police policy of the introduction of police system period(1945.9-1946.3) are direct rule system building and centralized police system building. These policies are effected on an anti-soviet union and anti-communist policy. Secondly, the police policy of the growth of police system period (1946.4-1947.8) is removing the communist party. This policy is effected on strengthening south Korea and upbringing the neutrals policy. Thirdly, the police policy of the establishment of police system period(1947.9-1948.8) are the expansion of police system and the auxiliary police expansion building. These policies are effected on founding south Korea independence government policy. The political and ideological determinants were much more important than socioeconomic determinants and these determinants effect on the policies of police. The policies of USAMGIK(United States Army Military Government in Korea) effect on the police policies in Korea and the police policies effect on the police systems too. In Korea, the policies of USAMGIK contributed to modernize the police policy and police system. The police of USAMGIK played the principal role in setting up the government of South Korea. And centralized police system continued to exist for a long time.

한국형 자치경찰제 정착을 위한 미국 자치경찰제도 연구

김순석 한국치안행정학회 2024 한국치안행정논집 Vol.21 No.2

시민을 주체로 하는 자치 행정은 단순한 행정적 구조가 아니라 민주주의와 권력 분립을 실현하고 그 가치를 구현하는 도구로서, 자치경찰제 역시 자치행정 체제와 같은 맥락에서 고찰되어야 한다. 따라서 자치 경찰 체제의 궁극적 목표는 경찰이 지역 주민들의 의견에 민감하게 반응하고 그들이 원하는 보안 서비스를 제공하는 것이다. 이 연구는 자치경찰제의 이러한 가치를 가장 잘 충족시키는 것으로 평가되는 미국식 자치경찰제도에 대한 관찰과 분석을 토대로 한국형 자치경찰제도의 나아갈 방향을 가늠하고자 한다. 이를 위해서 미국의 지방자치제도 및 자치경찰제도의 근본원리와 현황을 분석하여 한국의 지방자치제도와 현행 시행되고 있는 자치경찰제도와의 비교·검토를 시도하였다. 그 러나 미국과 같이 기초 지방 정부를 중심으로 한 강력한 자치 경찰 체제의 도입은 우리 현실에서 다양한 우려와 논란을 야기할 수 있다. 하지만 미국의 자치 경찰 체제는 명확한 지방 분권을 기반으 로 형성되었으며, 지역 주민의 여론에 민감하게 반응하여 풀뿌리 안전과 자치 경찰의 근본적 목적에 가장 잘 부합하는 제도로, 앞으로의 한국형 자치경찰 제도의 방향성을 제시하는 데에 유용하다. 이 에 따라, 이 연구는 미국 자치경찰 체도의 실제 운영 메커니즘과 구체적 사례 분석을 통해 한국형 자치경찰제도 수립을 위한 새로운 시각과 아이디어를 제공하는 데 기여하고자 한다. 특히, 자치 경 찰 체제를 통한 지역사회 참여의 효율성 강화, 자치 경찰의 민주성 및 책임성 확보, 자치 경찰의 자 율 및 통제 강화, 그리고 자치 경찰의 정치적 중립성 확보 등 다양한 정책 대안을 모색하고자 한다. The administration of local self-governance, which is centered on citizens, is not merely an administrative structure but a tool for realizing democracy and the separation of powers, embodying their values. Similarly, the autonomous police system should be considered within the same context as the local self-governance system. Therefore, the ultimate goal of the autonomous police system is for the police to be responsive to the opinions of local residents and to provide the security services they desire. This study aims to gauge the direction of the Korean-style autonomous police system based on the observation and analysis of the American-style autonomous police system, which is evaluated as best fulfilling these values of the autonomous police system. To this end, the study attempted to analyze the fundamental principles and current status of the local self-governance system and the autonomous police system in the United States, and to compare and review them with the local self-governance system and the currently implemented autonomous police system in Korea. However, the introduction of a strong autonomous police system centered on basic local governments, as seen in the United States, can cause various concerns and controversies in our reality. Nevertheless, the American autonomous police system, which is based on clear local decentralization and responds sensitively to local residents' opinions, is the system that best aligns with the fundamental purposes of grassroots safety and autonomous policing. It is useful in suggesting the direction of the future Korean-style autonomous police system. Accordingly, this study aims to contribute to providing new perspectives and ideas for establishing the Korean-style autonomous police system through the analysis of the actual operational mechanisms and specific cases of the American autonomous police system. In particular, it seeks to explore various policy alternatives such as enhancing the efficiency of community participation through the autonomous police system, securing the democracy and accountability of autonomous policing, strengthening the autonomy and control of the autonomous police, and ensuring the political neutrality of the autonomous police.