Research on Aesthetic Preferences for Transparency and Glossiness in Optical Phenomena-Focused on Evolutionary Aesthetics-

Xiao, Xiao Yu(샤오샤오유),Cho, Taig Youn(조택연) 한국디자인문화학회 2023 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.29 No.4

Transparency and glossiness are optical properties that are usually associated with each other, and both of these physical characteristics can influence people’s aesthetic experiences. Visuals, products, architecture, and spatial design that possess transparency and glossiness are generally viewed positively. This article analyzes how visual processing of optical properties is based on optical theory and explains how aesthetic preferences for transparency and glossiness, as defined optically, operate from an evolutionary aesthetic perspective. This research suggests that the aesthetic preference for glossiness may stem from a desire for clear water, which can be inferred from the shimmering on the water’s surface. Furthermore, the preference for transparency may be rooted in the selection of ripe fruits from translucent visual stimuli, possibly associated with an increase in sweetness resulting from the breakdown of polysaccharides. Additionally, the study finds that the degree of transparency and glossiness can influence aesthetic preferences. To validate this point, behavioral experiments on preferences for transparency and glossiness were conducted. Behavioral analysis of the participants in the experiments revealed that aesthetic preferences for transparency and glossiness are widespread, with higher transparency and a clearer gloss eliciting stronger aesthetic preference responses. This suggests that the most pronounced aesthetic preference responses occur when high transparency and a bright gloss work together. The goal of this study is to explore the structure of aesthetic preference responses for transparency and glossiness, validate them behaviorally, and discover further combinations of transparency and glossiness levels, as well as the ways in which these two visual stimuli induce aesthetic preferences, to provide a theoretical basis for design applications.

기하학적 패턴구성에서 구조적 프레임워크와 대칭성요인의 심미적 선호 관계효과

이주훈(Lee, Joo Hoon),한광희(Han, Kwang Hee) 한국디지털디자인협의회 2015 디지털디자인학연구 Vol.15 No.3

본 연구에서는 추상예술구성에서 지각적 조직화에 기여하는 대칭성과 공간의 구조적 뼈대의 짜임새가 심미적 선호에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하였다. 특히 대칭을 다양한 요인과 조건으로 세분화 하여 그것들의 심미적 선호도를 조사하였으며 구조적 뼈대의 규칙성과의 심미적 선호도 상호관계 효과를 조사하였는데, 그 요인은 대칭축의 방향, 대칭축의 위치 그리고 요소들의 군집된 위치였다. 그 결과를 토대로 이들 요인들의 조건이 지각적 조직화를 강화하게 조합되거나 약간 흐트러트려지게 조합되거나 완전하게 흐트러트려지게 조합되었을 때 어떤 심미적 선호도를 나타내며 그것이 의미하는 것이 무엇인지에 대하여 논의하였다. 실험1에서는 3가지 요인(대칭, 공간구조, 군집성)의 심미적 선호도 효과를 조사하였는데 그 결과는 균등한 공간구조가 리듬, 무작위보다 더 높은 심미적 선호도를 보였다. 또한 비대칭이 약대칭과 대칭 보다 높았다. 그리고 군집된 위치 조건에서 모서리가 가장 높은 심미적 선호도를 보였고 돌출성이 없는 조건이 가장 낮았다. 실험 2에서는 공간구조요인과 대칭요인을 실험1과 동일하게 하면서 대칭축의 방향을 수직과 기울여진 조건으로 나누어 심미적 선호도를 조사하였다. 그 결과 비대칭의 선호도가 높은 것은 실험1과 동일하였지만 무작위 구조가 가장 높은 것은 반대의 결과였다. 대칭축의 방향은 기울여진 축이 수직축보다 심미적 선호도가 높았다. 이 결과가 제안하는 것은 추상예술구성에서 심미적 선호도는 지각적 조직화를 강하게 하는 조건들 끼리 조합되거나 약화되는 조건들 끼리 조합되는 것 보다 강화하면서 풀어주는 상호보완적 관계가 만들면서 부분적인 요소들의 표현이 명확해지는 역동적 대칭이 구성될 때 가장 효과적으로 성취된다는 것이다. This paper studied how the symmetry and structural framework factor strongly related with the perceptual organization in abstract art composition influence on the aesthetic preference. It especially researched the effect of aesthetics preference from symmetry, dividing it into several factors such as the orientation of symmetry axis, position of symmetry axis, and location of salient visual element group. Based on the result of two experiments the paper discussed that which combination of conditions between perceptually organized condition, perturbed condition and completely random condition can increase aesthetics preference. Experiment 1 demonstrates that aesthetics preference of the even structure framework condition is higher than the rhythm structure framework condition and random condition. Also asymmetry condition had little higher aesthetics preference than perturbed symmetry condition and symmetry condition did. Among locations of the salient element group, the edge showed the highest preference, and neutral had the lowest. The experiment 2 researched the difference of aesthetics preference between the vertical and slanted axis of symmetry applying the same factors of the structural framework and symmetry as in the experiment 2. It showed the same result as experiment1 with the asymmetry preference, but the highest preference with the random structure showed the opposite. These results suggest that the aesthetically preferred composition could be achieved when it’s elements are structurally organized with perceptual organization principles on the whole for global detection, and at the same time when the organization of them is distorted in part to lead to visual interest for local detection. This is the concept of dynamic symmetry to get harmony in the art composition.

Research on the Visual Aesthetic Consciousness of Inflatable Architecture -Based on Neuroaesthetics and Evolutionary Aesthetics-

리신이,조택연 한국디자인문화학회 2023 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.29 No.4

As an innovative building technology, the history of inflatable architecture can be traced back to 1960s. It breaks the pattern of pure linear architectural style and presents unique architectural aesthetic feeling with its beautiful curved appearance. For thousands of years, no matter in the West or in the East, cultures all over the world have developed complex aesthetic rules to guide the construction of buildings, However, research on the aesthetics of inflatable architecture remains relatively limited. Neuroaesthetics and evolutionary aesthetics, which are at the intersection of art, psychology, and biology, provide new perspectives and interpretive frameworks for aesthetic research. Therefore, this study adopts the theories of neuroaesthetics and evolutionary aesthetics to explore human perception and aesthetic experience of inflatable buildings from a visual perspective. The study adopts an integrated approach, combining literature review, experiments and case studies to investigate the aesthetic awareness of inflatable buildings. Chapter 1 analyzes the significance, content and methodology of the study. Chapter 2 reviews the development history of inflatable architecture and the current status of research. Chapter 3 starts with visual perception to understand the process of extracting fine and coarse information in architecture by analyzing high spatial frequency (HSF) and low spatial frequency (LSF). Using the theories of neuroaesthetics and evolutionary aesthetics, it reveals that the human brain generally favors curves, transparency and glossiness. Chapter 4 verifies the theories in Chapter 3 through experiments on aesthetic preferences for visual features. The experiments not only confirmed people’s positive aesthetic preferences for individual factors such as curved contours, transparency and glossiness, but also demonstrated that the combined effect of these factors elicited more preferences than individual factors. Therefore, it is hypothesized that people’s preference for inflatable buildings may be related to the combination of these three visual features. Finally, the case study verified that people’s visual aesthetic preferences for inflatable buildings were attributed to the combination of curved contours, transparency, and glossiness. When these visual features are combined, the aesthetic preference increases. This study aims to provide a new perspective on the aesthetic concept of inflatable buildings and a scientific theoretical basis for future architectural design.

기하학적 패턴구성에서 구조적 프레임워크의 심미적 선호도 효과

이주훈(Lee, Joo Hoon),한광희(Han, Kwang Hee) 한국디지털디자인협의회 2015 디지털디자인학연구 Vol.15 No.2

본 연구에서는 실험1을 통해 전역적인 탐색에 영향을 주는 구조적 프레임워크의 유형을 균등배열과 리듬배열, 그리고 뒤틀림배열로 구성하였고 국지적 탐색에 영향을 주는 요소들의 관계성 유형을 뉴트럴(neutral), 돌출된 방향(salient directional), 좌우대칭(symmetrical), 점층적 변화(gradual alternation)로 구성하여 배열구조유형과 구성요소들의 관계적 표현특성 요인의 심미적 선호도를 측정하였다. 또한 실험2를 통해 구조적 프레임워크가 규칙적 유형에서 무작위적인 유형으로 변함에 따라 부분적인 요소들의 관계성이 명확함에서 모호해질 때 전역적 안구추적 패턴과 국지적 안구추적 패턴이 어떻게 달라지는지를 안구응시 개수와 응시경로패턴을 통해 측정하였다. 그 결과 심미적 선호도가 가장 높게 나온 구조적 프레임워크 유형은 균등배열이었으며 가장 높게 나온 관계성 표현 유형은 점층적 변화였다. 또한 이들 자극에 사용된 점과 선의 크기와 길이의 차이 조건에서는 차이가 작은 조건이 심미적 선호도가 높았다. 또한 안구응시의 전역적 탐색과 국지적 탐색 효과가 배열유형에 따라서 다르다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 점구성에서 뒤틀림 배열은 균등배열보다 350ms 미만의 응시의 개수가 더 많았고 선구성에서도 통계적으로 전역적 응시 개수의 주효과가 나타났다. 또한 응시경로패턴으로 확인한 것은 균등배열에서 지각적 조직화 경향이 강하게 나타났고 뒤틀림배열에서는 거의 발견되지 않았다. 종합적으로 이 연구가 제안하는 것은 구성적디자인에서 규칙적인 프레임워크를 디자인 근저에 마련하였을 때 지각적 조직화의 영향으로 부분적 요소들의 관계성특징이 명확해지고 그 특징들이 전체적 인상의 단일화에 영향을 주어 심미적 선호도를 높일 가능성이 크다는 것이다. In this study I composed the type of structural framework that affects to the global observation as “even”, “rhythm”, and “perturbed” condition, and to the local observation as “neutral”, “salient directional”, “symmetrical”, and “gradual alternation” condition. Then I judged the aesthetic preference of the causes from framework type and expression type through the experiment 1. I also researched how the pattern of global fixations and local fixations changed when the relationships of the elements became unclear as according to structural frameworks through a number of fixations and fixation scanpath pattern. As a result this study has found that “even” type showed the highest level of the aesthetic preference, and “gradual alternation” type was the highest one. Also smaller differences with sizes and lengths of dots and lines that were used as stimuli showed higher aesthetic preference. The result of experiment 2 showed that the effect of both global and local observation of fixations seem different as the type of structural frameworks varies. With the dot compositions “perturbed” type had bigger number of fixations that are less than 350ms. It also showed the main effect of global fixation in the line compositions. Fixation scanpath pattern clearly indicated that there was a strong properties of perceptual organization in “even” type while there was almost none in “perturbed” type. This study suggests that the underlying formal framework makes the visual properties of the relationship between elements more sharpen and affects the increase of Aesthetic preference in compositional design.

진화미학과 신경미학을 바탕으로 단차(臺階) 시트 조경의 심미 선호에 관한 연구

양명월,조택연 한국디자인문화학회 2023 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.29 No.3

기원전 6세기에 등장한 단차 시트(Stepped Seat) 조경은 중요한 디자인 소재로, 2600년 동안 널리 사용되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 단차 시트의 선호 여부와 그이유에 대한 논의는 거의 없고, 양식을 모방하는 것에그쳤다. 본문에서는 먼저 많은 국가에서 단차 시트의설계 계획을 수집하였다. 그런 다음 공통점을 찾기 위해 귀납적으로 정리하였다. 저자는 이러한 단차 시트가 질서, 전망 및 친사회적인 특성을 가지고 있음을발견하였다. 전기 분석을 바탕으로 단차 시트에 호감이 있다는 가설을 제시한다. 연구자의 추측을 검증하기 위해 인공지능 소프트웨어를 사용하여 질서, 전망및 친사회적 특성을 결합하여 일반 벤치 및 단차 시트 6세트의 사진을 설문 조사하여 피험자의 선호도를통계하였다. 연구 과정에서 사용자가 하나의 시트보다단차 시트를 선호하는 것을 알게 되었다. 둘째, 진화미학과 신경미학의 이론으로 선호도의 원인을 설명하였다. 이를 통해 친사회적 욕구와 생존 환경에 대한선호는 단차 시트에 대한 선호로 이어졌음을 알게 되었다. 즉, 질서를 가진 공간의 선호는 생존에 유리하고, 높은 위치 역시 넓은 시야를 확보하고 안정감을높여준다. 또한, 인간의 친사회적 활동 선호는 단차시트에 대한 호감을 증대한다. 이러한 여러 공간 특성이 호감의 두뇌 영역을 활성화해 미의식을 느끼게 한다. 이를 바탕으로 단차 시트의 선호 구조에 따라 디자인 방향을 제시한다. 본 연구의 결과는 단차 시트조경 디자인을 이론적으로 지원하며, 사용자의 선호를예측해 조경 시트를 설계할 수 있다. The earliest stepped landscape seat has been around since the 6th century B.C. and has been used extensively by designers for nearly 2,600 years. However, there has been little discussion of whether people prefer them and the reasons for that preference. As a result, designers often rely on experience and imitation to design. Therefore, firstly, the author collected a large number of projects of stepped seats, which are located in different countries. Then, they were generalized to discover their common features. The author found that these seats have orderly, prospective, and pro-social features. Based on the preliminary analysis, the hypothesis of having a preference for step seats was developed based on the preliminary analysis. To verify the researcher’s hypothesis, the author create six sets of images of ordinary benches and stepped seats by combining the features of orderly, prospectivity and pro-sociality. 150 questionnaire was then administered to assess the preferences of the subjects. The survey results show that users prefer stepped seats to benches. Secondly, the reasons for preference are explained by combining evolutionary aesthetics and neuroaesthetics theories. Human developmental needs and survival environment preference lead to the preference for the stepped seat. That is, orderly preference facilitates human survival; high position facilitates access to a broad view and enhances security; preference for social interaction in social animals strengthens our preference for stepped seats. At the same time, these features activate the brain regions responsible for pleasant emotions, which makes people feel good. Finally, design directions are proposed based on the reasons for preference. The results of this study can provide theoretical support for the future design of stepped seats to design landscape seating that better matches users’ preferences.

건축물의 미(美)적 판단기준으로서 시각정보 분석에 관한 연구: 거주전용 주택경관을 중심으로 한 사례연구

이도영 대한건축학회 2002 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.18 No.4

In order to examine theoretical underpinnings of preference for various built forms, 129 subjects are asked to rate a total of 9 slides of residential houses depicting a wide range of organizational properties on a 5-point scale, for coherence, complexity, excitement, familiarity, and environmental sensibility, respectively. This study addressing the issue of aesthetic beauty evaluation for man-made creatures(e.g., residential housing) has obtained several meaningful findings. All throughout each of the slide scenes, first, both desire to visit and desire to live in turned out to be a good measure of environmental preference. The two measuring instruments are highly correlated in statistically significant levels. That is, the more likely people desire to visit a spot, the more likely they wish to live in the house. Second, Pearson's correlations showed that coherence is the opposite end of complexity. The more likely a housing setting hangs together, the less likely it looks to be complex. Overall, though, it is not clear that the two variables work directly in that way, as weighted on preference ratings. That is, coherence and complexity are likely to be totally two independent systems that affect the ratings of preference. Furthermore, coherence and complexity, respectively, are not effective in predicting the pattern of environmental preference. Third, both excitement and environmental sensitivity(e.g., harmony of a house with its surrounding natural scenary) most highly account for the preference for various housing scenes, while familiarity has a limited effect on preference ratings. Possibly, people could like or dislike a physical setting, no matter how much they are familiar with it. Finally, this study suggests that design professionals can communicate effectively with their clients vie establishing a set of visual standards as an appropriate communication tool for better design.

크라우드 펀딩 성공 사례 분석 - 디자인 전형성을 중심으로 -

유송이 ( Yoo Song-yi ),서혜옥 ( Seo Hye-ock ) 커뮤니케이션디자인학회(구 시각디자인학회) 2018 커뮤니케이션 디자인학연구 Vol.62 No.-

본 연구는 크라우드 펀딩 플랫폼에서 성공적으로 평가되는 디자인 사례를 전형성과 선호도의 관점에서 분석하였다. 그로써, 전형성에 대한 선행연구의 결과에 대한 확증을 시도하는 한편 크라우드 펀딩 플랫폼 내에서 디자인 전형성에 대한 전략 방향을 제안하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 위해, 디자인 전형성과 제품 선호도의 간의 관계를 이론적으로 고찰하였으며 크라우드 펀딩 플랫폼 내에서 대표 성공 사례를 선정하여 두 가지 가설 ( [가설1] 전형성과 심미적 매력도, 선호도 간의 상관관계는 제품의 기능 지향성에 따라 다르게 나타날 것이다 [가설2] 상관관계가 있다면, 전형성은 제품의 심미적 매력도, 제품의 선호도와 부적(-) 관계를 보일 것이다 )을 검증하였다. 가설 검증은 크라우드 펀딩 플랫폼을 1회 이상 접속해 본 경험이 있는 서울 소재의 2-30대 138명을 대상으로 설문 조사를 시행한 후에, SPSS 통계를 이용하여 응답을 분석하는 방법으로 진행되었다. 이를 토대로 제품의 기능 지향 정도에 따라 전형성, 심미적 매력도, 선호도 간의 상관 정도가 달라진다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 또한 제품의 기능 지향 정도가 낮을 시, 전형성이 심미적 매력도, 선호도와 정적(+)관계를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 새로운 아이디어에 열려 있는 크라우드 펀딩 플랫폼에서도 디자인의 혁신성에 대하여서는 조절이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. This study analyzed the design cases that were successfully evaluated in the crowd funding platform from the standpoint of typicality and preference. Therefore, we tried to confirm the results of the previous studies on the typicality and propose a strategy direction for the design typology within the crowd funding platform. For this study, the relationship between the background of the crowdfunding platform and the present operating status and the relationship between design typology and product preference were theoretically examined. Next, the representative success cases were selected in the crowdfunding platform, and the two hypotheses ([Hypothesis 1] the correlation between the aesthetic attractiveness and the preference will be different according to the functional orientation of product. [Hypothesis 2] If there is a correlation, the typicality will show a negative(-) relationship to aesthetic attractiveness and preference) were tested to clarify the influence of typicality on preference and aesthetical attractiveness. Hypothesis testing was conducted by analyzing the responses of 138 respondents in Seoul, who had experienced connecting crowd funding platform at least once, using SPSS statistics. Based on this, it can be seen that the degree of correlation between typicality, aesthetical attractiveness, and preference varies depending on the functional orientation of products. Also, when the degree of functional orientation of product was low, the typicality showed a positive (+) relationship with aesthetic attractiveness and preference. Therefore, the crowd funding platform that pursues new ideas requires control over the innovation of design.

The Effects of Aesthetics of Smartphones on Usability and Preference by the Task Factors

Euitaek Oh,Minyong Park 대한인간공학회 2011 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.10

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of aesthetics of smartphones on usability and preference by the task factors. Background: Although several studies have focused on the effects of aesthetics on objective usability, correlation between aesthetics and objective usability is ambiguous. Method: Using smartphones which have same functions but different aesthetics, Thirty-six subjects were asked to complete one of 3 types of tasks (inputting information, searching information, enjoying information). Both performance data and subjective measures were recorded. Results: The results showed that high aesthetics had a more positive effect on subjective usability and preference than low aesthetics before and after use. But this differential became smaller after use. High aesthetics led to longer task completion times. But usability was not significantly affected by both task factors and aesthetics. Conclusion: The results suggested that aesthetics may have multiple effects that go beyond affective satisfaction. Application: The finding of this study could be applied to predict effects of aesthetics on usability and preference in usability testing.

디자인 심미성 요소들의 관계정립과 성공적 디자인프로세스 제시 -테니스화를 중심으로-

조광수 ( Kwang Soo Cho ) 한국감성과학회 2008 감성과학 Vol.11 No.1

This study searches for an abstract aesthetic dimension that has an important response to preference by finding products excluded in past studies on aesthetics. Furthermore, the adjective image languages are examined, grouped and examined in order to also take into account the dimensions that are regarded as important for the selected product. Based on this, the preference trends will be inferred and the level of aesthetic dimensions that are import in the product will be found and presented based on its preference to create an accurate objective point. Based on the values of the levels of the aesthetic preference types and aesthetic elements found by this and presenting the preferred types in the design process, the objective of this study is to create designs with small chance of failure. In addition, it attempts to present a new direction for research of aesthetic dimensions.

스마트폰 뒷면 소재가 소비자의 미적 선호에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 -인식의 하향 처리를 중심으로-

양지제,위란란,조택연 한국디자인문화학회 2023 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.29 No.3

인터넷과 결합해 소통의 폭을 넓힌 스마트폰이 빠르게 발전하고 있다. 그러나 스마트폰의 대표적인 브랜드인 Apple 사의 아이폰 중, 판매량이 현저히 낮은시리즈도 있었다. 아이폰의 판매량을 분석한 선행 연구에서, 플라스틱의 재질을 사용한 아이폰 5C의 낮은판매 이유를 뒷면 소재 및 이의 인식 의미로 추측하였다. 뒷면 소재는 스마트폰을 차별화하는 요소로 소비자의 미의식에 강한 영향을 미친다. 플라스틱 재질이 아이폰 5C의 판매에 영향을 미치는 이유를 이해하기 위해, 본 연구는 신경 미학을 기반으로 소비자의미적 구조를 분석하고, 두뇌 시감각 시스템의 상향식과 하향식 처리 방식을 적용해 분석하였다. 또한, 플라스틱 재질을 평가하는 실험에서, 하향식 미의식은인식 의미의 영향이 더 강하게 작용함을 입증하였다. 많은 피험자가 “내구성이 부족하다.” 같은 실용성 관련 인식보다 “과시 가치 낮다.”와 같은 과시 감성 요소에 더 영향을 받았다. 현대 사회의 스마트폰은 통신수단의 합목적 제품일 뿐만 아니라, 자신의 사회적 가치를 표현하는 매체로 사용되기 때문이다. 특히 아이폰은 과시성이 강한 브랜드이기 때문에 이를 사용하는 재질의 인식 의미가 소비자의 사회적 과시 가치와일치할 때 더 선호될 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 스마트폰 뒷면 소재의 하향식 인식 의미가 소비자에게 아이폰 5C의 선호에 영향을 미치는 구조를 이해해, 향후 디자인 작업에서 소재 선택의 과학적인 기준을 제공하려 한다. In the Internet Age, cell phones have become our primary means of communication and are rapidly evolving. While iPhone is a representative brand, it has also experienced attempts that resulted in lessthan- ideal sales figures. This paper analyzes previous research to suggest that the material used for the back of the iPhone5C may be responsible for its low sales. The choice of materials significantly impacts a consumer’s aesthetic perception and can distinguish one phone from another. In order to identify the reasons for the impact of plastic material on the sales of iPhone 5c, this study is based on neuroaesthetics to understand the aesthetic structure of consumers. And analyzes the bottom-up and top-down processing of the brain’s visual perception system. Moreover, through evaluation experiments on plastic material, it has been demonstrated that top-down cognitive meaning has a more explicit impact on aesthetic preferences. The experimental results indicate that, participants mentioned cognitive results related to perceptual expression of value such as “cheap” more frequently than those related to practicality such as “undurable” during their evaluation of plastics. This is because modern cell phones are not only communication tools but also carriers that express social status. Especially for high-end brands like iPhone, consumer preferences are only achieved when the cognitive meaning of the material aligns with their own values. This study aims to investigate how top-down cognitive processes regarding cell phone back panel materials influence consumer preferences for the iPhone5C. It also provides scientific recommendations for the selection of back panel materials in future smart phone designs