Putative association of <i>SMAPIL</i> polymorphisms with risk of aspirin intolerance in asthmatics

Yongha Kim, Jason,Kim, Jeong-Hyun,Park, Byng-Lae,Sub Cheong, Hyun,Sook Park, Jong,Soo Jang, An,Uh, Soo-Taek,Choi, Jae-Sung,Kim, Yong-Hoon,Kim, Mi-Kyeong,Choi, Inseon S.,Heon Cho, Sang,Whui Choi, Byoun Informa Healthcare 2010 The Journal of asthma Vol.47 No.9

<P><I>Background.</I> Aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA), as a clinical syndrome caused by aspirin, is characterized by lung inflammation and reversible bronchoconstriction. Recently, the altered trafficking and diminished airway reactivity have been implicated in allergic airway remodeling. The stromal membrane-associated protein 1-like (SMAP1L) exerts common and distinct functions in vesicle trafficking including endocytosis. The disturbance of pulmonary surfactant synthesis has been elucidated to be associated with asthma experimentally. Moreover, in alveolar type II (ATII) cells that synthesize pulmonary surfactant, alterations of clathrin-dependent endocytosis cause disturbance at the surfactant function, suggesting that SMAP1L, which directly interacts with clathrin, could be associated with asthma and related phenotypes. <I>Objective.</I> To verify our hypothesis that <I>SMAP1L</I> could play a role in the development of AIA, this study investigated associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the <I>SMAP1L</I> gene and AIA. <I>Methods.</I> We conducted an association study between 19 SNPs of the <I>SMAP1L</I> gene and AIA in a total of 592 Korean subjects including 163 AIA and 429 aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA) patients. Associations between polymorphisms of <I>SMAP1L</I> and AIA were analyzed with sex, smoking status, atopy, and body mass index as covariates. <I>Results.</I> Logistic analyses revealed that three common polymorphisms, <I>rs2982510</I>, <I>rs2294752</I>, and <I>rs446738</I>, were putatively associated with the increased susceptibility to AIA (<I>p</I> = .003, <I>p</I><SUP>corr</SUP> = .004, OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.09-0.62 for <I>rs2982510</I> and <I>rs2294752</I>; <I>p</I> = .008, <I>p</I><SUP>corr</SUP> = .03, OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.24-0.80 for <I>rs446738</I>, in the recessive model). In addition, <I>rs2982510</I> and <I>rs2294752</I> were significantly associated with the fall of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV<SUB>1</SUB>) by aspirin provocation (<I>p</I> = .001, <I>p</I><SUP>corr</SUP> = .04 in the recessive model for both SNPs). <I>Conclusions.</I> Our findings suggest that <I>SMAP1L</I> might be a susceptible gene to AIA, providing a new strategy for the control of aspirin intolerance.</P>

대중적인 친근감을 강조하는 컨셉으로 브랜드 이미지를 구축하는데 성공한 AIA생명

안광호,이재홍,윤보섭 한국광고학회 2011 광고학연구 Vol.22 No.6

미국 스타트업 기업의 관점에서 본 지식재산권법제

윤병희 ( Byung Hee Yoon ) 중앙대학교 문화미디어엔터테인먼트법연구소 2018 문화.미디어.엔터테인먼트 법 Vol.12 No.1

본 논문은 최근 미국 지식재산권법의 트렌드와 현황을 연구하여, 미국 시장에서 스타트업 창업을 계획하는 이들에게 가장 기본적인 레퍼런스 실무 가이드를 제공한다. 특히 스타트업의 경우 흔히 예산 제한 등으로 인하여 창업 초기부터 지식재산권법 관련 법적 상담을 구하는 것이 거의 불가능하며, 또한 행정적, 문화적 차이까지 더하여 창업자는 더욱 어려움을 겪는다. 본 논문의 범위는 스타트업의 지식재산권 포트폴리오의 전략적 관리에 있어 가장 관련 있는 미국 지식재산권법 분야인 특허법, 상표법, 영업비밀보호법을 포함하고 있다. 2011년 제정된 Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA)는 미국 특허법의 대대적인 개정으로, 선발명주의에서 선출원주의 시스템으로의 변화를 가져왔다. 이러한 변화는 재정적 제한이 있는 스타트업이나 독립 발명가들에게 있어 예전 시스템에 비하여 금전적 부담을 더하였다. AIA는 가출원이나 초소형 사업체 인증 등을 통하여 이러한 금전적 부담을 줄이려 한 바 있으나, 특정 조건 충족이 불가능할 경우 영업비밀보호법을 통하여 특허 보호를 대체, 혹은 보완 가능한 경우도 있다. 영업비밀보호법을 이용하여 스타트업의 지식재산권을 보호하고자 하는 창업자는 2016년 제정된 Defend Trade Secrets Act(DTSA)의 내용을 숙지하여 실무를 진행하여야 한다. 그러나 DTSA가 원고에게 여러 가지 법적 도구를 제공하는 것이 사실임에도 불구하고 특허권 보호에 비교하여 조심스러운 손익분석이 필요한데, 미국의 특허소송 배상액이 한국보다 월등히 높은 경우가 흔하기 때문이다. 끝으로, 설사 재정적 제한이 있는 스타트업 사업이라 하더라도 상표권 등록준비에 있어서는 상당한 주의를 기하여 상표력(strengths of marks)을 검토할 가치가 있다고 볼 수 있다. 지나치게 약한 상표력을 가졌거나, 타 상표를 침해하는 상표를 이용할 경우 그 잠재적 재무리스크는 스타트업 운영에 치명적일 수도 있기 때문이다. This paper seeks to examine and analyze the current trends and status of intellectual property laws in the United States, and serve as a reference practice guide for Korean entrepreneurs looking to enter the American market as start-ups. The concerns regarding budget, which plague almost every start-up company, necessarily become even more nuanced for foreign entrepreneurs, as they must navigate the administrative and legal nooks and crannies that differ for them. This paper limits its scope to the management, and strategizing of intellectual properties portfolios, and not the vast administrative and tax concerns associated with foreigners’ founding of companies in the United States. The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA) enacted on September 16, 2011 is a major reform of substantive patent law in America, ushering in the era of "first-to-file" system, which rewards early filing as compared to the previous "first-to-invent" system. This shift, together with new prior art disclosure rules, makes seeking patent protection particularly more burdensome for start-ups and independent inventors with budgetary limitations. While the AIA provides for affordable prosecution options in limted circumstances via provisional applications and micro entity certifications, entrepreneurs seeking protections for novel ideas and inventions may sometimes be better served by strategical uses of trade secret protection as an alternative, or a complementary solution to patent protection. In actively utilizing trade secret to protect intellectual property assets, entrepreneurs must be mindful of the newly enacted Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA) of 2016, and the variety of legal tools it provides the plaintiff including access to federal courts, and damages for monetary loss or unjust enrichment. Even with these enhanced set of tools, however, entrepreneurs must carefully weigh the costs and benefits of patent protection against those of trade secret protection, since the potential recovery for a successful patent litigant in America is often significantly higher than in Korea. Lastly, due diligence in preparation for trademark registrations in potential markets may be worth the up front cost even for budget-conscious start-up companies, considering the potential financial risks associated with weak, or even worse, infringing marks.

행동경제학의 반부패정책 활용을 위한 연구 - 청렴노력도 평가를 중심으로

장진희 한국부패학회 2023 한국부패학회보 Vol.28 No.4

본 연구는 반부패정책 관련 연구에서 행동경제학의 관점을 도입하기 위한 시론적 연구이다. 선호의 불변성을 전제하는 주류 경제학에 근거한 부패연구에 인간의 비합리성의 패턴을 연구한 행동경제학의 관점을 분석 수단으로 활용하여 반부패정책 연구에 폭넓은 접근을 시도하는 연구로서, 행동경제학의 휴리스틱스를 분석도구로 한국의 반부패정책 대표브랜드인 청렴노력도 평가(구 부패방지 시책평가)를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 진행되었다. 청렴노력도 평가는 공공부문을 폭넓게 포괄(’23년도 629개 기관)하여 2002년부터 20여 년간 기관의 반부패노력을 평가함으로써, 기관단위 반부패정책 활동을 견인하는 대표적인 반부패정책으로, 평가제도와 세부적인 평가지표에 대해 행동경제학의 관점에서 분석하였다. 평가제도에 대한 분석은 제도와 참여자라는 두 요소에서 이루어졌다. 먼저 평가제도에 대한 메타평가 등 과학적 근거가 없이 이루어진 모형개선으로 인해 휴리스틱스가 개입될 가능성이 높으므로 최소한 피평가기관의 수용도와 정책체감도에 대한 과학적 분석이 필요함을 제시하였다. 둘째 피평가자와 평가자 등 평가참여자에 대해서는 이들이 평가과정에서 감정 휴리스틱이나 정박효과에 영향을 받을 수 있는 문제를 사례로 제기하였다. 다음으로 평가지표의 변천과정을 통해 세부지표를 분석, 세부지표별 개선방안을 제시하였는데, 최근에 축소되거나 삭제된 평가지표의 확대와 강화를 주요 내용으로 한다. 해당 지표는 ‘부패‧공익신고자 보호’, ‘정책투명성; 반부패 정보공개 및 접근성 제고 노력’, ‘민관협력 및 거버넌스’ 등이고, ‘부패공직자 처벌 강화’, ‘부패공직자 실태점검 및 조치’, ‘행동강령 이행’ 지표 등을 자체감사활동 및 내부통제의 강화를 위한 지표로 개편 발전시킬 것을 제안하였다. 평가지표에 대한 전반적인 개선방안으로, 기관 유형 및 특성별로 평가모형을 다르게 운영하고, 평가지표의 배점 기준을 다양하게 설정하는 등 세밀하게 설계하고, 평가지표의 효과성에 대한 평가와 관리를 통해 필요 지표를 일몰제로 운영하는 등 보다 유연하게 운영할 것을 제안하였다. 이렇게 정책평가의 분석‧평가에 작동하는 휴리스틱스를 확인하고 행동경제학을 반부패 정책에 활용할 수 있었다는 점에서 연구의 의의를 가진다. This study is a cursory study to introduce the perspective of behavioral economics in anti-corruption policy studies. The purpose of this study is to analyze the evaluation of anti-corruption policies using the heuristics of behavioral economics as an analysis tool. Since AIA is Korea's representative anti-corruption policy that evaluates anti-corruption efforts of 629 institutions, it is necessary to analyze the process and contents that have been reorganized for 20 years since 2002. This study analyzed the evaluation system such as AIA's promotion system, analyzed major heuristics and biases as tools for detailed evaluation indicators, and suggested improvement plans. Availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic, affect heuristic, anchoring effect, framing effect, priming effect, hindsight bias were mainly used in this study. Affect heuristic and anchoring effect were found in the evaluation system and analysis of the evaluation participants. Next, detailed indicators were analyzed through the process of changing evaluation indicators, and the expansion and reinforcement of evaluation indicators such as "protection of corruption and public interest reporters" and "public-private cooperation and governance" were recently reduced or deleted. Overall, it was proposed to operate in a careful and flexible model in consideration of H in the evaluation index. Finally, an example of heuristics that can be used to design evaluation indicators is presented, and research that can be used for institutional anti-corruption policies such as selective design using heuristics is presented as a future task.

통합발주체계 도입을 위한 한국형 다자간계약 모델 개발

김재엽 한국교통대학교 2014 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.49 No.-

In carrying on modern construction projects, people have made effort in enhancing productivity of industry through collaboration in the early stage of projects because they have become larger and more complicated and promoting management efficiency and value increasing. Recently, since the integrated project delivery (IPD) was presented by the American Institute of Architects, it has been becoming a new paradigm. IPD is a management method where the participants carrying on the projects operate them by integrating such projects on the whole from the early stage of design to the completion of construction. This paper analyzes multi-party agreements and their guidelines of three types of documents: AGC-ConsensusDOCS of USA and CIB-The Latham Report of England based on AIA-C191 of USA. The purpose of this analysis is to identify their merits in common and suggest Korean style new model of multi-party agreement by strengthening existing mutual cooperation of the parties that is shown in customary practice in entering into agreements in Korea-stronger-weaker relationship and nepotism.

한국판 청소년 인터넷 중독 척도의 개발 및 타당화

김은정,이세용,오승근 한국임상심리학회 2003 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol.22 No.1

This study investigated the reliability and validity of Korean Adolescent Internet Addiction Scale(K-AIAS). The scale was based on the 20-item Young(1998)'s Internet Addiction Scale and was converted to Korean adolescents. Several self-report inventories were administered to 1035 adolescents. The results showed that K-AIAS was highly reliable in terms of internal consistency, temporal stability and item-total correlation coefficients. Factor analysis revealed that K-AIAS had three factors labeled 'Dependence and 'Withdrawal', 'Negative consequences', and 'Tolerance'. K-AIAS positively correlated with hours per week, frequency per week, and Internet Expectancy Sale. On the other hand, K-AIAS negatively correlated with Self-control Scale. In conclusion, K-AIAS appears to be a highly reliable and valid measure to assess adolescent internet addiction.

지방정부 회계개혁에 적합한 회계시스템의 개발: AIA 적용 사례

서원교,신건권 한국전산회계학회 2006 電算會計硏究 Vol.5 No.1

정부는 1999년 2월에 복식부기 도입을 위한 시범실시 계획을 수립하였으며, 4월에는 행정자치부가 경기도 부천시와 서울특별시 강남구를 시범실시 기관으로 지정하였다. 시범실시기관에서는 동년 12월 연구용역을 착수하고 이듬해 6월 AlA를 채택하여 회계제도에 대한 연구와 개발을 시작하였으며, 이를 토대로 시험적용(2001년 11월 - 2003년 9월)을 하였다. 본 연구는 우리나라 지방정부회계시스템의 구축과정에서 나타난 문제점과 개선방향을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 이외에도 본 연구는 사례연구방법을 이용하여 지방정부회계시스템의 모델로 시험적용 중인 LADI(Local Government Accrual Accounting & Double-entry Information System)를 체계적으로 평가하고, 이를 토대로 우리나라 정부회계시스템의 문제점과 개선방향을 제시하는데 목적이 있다.

Human Resource Planning for Authorized Inspection Activity

이승희,Robert Murray Field 한국원자력학회 2019 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.51 No.2

When newcomer countries consider a nuclear power programme, it is recognized that the mostimportant organizations are the Nuclear Energy Programme Implementing Organization (NEPIO), theregulator, and an operating organization. Concerning the number of construction delays these days, oneof the essential organizations is an Authorized Inspection Agency (AIA). According to World NuclearIndustry Status Report, all of the reactors under construction in eight out of the thirteen countries haveexperienced delays. Globally, the Flamanville 3 project and Sanmen Unit 1 are 6.5 years and 5 years laterespectively. One of the major reasons of delay is due to inappropriate manufacturing and inspection onsafety class components. The recommendations are made to develop such an organization: (i) find existing inspection organizationsin relevant industries, (ii) contract with expatriates who have experience on nuclear inspection,(iii) develop a legislative framework to authorize the inspection organization with enforcement, (iv)include a contract clause in the BIS for developing the AIA, (v) hold training programmes from vendorcountry, (vi) during manufacturing and construction, domestic AIA shall be involved

등록특허의 신뢰성 강화를 위한 미국 특허법상 재심사 절차의 변화

심미랑 한국비교사법학회 2012 比較私法 Vol.19 No.2

Leahy-Smith America Invents Act of 2011 (AIA) reformed patent post grant reexamination proceedings. There are sequentially three types of patent reexaminations, Ex Parte Reexamination(EPR), Post Grant Review(PGR) and Inter Partes Review(IPR). An EPR is same to pre-AIA, so the primary requirement for obtaining a grant for reexamination is to prove that a “substantial new question of patentability” exists. For an IPR, the petitioner must demonstrate a resonable likelihood that he/she would prevail as to at least one of the claims challenged(35 U.S.C. §314(a)). In contrast, for a PGR, the petitioner must demonstrate that it is more likely than not that at least one of the claims challenged is unpatentable(35 U.S.C. §324(a)). The new thresholds presented in the AIA for both the PGR and inter partes review are substantially different than the current threshold for both inter partes reexamination and ex parte reexamination, which require a substantial new question of patentability. The new thresholds requiring a showing that the petitioner would “more likely than not” prevail for PGR and “a reasonable likelihood of success” for inter partes review is a higher standard for a petitioner to meet. The higher threshold for the new procedures should reduce the number of challenges to patentability to those challenges having a viable case for success. So remained valid patents after new procedures can be more reliable.

지방자치단체 회계개혁의 논리와 공과 : 활동정보회계(AIA)에서 LADI 시스템까지

문병기 한국정부회계학회 2003 정부회계연구 Vol.1 No.1