Microtox 생물검정법을 이용한 은 이온과 은 나노입자의 수용액과 토양에서의 독성 비교 평가

위민아(Min-A Wie),오세진(Se-Jin Oh),김성철(Sung-Chul Kim),김록영(Rog-Young Kim),이상필(Sang-Phil Lee),김원일(Won-Il Kim),양재의(Jae E. Yang) 한국토양비료학회 2012 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.45 No.6

Ag⁺ 이온을 주성분으로 하는 Ag⁺N과 Ag⁰ 나노입자를 주성분으로 하는 Ag⁰NP의 미생물학적 독성을 Microtox 생물검정법을 이용하여 수용액과 토양에서 용량-반응관계를 이용하여 비교, 평가하였다. 수용액 실험에서 Vibrio fisheri의 50% 발광 저해율을 보여주는 EC₅₀ 값은 Ag⁺N이 Ag⁰NP보다 현저히 낮게 나타나, 이온상태의 Ag⁺N이 독성이 훨씬 높음을 알 수 있었다. 노출시간이 15분에서 30분으로 증가하면 독성 또한 증가했다. 반대로 토양 추출액 실험에서는 Ag⁺N의 ED₅₀ 값이 Ag⁰NP의 값 보다 높아, Ag⁺N의 독성이 더 낮게 나타났다. 이것은 Ag⁺N의 Ag⁺가 토양 입자 또는 부식산에 강하게 흡착 되거나, Microtox 희석제 NaCl과 반응하여 난용해성 AgCl 침전물을 형성하여, 토양 추출액 중의 활성 Ag 농도가 감소한 것에 기인하는 것으로 판단되었다. Microtox 분석에 의한 Ag 나노용액의 생물학적 독성은 Ag의 존재형태 (Ag⁺, Ag⁰), 반응매질 (수용액, 토양), 노출시간에 따라 서로 상이한 결과를 보여 주었다. This study was conducted to assess the microbial toxicity of ionic silver solution (Ag⁺N) and silver nanoparticle suspension (Ag⁰NP) based on the Microtox bioassay. In this test, the light inhibition of luminescent bacteria was measured after 15 and 30 min exposure to aqueous solutions and soils spiked with a dilution series of Ag⁺N and Ag⁰NP. The resulting dose-response curves were used to derive effective concentration (EC₂₅, EC₅₀, EC₇₅) and effective dose (ED₂₅, ED₅₀, ED₇₅) that caused a 25, 50 and 75% inhibition of luminescence. In aqueous solutions, EC₅₀ value of Ag⁺N after 15 min exposure was determined to be < 2 mg L^-1 and remarkably lower than EC₅₀ value of Ag⁰NP with 251 mg L^-1. This revealed that Ag⁺N was more toxic to luminescent bacteria than Ag⁰NP. In soil extracts, however, ED₅₀ value of Ag⁺N with 196 mg kg^-1 was higher than ED₅₀ value of Ag⁰NP with 104 mg kg^-1, indicating less toxicity of Ag⁺N in soils. The reduced toxicity of Ag⁺N in soils can be attributed to a partial adsorption of ionic Ag⁺ on soil colloids and humic acid as well as a partial formation of insoluble AgCl with NaCl of Microtox diluent. This resulted in lower concentration of active Ag in soil extracts obtained after 1 hour shaking with Ag⁺N than that spiked with Ag⁰NP. With longer exposure time, EC and ED values of both Ag⁺N and Ag⁰NP decreased, so their toxicity increased. The toxic characteristics of silver nanomaterials were different depending on existing form of Ag (Ag⁺, Ag⁰), reaction medium (aqueous solution, soil), and exposure time.

연안 어중의 넙치 생산성에 영향을 미치는 TBT의 급성 독성

탁건태,김중균 한국생명과학회 1999 생명과학회지 Vol.9 No.3

The toxic effect of TBTO on Chlorella and Rotifer was observed. The value of 48hr-LC50 for Chlorella (3.3$\mu\textrm{g}$/L) estimated to be almost 500 times as high as that for Rotifer (6.7ng/L). A fertilized egg of olive flounder exposed in an embryo-formation stage was mostly influenced by TBTO toxicity when the fertilized egg at each stage until hatching was exposed to TBTO at the concentrations of 5 to 200ng/L. The values of LT50 were estimated to be 68.0, 41.0, 21.0, 13.0, 7.7 and 4.7 hours at 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200ng/L of TBTO, respectively when the fertilized egg in a morula stage was exposed to TBTO, and the 48hr-LC50 was 8 ng/L. In case of TBTO treatment in an embryo-formation stage, the values of LT50 were 33.0, 12.5, 3.5, 1.3, 0.5 and 0.2 hours at 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200ng/L of TBTO, respectively, and the value of 48hr-LC50 was 4ng/L. The values of LT50 were estimated to be 17.0, 11.0, 6.2, 4.0, 2.6 and 1.7 hours at 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200ng/L of TBTO, respectively when the fertilized egg in a stage just before hatching was exposed to TBTO, and the 48hr-LC50 was below 1ng/L. The percentages of hatching were 46.2, 20.6, 21.9, 20.6 and 13.2% at 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500ng/L of TBTO, respectively when the fertilized egg in the stage just before hatching was exposed to TBTO and the measurement was done at second day after the completion of hatching. However no survival after the completion of hatching was found in all cases. With the treatment of 1, 5 and 10ng/L of TBTO, the percentages of hatching were 80.5, 70.0 and 44.1%, respectively. The percentages of survival until second day after the completion of hatching were 80.0, 63.3 and 9.1%, respectively. The percentages of hatching and survivability after the completion of hatching for the control were 84.5 and 82.5%, respectively.

품종에 따른 키위나무 눈과 가지의 내한성 비교

김홍림,채원병,김진국,이목희,이한철,김승희,곽용범,Kim, H.L.,Chae, W.B.,Kim, J.G.,Lee, M.H.,Rhee, H.C.,Kim, S.H.,Kwack, Y.B. 국립한국농수산대학교 교육개발센터 2019 현장농업연구지 = Journal of practical agricultural resear Vol.21 No.1

In Korea kiwifruit growing area is limited to southern coastal region and Jeju island, partly due to the lack of information on their cold hardiness in winter. This study was carried out to investigate cold hardiness of Korean kiwifruit cultivars in a period of dormancy for using it as preliminary data to expand the cultivation area of kiwifruit in Korea. A total of five kiwifruit cultivars in two species and hybrid, Actinidia deliciosa ('Hayward' and 'Garmrok'), A. chinensis ('Goldone') and A. arguta hybrid ('Bangwoori' and 'Skinny Green') were subjected to five freezing treatments of -12℃, -15℃, -18℃, -21℃ and -24℃. Cell membrane damage in all cultivars initiated in -18℃/32h and cell membrane stability was lost in -24℃ in most cultivars, except for 'Skinny Green'. Cold hardiness was estimated by 50% lethal temperature (LT₅₀) which was determined by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction. In branches, LT₅₀ was -15℃ in 'Hayward' and 'Garmrok', -18℃ in 'Bangwoori' and -21℃ in 'Goldone.' The LT₅₀ of buds on 'Hayward' and 'Garmrok' was 56 and 42 hours in -15℃ and 4 and 11 hours in -18℃, respectively; however, LT₅₀ of buds on 'Goldone' was 51 hours in -18℃ and that on 'Bangwoori' was 3 hours in -24℃. Cold hardiness results imply that it may be difficult for cultivars in A. deliciosa such as 'Hayward' and 'Garmrok' to be grown in the north of southern coastal region in Korea; however, it can be possible for several cultivars in A. chinensis and A. arguta hybrid to be grown in the northern part of Korean kiwifruit belt if cold tolerance in the thaw is confirmed.

LD<SUB>50</SUB> estimations for alternative animal studies using IC<SUB>50</SUB> in HepG2 and iPSC-derived hepatocytes

Byung-suk Jeon,Nam-Ju Kim,Ji-Hyun Bang,Hee Yi,Moon Her,Hyun-Ok Ku 한국실험동물학회 2022 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2022 No.1

Comparative Study on the EC<SUB>50</SUB> Value in Single and Mixtures of Dimethylformamide, Methyl Ethyl Ketone, and Toluene

Ki-Woong Kim,Yong Lim Won,Dong Jin Park,Doh-Hee Kim,Kwan Young Song 한국독성학회 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.3

The aim of this research was to improve our understanding of human toxicity due to exposure to DMF, MEK, or TOL individually as compared to exposure to DMF-MEK or DMF-TOL mixtures, by comparing EC50 values as well as the morphological changes in HepG2 cells treated with these substances. We found that there was marked cell necrosis in the groups treated with mixtures than in those treated with the compounds alone, and that the amount of cell death and the EC50 value were more dependent on MEK and TOL than on DMF. Moreover, analysis of the changes in effective concentration curves revealed that MEK had an antagonistic effect on the human toxicity of DMF, whereas TOL had a synergistic effect. Accordingly, these results suggest that in workplaces involved in the manufacture of synthetic leather, mixtures of DMF and TOL should be avoided as much as possible in order to minimize environmental toxicity and protect the health of the workers.

실험동물을 이용 산소 및 유해가스 농도에 따른 치사율 연구

김현영(Hyeon-Yeong Kim) 한국가스학회 2013 한국가스학회지 Vol.17 No.4

맨홀 또는 환기가 부족한 공간에서 작업 중 유해 가스나 산소결핍에 의한 질식 또는 급성중독에 의한 건강장해나 사망사고가 빈번히 발생되고 있다. 따라서 유해가스에 의한 급성중독이나 산소결핍에 의한 유해농도 규명과 재해발생시 원인규명 자료로 활용하고자 산소결핍과 유해가스 노출에 따른 사망농도 시험하고자 하였다. 특히 산소결핍 상황에서 유해가스의 영향에 대해서도 시험하였으며, 국내외에서 발생된 관련 각종 사고 사례 조사를 통하여 동종재해를 예방하고자 하였다. 자료를 조사한 결과 산소결핍 또는 유해가스 노출에 의한 사망 재해는 하절기(6-8월)에 전체의 50%가 발생하고, 업종은 건설업 40%, 장소는 맨홀 50%, 원인은 산소결핍이 가장 많았으며(40%), 기타 가스(H₂S, CO, N₂, Ar 등) 및 환경적 요인(내부 온도, 바닥 물 익사)도 크게 작용하였다. 동물실험 결과 산소결핍에 의한 치사 산소농도는 5%수준이었으며 Dose-Response의 통계처리결과 과반수치사농도 LC<SUB>50</SUB>(rat, 4hr)는 5.5 %로 산출되었다. 또한 산소결핍(6%수준) 상황에서 다른 유해물질이 혼합 될 경우 미치는 치사농도 시험 결과 H2S 20 ppm에서 40%치사, CO는 600 ppm에서 20%치사, 톨루엔은 1,000 ppm에서도 사망 예가 증가하지 않았다. 즉, H₂S, CO 등은 치사농도에 민감하게 반응하는 유해물질로의 상승작용을 했다. It may occur health hazards or death by suffocation or acute poisoning in case of oxygen deficiency in ambient or exposure to harmful gas. As a part of accident prevention, we studied the change of activity and lethal dose by changing the concentration of several hazardous gas with inhalation exposure chamber and laboratory animals. We investigated the lethality and motility change during either the 4 hrs whole body exposure to oxygen, nitrogen, toluene, H₂S, CO and 48 recovery. As results, it is estimated that 5% oxygen concentration as lethal concentration and 5.5% as LC<SUB>50</SUB> (rat, 4 hrs) with statistics for dose-response. The results of lethality in oxygen deficient condition (approximately 6%), the lethalities were 40%, 20% with 20 ppm H₂S, 600 ppm CO respectively, and was not increased the lethality with 8% CO. Thus, it was confirmed that the H₂S, CO had influence to lethal dose, while toluene had low fluence.

지렁이를 이용한 바이오디젤 유래 펜타에리쓰리톨계 윤활유 베이스의 환경 독성테스트

정해영(Jung Haeyoung),박완선(Park Wanseon),김의용(Kim Eui Yong),채희정(Chae Hee Jeong) 한국산학기술학회 2004 한국산학기술학회 학술대회 Vol.- No.-

바이오디젤 (지방산 메틸에스테르)을 기반으로 하여 생산된 합성윤활유 베이스에 대한 독성을 분석 평가하였다. OECD 207의 방법에 의거하여 인공토양(artifical soil)에서 300~600 mg의 지렁이를 선별하였다. 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 과 1,000 mg/kg의 각 농도별로 선별된 지렁이를 10마리씩 넣고 수분 31~37%, 온도 20±2°C와 pH 6.0±0.5를 조절하여 14일간 지렁이의 반수치사농도(lethal concentration when 50% of the population were killed, LC50)를 측정하였다. 합성윤활유의 측정된 반수치사농도(LC₅₀)는 1,555 mg/kg로 측정되었으며, 유의확률이 < 0.02로서 유의수준 5%에서 유의함을 알 수 있었다.

외래식물 핑크뮬리(Muhlenbergia capillaris)의 메탄올 추출물이 식물 생장에 미치는 영향

홍민지(Minji Hong),보셀라(Sela Bo),장혜정(Hyejeong Jang),조남규(Nam-kyu Cho),황기환(Ki Hwan Hwang),손하라라잔 칸다사미(Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan),홍선희(Sun hee Hong),이용호(Yong Ho Lee),김성문(Songmun Kim) 한국잡초학회 2021 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.10 No.3

전국의 많은 지방자치단체에서 외래식물인 핑크뮬리를 무분별하게 도입하여 관상용으로 식재하고 있다. 핑크뮬리는 자생식물과 경쟁하여 국내 생태계에 언제든지 영향을 미칠 수 있지만 이에 대한 연구는 전무한 형편이다. 본 연구에서 저자들은 외래식물인 핑크뮬리가 식물의 생장에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 조사하였다. 개화기의 핑크뮬리 식물을 채취하여 메탄올 추출물을 얻고 in vitro에서 seed bioassay, 온실 조건에서 토양 처리 및 경엽 처리 실험을 수행하였다. 핑크뮬리 메탄올 추출물의 유채식물에 대한 뿌리 길이 및 생체중에 대한 GR50 값은 각각 4,147 및 4,997 μg mL<SUP>-1</SUP> 이었는데, 이와 같은 결과는 핑크뮬리가 타감작용을 나타낼 가능성이 존재한다는 것을 나타낸다. 10 종의 식물종자가 파종된 토양에 핑크뮬리 추출물(10 kg ha<SUP>-1</SUP>)을 살포한 결과 어떠한 식물생장 저하도 관찰되지 않았다. 그리고 핑크뮬리 추출물(10 kg ha<SUP>-1</SUP>)을 식물의 경엽에 살포한 경우에도, 피에서의 미약한 피해를 제외하고는, 대부분의 식물에서는 생장억제나 약해가 발견되지 않았다. 결론적으로 외래식물인 핑크뮬리는 in vitro에서는 알렐로파시 효과를 나타내었만 in vivo에서는 다른 식물의 생장에 영향을 주지는 않았다. Pink Muhly is planted and managed for ornamental purposes by many local governments in Korea across the country. However, it could affect the domestic ecosystem at any time and compete with native plants due to its exotic nature. The objective of this study was to understand whether pink muhly affects the growth of plants. We obtained the methanol extract from a fully grown pink muhly plant and executed an in vitro seed bioassay followed by soil treatment and foliage treatment experiments under greenhouse conditions. The growth retardation (GR) 50 values, at which plant growth is inhibited by 50%, of methanol extract against root length and weight were 4,147 and 4,997 μg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. The results suggest that Pink Muhly may possess allelopathic potential. Application of the Pink Muhly extract (10 kg ha<SUP>-1</SUP>) on the soil in which ten plants were planted, did not show any adverse effect. Further, the application of the Pink Muhly extract (10 kg ha<SUP>-1</SUP>) to the foliage did not show any damage and inhibition of growth. Overall results show that although the exotic plant Pink Muhly showed an allelopathic effect, it might not inhibit the growth of other plants.

Spargue-Dawley 랫드를 이용한 평위산의 안전성 연구

신인식(In Sik Shin),김정훈(Jung Hoon Kim),하혜경(Hye Kyung Ha),황대선(Dae Sun Huang),허정임(Jung Im Huh),신현규(Hyeun Kyoo Shin) 한의병리학회 2010 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.24 No.3

Methyl formate의 랫드를 이용한 급성 및 아만성 흡입독성 평가

김현영(Hyeon-Yeong Kim),이성배(Sung-Bae Lee),한정희(Jeong-Hee Han),강민구(Min-Gu Kang),양정선(Jeong-Sun Yang) 환경독성보건학회 2010 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.25 No.2

We performed the tests of acute and subchronic inhalation toxicity of methyl formate, which has limited toxicological data in spite of its widespread use and enhanced hazard consequent on its high volatility. The median lethal concentration (LC<SUB>50</SUB>) was evaluated to be above 5,000 ppm (12.27 ㎎/L). In the test with subchronic inhalation, there are no deaths, but with reduction of body weight, food intake, organ weight by exposure to 400 (0.98 ㎎/L) and 1,600 (3.92 ㎎/L) ppm, dose-dependently. There were statistical differences in some hematological and blood biochemical parameters as compared to control (e.g. neutrophile and lymphocyte in the 1,600 ppm group, calcium and A/G in 1,600 ppm group). Methyl formate under the exposure of 1,600 ppm showed the respiratory findings with nasal, it was confirmed that the chemical has respiratory hazard with 1,600 ppm inhalation exposure, induces nasal epithelial atrophy, olfactory cell degeneration/regeneration and the contraction of olfactory cells, etc. According to the notification with Ministry of Labor (No. 2009-68) for classification, labeling and MSDS of chemicals, it is suggested for methyl formate to be classified as category 4 in acute (10.0 < category 4≤20.0 ㎎/L), category 2 (0.2 < concentration ~ 1.0 ㎎/L/6h, 90 days) in specific target organ-repeated exposure.