공동주택의 층간소음침해와 방지청구권의 법리

최창렬 한국환경법학회 2018 環境法 硏究 Vol.40 No.3

공동주택의 층간소음분쟁이 발생하면 아파트단지마다 자율적으로 작성한 층간소음관리규약에 따른 해결책을 도모하거나, 환경분쟁조정과 같은 대안적 해결방법을 도모할 수 있다. 나아가 분쟁의 최종적이고 확실한 해결은 법원을 통한 민사법적 구제방법이라고 할 수 있다. 공동주택의 층간소음침해가 발생하는 경우 민사적 해결방법은 층간소음을 그치게 하는 방지청구권과 층간소음으로 인한 손해배상을 청구하는 방법이다. 방지청구권의 법적근거에 관하여 민법 제214조에 기초한 방해배제청구권을 행사할 수도 있으나, 특별법적 규정이라고 할 수 있는 생활방해금지에 관한 민법 제217조의 적당조처청구권을 행사하여 소음차단을 위한 적극적인 조처를 요구할 수 있다. 이를테면, 특수한 방음장지의 설치, 바닥이나 벽체의 두께를 크게 하는 보강공사의 실시, 고성으로 짖는 애완견의 성대수술 등의 적극적인 조처를 청구하는 것이다. 그리고 민법 제217조의 적당조처청구권을 행사하기 위해서는 공동주택이용이 통상적 이용의 한계를 뛰어넘는 간섭이어야 하고, 그 이하의 방해에 대하여는 민법 제217조 제2항에 따라 인용의무가 있다. 인용의무가 인정되지 않는 경우에는 불법행위로 인한 손해배상청구권을 행사할 수 있는데 방지청구권의 인용의무보다는 낮은 경우에도 인정된다고 본다. 왜냐하면, 손해배상청구권의 위법성을 판단하기 위한 수인한도보다는 가해자의 행위의 결과를 제거하거나 적극적인 차단장치의 마련 등의 효과가 있는 민법 제217조의 적당조처청구권의 인용한도는 더 높은 수준이어야 하기 때문이다. 층간소음에 관하여는 소음규제에 관한 환경기준이 마련되어 있는데 그것은 인용한도를 판단하는 객관적인 판단요소로서 필요조건일 뿐 충분조건이라고 볼 수는 없다. 일반적으로는 소음에 관한 환경기준은 손해배상청구권의 위법성의 판단요소로서의 수인한도를 판단하는 기준으로 보아야 할 것이며, 민법 제217조의 방지청구권을 행사하기 위한 인용한도는 소음에 관한 환경기준보다는 높은 수준이어야 한다. 아울러, 공동주택의 통상적인 사용에서 발생하는 인용한도를 넘은 층간소음이 발생하였으나, 그러한 방해를 중단하는 것이 기대가능하지 않는 경우에는 조정적 보상청구권을 인정할 필요성이 있다. 현행법의 해석론으로는 민법 제217조 제1항의 적당조처청구권에 근거할 수도 있지만 2014년 민법개정안과 같이 민법개정을 통하여 인정하는 것이 타당하다고 본다. Once a dispute of noise complaint occurs, every apartment complex may seek for a solution pursuant to the noise complaint issues from upstairs neighbor autonomically prepared, or it may plan a alternative solution like conditions of environmental disputes. In addition, a final and definite solution to a dispute will be a civil remedy through the court. If an infringement of noise complaint issue from upstairs neighbor occurs, the civil solution is a claim of preventing noise from upstairs and a method of claiming damages due to noise complaint from upstairs. As the legal ground of the claim of prevention, a claim of eliminating disturbance based on Article 214, Civil Code may be exercised, but they may exercise a claim of appropriate measure in Article 217, Civil Code which can be said to be the provision of a special law and demand an active measure to block noise. For example, they include active measures like installation of a special soundproofing device, execution of a reinforced work enlarging the thickness of a floor or a wall and the vocal operation of a pet dog barking loud. And to exercise the claim of appropriate measure in Article 217, Civil Code, the use of the apartment house should be an intervention surpassing its common use and any disturbance below that extent should be accepted pursuant to Paragraph 2, Article 217, Civil Code. If the duty of endurance is not accepted, then a claim of damages due to a tort may be exercised, it can be seen to be admitted even if it is below the duty of endurance. Since the limit of endurance of the claim of appropriate measure in Article 217, Civil Code having effects of removing the results of a infringing person’s act or preparing for an active blocking device should be a higher level than the limit of endurance to judge the illegality of a claim of damages. Concerning noise complaint from upstairs neighbor, environmental standards on noise regulation have been provided, which cannot be seen only as necessary condition, not a sufficient condition as an objective judgement factor in determining limit of endurance. In general, environmental standards on noise regulation should be regarded as a standard to judge limit of endurance as the judgment factor of illegality in a claim of damages and the limit of endurance to exercise the claim of damages in Article 217, Civil Code should be a higher level than environmental standards on noise regulation. In addition, if any noise complaint beyond the limit of endurance occurring in the common use of apartment house occurs, but the possibility of blocking such disturbance is not expected, then a claim of regulative compensation needs to be accepted. By the theory of analysis of current law, it may be based on the claim of appropriate measure in paragraph 1, Article 217, Civil , but it will be reasonable to accept that through the legal revision like Revision Proposal of Civil Code in 2014.

공동주택의 층간소음으로 인한 손해배상청구

이승우 한국토지법학회 2020 土地法學 Vol.36 No.1

Where a claim for damages is made due to noise between floors of multi-family housing, such as apartments, the degree of noise between floors should infringe on the living interests that can perpetuate the victims' calm and pleasant daily lives. In other words, the degree of disturbance to life caused by noise between floors should exceed the extent to which one should generally tolerate it. Victims of noise between floors compare the type of damage, the degree and the type of act of harm, the measures to avoid the damage, the locality, and other factors, and if the damage exceeds the normal delivery limit, victims can claim damages from the perpetrator. As a method of resolving disputes caused by noise between floors, whether or not the Environmental Dispute Mediation Committee will approve the request for alimony, etc. due to the victim's mental damage, the interlayer noise measurement was determined by strictly applying the tolerance standard. In some cases, the alimony was isduced according to the length of residence and the degree of continuity of residence, also it was calculated in consideration of noise reduction efforts. Meanwhile, in the case of a lawsuit against the court of a victim of noise between floors, victims can claim damages for mental damage caused by illegal activities. Before the rules on the scope and standards for the management of noise between floors of multi-family housing were enacted in 2014, even though the measurement results vary somewhat from agency to agency, if a defect in the structure of the object is presented. either you generously reject the alimony claim or the amount was reduced in consideration of the perpetrator's efforts to reduce noise. Just before and after the enactment of the above rules, The court judged by applying the inter-floor noise standard value on a specific basis, the method, frequency and time of occurrence, and the degree of disturbance to privacy in peace. when determining the acceptance limit of inter-floor noise. 아파트 등 공동주택의 층간소음으로 인하여 손해배상을 청구하는 경우 그 층간소음의 정도는 피해자의 정온하고 쾌적한 일상생활을 영유할 수 있는 생활이익을 침해할 정도로 수인한도를 초과하여야 한다. 즉 공동주택의 층간소음으로 인하여 생활에 고통을 받는 생활방해 정도가 사회통념상 일반적으로 참아내야 할 정도인 수인한도를 초과하여야 한다. 공동주택의 층간소음으로 인한 피해자는 손해의 종류, 정도와 가해행위의 태양, 손해의 회피조치, 지역성 등 기타 제 요인을 비교형량하여 손해가 사회통념상 일반적으로 인용하는 수인한도를 초과하면, 피해자는 가해자를 상대로 손해배상을 청구할 수 있다. 공동주택의 층간소음으로 인한 분쟁해결을 위하여 피해자는 시간과 비용을 절감하는 재판이외의 방법으로 환경부 산하 환경분쟁조정위원회에 조정을 신청할 수 있다. 층간소음피해자의 손해배상신청에 대하여 환경분쟁조정위원회는 환경정책기본법 제44조를 적용하고 있다. 피해자의 정신적 손해로 인한 위자료 청구시 환경분쟁조정위원회는 층간소음에 대한 수인한도 기준치를 엄격히 적용하여 판단하고 있다. 경우에 따라서 거주기간과 거주연속성의 정도에 따라 감액하고 소음저감노력을 참작하여 위자료를 산정하고 있다. 한편 층간소음 피해자가 가해자를 상대로 법원에 소송을 제기한 경우 민법 제750조에 의하여 정신적 피해에 대한 손해배상을 청구할 수 있다. 2014년 공동주택 층간소음의 관리의 범위와 기준에 관한 규칙이 제정되기 전에는 측정결과가 감정기관에 따라 다소 차이가 있더라도 목적물의 구조의 하자를 제시하면 관대하게 기준치 범위를 초과하지 않았다고 하면서 위자료청구를 기각하든지, 가해자의 소음저감노력을 참작하여 그 액수를 감액하였다. 위 규칙의 제정 직전·후 법원은 층간소음의 수인한도 판단시 구체적 기준으로 층간소음기준치, 층간소음을 발생시킨 방법, 횟수 및 발생시각, 평온한 사생활 방해정도 등을 적용하여 판단하였다.

Noise around the Knee

송상준,박철희,Hu Liang,김상준 대한정형외과학회 2018 Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery Vol.10 No.1

Noise in the knee joint is a common symptom that often leads to outpatient clinic visits. However, there have been no previous review articles regarding noise around the knee despite its high prevalence. We will review the noise characteristics according to sound nature and onset as well as factors for differentiation between physiological and pathological noises. In addition, we will describe causes of the physiological and pathological noises and management of noise in the knee. An appropriate review of the characteristics of noise, its pathophysiology, and factors for differentiation between physiological and pathological noises can facilitate patient guidance. It is important to differentiate between physiological noise and pathologic noise. In most cases, noise after surgery is simply the perception of noise that had been present previously due to emotional concerns. Minor problems associated with surgery, such as postoperative noise, can decrease patient satisfaction, especially among patients with high expectations. Following surgical principles and providing accurate information about physiological noise can decrease the risk of both pathological noise and patient dissatisfaction. In total knee arthroplasty, every attempt should be made to avoid patellar crepitus and clunk by using modern prostheses with proper patellofemoral conformity and by avoiding surgical errors.

어선 실습선의 건조에 대한 소음공해 모델 분석

조상곤 한국동력기계공학회 2023 동력시스템공학회지 Vol.27 No.5

Training ship on-board noise propagation is one of the most important issues which shipyards and ship-owers have to deal with. this issue begins during early stage of designing a new vessel. ship onboard noise propagation became serious issue especially for vessel up to 100 m of a special purpose. IMO MSC.337 (91) is applied for the noise tolerance standard of ships, and efficient soundproofing design is performed in accordance with overall performance and balance. Noise levels inside living rooms, etc., must not exceed the following limits: The dryer selects and installs a low-noise machine after examining the cover, location, installation method, etc. of machinery, manufacturing system, etc. to minimize noise. 1) The noise level of No. 18 Cadet Rm (4P) of the 2nd deck of the protective film on the main engine and noise source is 58 dB (A), which is soft to the noise standard of 60 dB (A), and a floating floor was applied as a noise reduction measure. 2) It was interpreted that the noise level of the compartments arranged in the center and the bow was determined by the effect of air conditioning noise rather than mechanical noise, and satisfies the noise standard. 3) The Main Engine RM noise level is 101 dB (A), which satisfies the noise standard of 110 dB (A). 4) If the noise level of the area is 85 dB (A) or higher, a noise warning sign must be attached at the entrance, and hearing protection measures such as wearing hearing protection must be taken when entering and exiting.

소음 노출 유무에 따른 확장 고주파수의 청력역치

김남정,권중근,이지호 大韓産業醫學會 2008 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.20 No.2

목적: 2년에 걸쳐 수집한 자료를 바탕으로 한 단면적 연구를 이용하여 직업적 소음 노출 근로자와 비노출 근로 자들의 청력 역치를 통상적 주파수와 확장 고주파수를 비교해봄으로써 확장 고주파수가 소음성 난청을 진단하고 예측하는데 유용한 방법인지를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 2004∼2005년까지 2년 동안 일개지역소재 제조 업체에서 근무하는 20세에서 59세의 근로자 354명(708 귀)에 대해 이경검사 및 문진을 통해 귀질환의 과거력 유무와 건강진단의 내용을 파악하였으며 ,분석에 적합한 330명(G60귀)에 대해 85.0 dBA를 기준으로 소음 노출군과 비노출군으로 크게 분류하였다. 주파수별로 직업적 소음 노출 유무,연령군 군대 소음 노출,이명 유무에 따른 청력역치의 비교를 위해 t-test,ANOVA를 실시 하였고,확장 고주파수의 청력역치 변화에 영향을 미치는 변수의 영향을 파악하고자 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 직업적 소음에 노출되었을 때 250 Hz∼16000Hz의 전 주파수가 청력저하를 보였고, 250 Hz,1000H 를 제외한 2000 Hz∼16000 Hz에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 각 연령별로 소음 노출 유무에 따라 청력 역치를 비교해 본 결과 30대에서는 3000∼14000 Hz에서 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 40대에서는 3000∼8000 Hz에서 50대에서는 2000∼6000 Hz에서 소음 노출군의 청력역치가 유의하게 증가되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 군대 소음 노출력을 가진 대상자의 청력역치가 증가되었고,이명을 호소한 군의 청력역치가 증가되었으며,소음 취미 여부에 따른 청력역치는 소음 비노출군에서는 소음 취미가 없는 군의 청력역치가 2000∼16000 Hz에서 유의하게 증가되었다. 확장 고주파수인 10000 Hz, 12000 Hz, 14000 Hz 및 16000 Hz의 역치를 종속변수로 두고 연령,혈압,공복 시 혈당,콜레스테롤,직업적 소음 노출,군대 소음,소음 취미,보호구 작용,이명, 음주,흡연 유무를 독립변수로 한 다중회귀분석을 한 결과 연령이 많을수록,이명이 있는 경우,군대 소음에 노출된 경우 확장 고주파수의 역치 증가에 영향을 마쳤으며,소음 취미,흡연,청력보호구 등은 음의 회귀값을 나타내어 소음 취미가 없는 사람,흡연자 및 청력보호구 착용을 잘 하는 대상에서 역치가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 직업적 소음 노출 유무의 경우 14000 Hz가 소음 노출에 의한 영향을 유의하게 반영하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 근로자들이 소음에 노출되어 청력저하를 일으키기 전 일상적 청력겸사의 초기진단과 추적검사 방법으로 확장 고주파수의 영역도 그 이용에 타당성이 있을 것으로 판단된다. 향후 직업적 소음 노출에 의해 손상이 유발되는 주파수의 선후 관계와 범위를 파악하기 위한 후속 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 보인다. Objectives: To determine how extended high frequency is affected by noise exposure and other factors that maybe have adverse effects. Methods: Pure tone audiometry for usual frequencies (250-8000 Hz) and extended high frequencies (1000-16000 Hz) was conducted for 331 workers at a manufacturing company from 2004 to 2005. History of noise exposure, military service, tinnitus, alcohol drinking, smoking, ear diseases, and noisy hobbies were taken by interview. T-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression was conducted according to the frequency to evaluate the factors that could affect extended high frequency hearing. Results: The noise-exposed group had significantly poorer hearing than the noise-unexposed in the frequency range 2000-16000 Hz. The hearing deteriorated with increasing age through all the frequencies. High frequency hearing of 14000 Hz was significantly worse in the noise-exposed group in their 30s. Noise exposure during military service had a bad effect on hearing, especially for the noise-unexposed group. Tinnitus was associated with poorer hearing in both noise-exposed and noise-unexposed groups. Workers with noisy hobbies exhibited better hearing in the noise-unexposed group, contrary to our expectation. Extended high-frequency hearing was affected by aging, ear protection, and noisy hobbies. In extended high frequency, 14000 Hz was especially related with noise exposure history. Conclusions: Extended high frequency, especially 14000 Hz, could be used as an indicator of noise-induced hearing loss and should be considered as a screening test for workers in noisy environments.

균질 반도체의 과잉 잡음에 관한 해석적 식

박찬형(Chan Hyeong Park),홍성민(Sung-Min Hong),민홍식(Hong Shick Min),박영준(Young June Park) 대한전자공학회 2008 電子工學會論文誌-SD (Semiconductor and devices) Vol.45 No.9

균일하게 도핑된 반도체에서, 분포된 확산 잡음원에 의해서 발생하는 단자잡음전류의 전력주파수밀도를 계산하였다. 고정된 전압에서 반도체의 길이가 작아짐에 따라, 또는 주어진 반도체에서 전류레벨이 증가함에 따라, AC 단락잡음전류는 열잡음 뿐만 아니라 과잉잡음을 보인다. 이 과잉잡음은 채널길이가 외인성 Debye 길이에 비해 매우 작은 경우에는 산탄잡음의 스펙트럼과 같은 모습을 보인다. 유한한 주파수에서 속도요동 잡음원에 의한 외인성 반도체에서 발생하는 과잉잡음을 최초로 유도하였다. 유도된 과잉잡음 공식은 반도체 채널의 통과 시간, 유전 이완 시간, 속도 이완 사이의 상호 작용에 따라 단자잡음 전류와 캐리어 농도 요동이 결정됨을 명시적으로 보여준다. 또한 유도된 해석적 식을 사용하여 여러 가지 반도체 샘플 길이와 바이어스, 주파수에 따른 잡음 스펙트럼의 변화도를 계산하였다. 유도된 공식은 quasi-ballistic 수송현상이 중요한 역할을 하는 나노스케일 MOSFET의 잡음 발생 기제를 이해할 수 있는 기반이 된다. Noise in homogeneous extrinsic semiconductor samples is calculated due to distributed diffusion noise sources. As the length of the device shrinks at a fixed bias voltage, the ac-wise short-circuit noise current shows excess noise as well as thermal noise spectra. This excess noise behaves like a full shot noise when the channel length becomes very small compared with the extrinsic Debye length. For the first time, the analytic formula of the excess noise in extrinsic semiconductors from velocity-fluctuation noise sources is given for finite frequencies. This formula shows the interplay between transit time, dielectric relaxation time, and velocity relaxation time in determining the terminal noise current as well as the carrier density fluctuation. As frequency increases, the power spectral density of the excess noise rolls off. This formula sheds light on noise in nanoscale MOSFETs where quasi-ballistic transport plays an important role in carrier transport and noise.

Noise Reduction of medical X-ray Image using Wavelet Threshold in Cone-beam CT

Jong duk Park(박종덕),Young Huh(허영),Seung oh Jin(진승오),Sung-chae Jeon(전성채) 대한전자공학회 2007 電子工學會論文誌-SC (System and control) Vol.44 No.6

X-ray 영상 시스템에서는, 크게 2 종류의 noise 성분이 함유되어있다. 먼저 x-ray 방사선이 조사되어질 때, 검출기에서의 방사선의 상호작용으로부터 발생되어지는 것으로서 랜덤하게 발생되어지는 Poisson noise 성분이다. 다음으로 noise 성분은 readout electronics noise, pixel pattern noise 그리고 off-set noise 등으로부터 발생되어지는 Gaussian noise 성분이다. 그러나, x-ray 영상에서는 Gaussian noise가 아닌, Poisson noise로 모델링 되어진다. Gaussian noise에 의해서 발생되어지는 noise 성분은 위너필터 혹은 웨이브렛을 사용하여 쉽게 제거가 가능하지만, Poisson noise와 같은 랜덤 noise를 제거하기 위해서는 복잡한 분석기법이 필요하게 한다. 이 논문에서는 웨이브렛 영역에서 x-ray 영상의 Poisson noise를 제거하고자 하였으며, 적용된 분석 기법은 최적화된 웨이브렛 분석기법인 IBS(Improved BayesShrink)을 사용하였다. 적용된 IBS 기법은 cone-beam CT의 x-ray 영상에서의 기존의 방법에 비해 향상된 결과를 보여주었다. In x-ray imaging system, two kinds of noises are involved. First, the charge generated from the radiation interaction with the detector during exposure. Second, the signal is then added by readout electronics noise. But, x-ray images are not modeled by Gaussian noise but as the realization of a Poisson process. In this paper, we apply a new approach to remove Poisson noise from medical X-ray image in the wavelet domain, the applied methods shows more excellent results in cone-beam CT

소음과 수면양상에 관한 연구 : 중환자실을 중심으로

손연정 성인간호학회 2001 성인간호학회지 Vol.13 No.2

The environment in the ICU leads to negative changes in a patient's usual sleep pattern and so contributes negatively to the patient's health wards. Therefore, it is thought that an important nursing intervention would be to identify the relation between noose and sleep patterns which play an important role in illness recovery. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between noise in the ICU and the sleep pattern of patients admitted to the ICU. A descriptive correlation design was used to examine the relationship. Thirty-four subjects were recruited from a Medical ICU (MICU), Surgical ICU (SICU) and Coronary Care Unlt (CCU) at a large university hospital in Suwon. Data were collected from September 28 to October 31 in 1999. In the present study. noise was categorized into noise level and patients' perception of noise. The objective noise level was measured using the A-Weighted Sound Level Meter. The patients' preception of noise was measured using a self-reported questionnaire developed by the researcher. Sleep patterns in this study includes both quantity and quality of sheep. These were measured using open ended questionnaires and the 'Korean Sleep Scale A developed by Oh, Song, Kim(1998). The data was analyzed using the SPSS-WIN to test the research questlon. Pearson moment correlation coefficient was run. Ancillary analysis were conducted with demographic vairables to determine their relation to the malts study variables. For the ancillary analysis, t-test and one-way ANOVAs were performed. The results of the present study are summerized as follows : 1. The total mean of objective noise level (10pm-yam) was 56.2dB. The means for night time noise level in individual ICUs for the SICU, MICU and CCU, were 58.7dB, 58.6dB and 48.3dB, respectively. The total mean for patlents' noise perception was 42.8 out of a maximum possible score of 76. For item means of noise perception, the one ranked hightest was "conversations" between doctors and nurses″(3.2). The one ranted lowest was ″noise from the radio″(1.2). Regarding the degree of perception for each type of noise source, the one ranked highest was ″equipment noise″(2.6), the second was the third was ″conversation between patients, caregivers and visitors″(2.3), and the one ranked lowest was ″environment noise″(1.8). 2. Looking at quantity of sleep of ICU patients, the mean nocturnal sleep time was found to be 4.9 hours. The total mean of sleep quality for ICU patients was 21.0 out of a maximum possible score of 40. 3. The relationship between perception of noise and quantity or sleep was statistically significant(r= -.41, p<05). The relationship between perception of noise and quality of sleep was also statistically significant(r= - .47, p<.01). The results of the study indicate that personal perception of noise is related to patterns. Therefore, it is suggested that nursing interventions be developed to reduce the degree of personal perception of noise and, thus, decrease sleep pattern disturbances in patients in the ICU.

Apoptotic Pattern of Cochlear Outer Hair Cells and Frequency-specific Hearing Threshold Shift in Noise-exposed BALB/c Mice

임현우,최승효,안중호,정종우 대한이비인후과학회 2008 Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology Vol.1 No.2

Objectives. Apoptosis of outer hair cell (OHC) can be identified through nuclear staining by specific nuclear changes. The change of filamentous actin (F-actin) is also involved in early cell death process. The study was designed to investigate OHC death along the whole length of the organ of Corti. Methods. BALB/c hybrid mice were used in this study. The noise group was exposed to white noise of 120 dB SPL for 3 hr per day for 3 consecutive days. The tone burst auditory brainstem response (ABR) test was conducted and cochleas from each group were obtained for the immunostaining of FITC phalloidin for F-actin and propidium iodide (PI) for nuclei. Results. ABR threshold of the noise group significantly increased after noise exposure (P<0.001). No threshold shift was found in the control group. Threshold shift of the noise group constantly increased from 4 to 16 kHz, but threshold shifts at 16 kHz and 32 kHz were similar. Patterns of OHC staining were subclassified as FITC+PI- cells, FITC+ PI+ cells, FITC-PI+ cells and missing cells. Proportion of normal live OHCs (FITC+PI-) rapidly decreased from the apex to the base. In the basal turn, FITC-PI+ cells and vacancy OHC (missing cells) were observed easily. Apoptotic and missing cells were most abundant at 60% of the whole length of the Corti organ. Conclusion. We could subclassify morphologic changes in OHC death after noise exposure. Quantitative changes in OHCs along the whole Corti organ showed a plateau pattern similar to that of a frequency-specific threshold shift. Objectives. Apoptosis of outer hair cell (OHC) can be identified through nuclear staining by specific nuclear changes. The change of filamentous actin (F-actin) is also involved in early cell death process. The study was designed to investigate OHC death along the whole length of the organ of Corti. Methods. BALB/c hybrid mice were used in this study. The noise group was exposed to white noise of 120 dB SPL for 3 hr per day for 3 consecutive days. The tone burst auditory brainstem response (ABR) test was conducted and cochleas from each group were obtained for the immunostaining of FITC phalloidin for F-actin and propidium iodide (PI) for nuclei. Results. ABR threshold of the noise group significantly increased after noise exposure (P<0.001). No threshold shift was found in the control group. Threshold shift of the noise group constantly increased from 4 to 16 kHz, but threshold shifts at 16 kHz and 32 kHz were similar. Patterns of OHC staining were subclassified as FITC+PI- cells, FITC+ PI+ cells, FITC-PI+ cells and missing cells. Proportion of normal live OHCs (FITC+PI-) rapidly decreased from the apex to the base. In the basal turn, FITC-PI+ cells and vacancy OHC (missing cells) were observed easily. Apoptotic and missing cells were most abundant at 60% of the whole length of the Corti organ. Conclusion. We could subclassify morphologic changes in OHC death after noise exposure. Quantitative changes in OHCs along the whole Corti organ showed a plateau pattern similar to that of a frequency-specific threshold shift.

The Relationship Between Pure-tone Noise and Human Bio-signal Response

조원학,황성호,최현기 한국정밀공학회 2011 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.

The experiences of stress are common to all living things. Noise is one of the most widespread sources of environmental stress. Noise is a pervasive aspect of many modern community and work environments. So, it is important to consider noise when we design human-oriented products. This study investigates the responses of electrocardiogram (ECG) and eye tracker data in order to evaluate the direct effects of low, middle, and high frequency noise on the two main physiological stress axes: the autonomic nervous system, and cognitive responses for a human-oriented product design. A subject was exposed to low (100 Hz), middle (1000 Hz), and high frequency (100000 Hz) noise while awake. ECG and eye tracker data were collected during noise exposure. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity was less in the low and high frequency noise ranges compared to the no sound. On the other hand, parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity was greater in the low and high frequency noise ranges than the SNS activity in the no sound. The cognitive responses or latency saccadic eye movement (LSEM), in low or high frequency noise was greater than that in the no sound. And results of EEG and eye movement were statistically significant in low and high frequency noise (r > 0.93, p < 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that the stress induced by low frequency noise is as stressful as the stress induced by high frequency noise. Additionally, utilizing eye tracker data and acquiring the LSEM is useful in the analysis of human stress responses during various stressful situations in addition to the analysis of human stress responses during noise exposure.