윌리엄 퍼킨스의‘경험적’(experimental) 설교: 『설교의기술』과『그리스도의산상보훈강해』를 중심으로

PARK TAE HYEUN 한국복음주의실천신학회 2024 복음과 실천신학 Vol.70 No.-

21세기 한국교회의 위기는 1990년대 이후 역성장과 특히 코로나 19 이후 더욱 심각해졌다. 게다가‘복음주의적’설교와‘은사주의적’설교의 대립은 성경적이나 현대적이지 못한 객관적 설교와 현대적이나성경적이지 못한 주관적 설교 사이에서 길을 잃은 한국교회 설교의 현주소를 보여준다. 16-17세기 설교의 황금시대를 이끌었던 청교도 설교자 윌리엄 퍼킨스의‘경험적’설교는 한국교회의 위기를 극복하는열쇠를 쥐고 있다. 따라서 본고는 윌리엄 파킨스의 경험적 설교를 탐구하고자 한다. 첫째, 현대교회가 직면한 두 가지 유형의 설교는 성경을중심으로 하되 청중은 소외되는 보수주의 객관적 설교와 청중의 경험을 중심으로 하되 성경은 소홀히 취급하는 자유주의 주관적 설교이다. 경험적 설교는 건전한 성령론에 의해 이 두 가지 유형의 설교가 지닌단점은 배제하되 장점을 살리는 설교이다. 둘째, 경험적 설교는 단지머리로 아는 지성적 지식만 아니라 성령의 조명 아래 마음으로, 체험을통해 아는 구원하는 영적 지식에 기초한다. 이 경험적 설교는 설교자가성경의 저자이자 최고의 해석자이신 성령의 조명을 받아 성경을 성경으로 해석하고 설교자 자신의 마음과 경험에 적용하고, 그 다음에 청중의 마음과 양심에 적용하여 구원의 은혜와 변화된 삶을 살도록 촉구한다. 셋째, 퍼킨스의 설교학 교재인『설교의 기술』이 제시하는 바, 설교의 대상의로서의 성경, 성경의 올바른 해석 지침들, 성경 본문으로부터 의 교리 수집과 적용, 그리고 설교 전달을 소개하고, 퍼킨스의『그리스도의 산상보훈 강해』에서 그에 상응하는 바를 입증한다. 넷째, 리처드툴린의 자기 고백적 설교 개념을 차용하여 현대 교회의 경험적 설교를위한 구체적인 지침들을 제안한다. 마지막으로 16세기 퍼킨스의 경험적 설교가 21세기 한국교회의 강단 사역의 위기 극복을 위한 시사점을제시한다. The crisis of the Korean church in the 21st century has been exacerbated by the minus growth since the 1990s and more particularly the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the opposition between ‘evangelical’ and ‘charismatic’ preaching shows the current state of preaching in Korean church, which is lost her way between objective preaching that is biblical yet not modern and subjective preaching that is modern yet not biblical. The ‘experimental’ preaching of William Perkins, a puritan preacher who led the golden age of preaching in the 16th and 17th centuries, holds the key to overcoming the crisis in the Korean church. Therefore, this paper aims to explore Parkins’ experimental preaching. First, there are two types of preaching facing the modern church: conservative objective preaching, which centers on the Bible but marginalizes the audience, and liberal subjective preaching, which centers on the audience’s experience but neglects the Bible. Experimental preaching, in a way of sound doctrine of the Holy Spirit, emphasizes the strengths of these two types of preaching while eliminating their weaknesses. Second, experimental preaching is based on not only intellectual knowledge, but also saving spiritual knowledge, known from the heart and through experience, illuminated by the Holy Spirit. Experimental preaching calls for the preacher to interpret Scripture with Scripture, by the help of the Spirit, the author and supreme interpreter of Scripture, and apply it to the preacher’s own heart and experience, and then to the hearts and consciences of the hearers, so that they may receive saving grace and live transformed lives. Third, Perkins’ homiletical text, The Art of Preaching, presents the Bible as the object of the sermon, and offers guidelines for its proper interpretation, the collection and application of doctrines derived from the biblical text, and the delivery of the sermon, and is corresponded to Perkins’ An Exposition of Christ’s Sermon on the Mount. Fourth, borrowing from Richard L. Thulin’s concept of self-confessional preaching, we propose specific guidelines for experimental preaching for the contemporary church. Finally, Perkins’ experimental preaching in the sixteenth century offers implications for overcoming the crisis of pulpit ministry for Korean churches in the twenty-first century.

조오지 휫필드의 설교관: 성령의 사역의 관점에서

박태현 ( Tae Hyeun Park ) 한국복음주의신학회 2014 성경과신학 Vol.72 No.-

This study tries to demonstrate that the successful ministry of George Whitefield, the most excellent preacher after the Apostles` age and the main figure of revivals in England and the Great Awakenings in America in the 18th century, lies in the work of the Spirit. Though Whitefield is today forgotten by the shadow of John Wesley, the 18th century still witnesses that the 18th century revivals are deeply indebted to the ministry of Whitefield. It is true that an effective cause of Whitefield`s ministry is God alone. Revival always comes from God`s initiative action. Man cannot create revival. Nevertheless God saves sinners and revives His churches through the efforts of His servants. In recent years, scholars point out that Whitefield`s successful preaching ministry results from his dramatic acting talent and rhetoric, or his clever skills of propaganda using printing acting in the process of industrialization of the 18th century. Even though these are not to be excluded, traditionally is it maintained that the core and permanent element of Whitefield`s ministry is his spiritual piety and the work of the Spirit. Let us then look at Whitefield`s own printed sermons, journals, and letters for his preaching ministry. For Whitefield, preaching is to show the glory of God, and enhance the well-being of the churches by leading sinners to Christ. Particularly, Whitefield reflects his own conversion in his preaching ministry. That is, conversion experience in the Spirit is the aim and core of preaching ministry. Following apostle Paul`s idea on preaching(1Cor. 2:1-5), Whitefield tries to preach the crucified Christ by the demonstration of the Spirit`s power. Consequently a prayer for the Spirit`s grace is for him essential to his preaching ministry. That a preacher must have his own conversion experience is an important qualification for preacher, Whitefield maintains. At the same time, he points out, it is important that preacher should be a saint rather than a scholar. Yet this does not mean that he neglects knowledge and science. Rather he fears that the ministry of a preacher with much knowledge, yet without conversion experience is dangerous. Whitefield suggests an experimental preaching rather than speculative preaching. Furthermore, he recommends extempore preaching in delivery of sermons. However this does not mean to preach extemporarily without studying. Rather Whitefield maintains that preaching must go with studying and praying together. “Study without prayer is atheism, prayer without study presumption.”As Boanerges preacher sentences the wrath of God against the hard-bitten sinners through preaching conviction of the law, whereas to the repentant hearts he as Barnabas comforts them by the Gospel. This shows Whitefield`s spiritual insight that he understands preaching ministry as a spiritual warfare against Satan. Whitefield underscores that preacher should preach the word of God alone, the Gospel of Christ. For a right understanding of the Scriptures, prayer is needed for the help of the Spirit, he maintains. Conversion of the hearers is also possible only when the Spirit works, preacher should pray for that. In conclusion, Whitefield emphasizes above all the work of the Spirit in his preaching ministry.

배아복제 및 연구에 대한 비교 윤리적 방법론

김희수 한국기독교사회윤리학회 2009 기독교사회윤리 Vol.17 No.-

Developments in medical science have culminated in a Copernican revolution of sorts with the invention of embryo cloning technology and stem cell production. Though there are significant pros to this technology the cons, especially with respect to ethical issues, are well worth considering. The positive aspects of embryo cloning and stem cell production technology are that it makes possible curing of previously incurable terminal diseases, retrieval of lost and dead siblings, and effectively deals with the problem of infertility. However, the negative aspects of this technology is that it results in the possible abuse to the female body, destroys a budding human life, and merchandises human life by making human body cloning/farming possible as a consumer product. Though we must be cautious and careful about embryo cloning and experimentation, categorical prohibition of it seems unacceptable because of the great need of it for medical purposes. This begs the more important question, is it ethically right and acceptable? To answer this question, this article deals with the necessary condition and beginning of a holistic human being, the status of the embryo, and the relationship between the biological body and spirit. As an effort to provide an ethical framework that puts in perspective embryo cloning and experimentation, this article also deals with the theories of “situation ethics” of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity. At the end of this article, with respect to the negative aspects of embryonic stem cell usage, the use of adult stem cells is discussed and suggested.

극단 실험극장의 소극장운동에 관한 연구 : -운니동 시절을 중심으로-

구태환 ( Koo Taehwan ) 한국연극교육학회 2019 연극교육연구 Vol.34 No.-

This paper studied how experimental theaters influenced the movement of small theater in Korean theater based on historical evidence until the creation and extinction of experimental theater. The experimental theater, Korea's first peer system theater group, was launched in 1960 and revolted against the mainstream of the play of the time and armed with a youthful and experimental spirit, bringing fresh air to the Korean theater community. It also showed the potential for the success of small theater plays in 1975 when the theater ran its own theater. The success of the small theater play not only led to the popularization of the play but also helped foster experimentation and new talents for the play. The theatrical spirit of the experimental theater resisted the force of the mainstream and always sought novelty. Amid the difficult political reality in Korea, the experimental theater showed the spirit of the play's era and spirit of resistance. The small theater movement at the experimental theater became a symbol of new change and innovation in theater management and showed the potential of Korean theater. But the experimental theater was also unable to adapt to the rapidly changing times and closed in 1996 amid the logic of capital.

유아 공동체의식 함양을 위한 숲놀이활동의 효과 연구

장진영(Jang, Jin Young),정계숙(Chung, Kai Sook) 한국열린유아교육학회 2018 열린유아교육연구 Vol.23 No.5

본 연구는 유아의 공동체의식 함양을 위한 숲놀이활동이 공동체의식 증진 효과가 있는지를 알아보기 위하여 실시되었다. 본 연구는 연령분포와 생활정도가 비슷한 만 5세 유아를 실험집단과 통제집단으로 선정하였으며, 실험집단에는 주 2~3회 매회 2시간씩 총 15회기에 걸쳐 연구자가 고안한 숲놀이활동을 실시하였고 통제집단에는 만 5세 누리과정에 따라 사전에 계획되어 있는 활동을 실시하였다. 연구에 사용한 검사도구는 만 5세 유아의 공동체의식척도로서, 이는 친밀․소속의식, 정서의식, 상호 · 공공의식, 참여의식 등 4가지 하위영역의 총15문항으로 구성되어 있다. 사전 · 사후점수를 공변량 분석한 결과, 첫째, 전체 공동체의식 사후점수는 실험집단이 통제집단 보다 유의하게 높았다. 둘째, 공동체의식의 하위영역 중 친밀․소속의식과 참여의식 사후점수는 실험집단이 유의미하게 높았다. 따라서 본 연구의 공동체의식 함양을 위한 숲놀이활동은 유아의 공동체의식 전체 및 친밀․소속의식과 참여의식 요인의 증진에 효과가 있음을 알 수 있다. 이를 바탕으로 보다 효과적인 숲놀이활동의 개발과 실행 방안에 대해 논의하였다. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the play activities in forest for improving community spirit can increase children’s spirit of community effectively. The study selected fiveyear-old children of same age living under similar conditions and divided them into an experimental and a control groups. The experimental group participated in the forest play activities designed by researchers for 2-3 times a week, two hours a day, a total of 15 sessions, while the control group participated in daily activities according to pre-determined Nuri Curriculum for five-year-olds. The community spirit measurement for five-year-old children, devised by Lee Jong-hyang(2013), consisting of 15 items of four sub-areas like intimacy & a sense of belonging, emotional consciousness, mutua l․public consciousness, and consciousness of participation, was applied. The results of analysis of preand post-test scores using ANCOVA were as following: First, in total post-test score of community spirit, the experimental group indicated significantly higher than the control group. Second, the experimental group showed significant higher post-test scores in the subareas of community spirit, intimacy & a sense of belonging and consciousness of participation. It proved that the play activities in forest, focusing on improving children’s community spirit, are effective for enhancing children’s community spirit entirely, not to mention, intimacy & a sense of belonging and consciousness of participation. Based on these results, development of more effective forest playing activities and the ways of implementation are discussed.

1980년대 실험연극의 담론 연구 , 마당극의 연극적 양식화 및 서사극 수용을 중심으로

백로라 ( Ro Ra Paek ) 민족문학사학회·민족문학사연구소 2011 민족문학사연구 Vol.47 No.-

This research explores the historical significance of Korean experimental theater in the 1980s, which links the experimental theater of the 1970s and 1990s. This historical account assumes that Korean experimental theater began in the 1970s and became developed and popularized in the 1980s. While the experimental theater of the 1980s perpetuated some of the aesthetic legacies of the 1970s, it exhibits other aesthetic and spiritual characteristics that distinguish it from 1970s theater. The theater of the 1980s attempted to reinterpret Korean traditional styles from a modern viewpoint, similar to that of 1970s experimental theater. However, it also reflects diverse 1980s features such as the socio-political situation, the public`s emotions and consciousness, and the spirit of the times. For an in-depth study of the experimental theater of the 1980s, this research will analyze the discourses that focus on the stylization of ``Madang theater`` and the acceptance of ``Epic theater``. Although these theatrical traditions have different stylistic origins, they share similar theatrical concerns such as ``identity of Korean theater``, ``the popularity and sociality of theater``, and ``modernity`` in the course of experimenting with new styles. For these reasons, ``Madang theater`` and ``Epic theater`` represent 1980s experimental theater in that they not only capitalized on the outcomes of the 1970s but also aimed to fulfill the demands of audiences and the theatrical world of the 1980s. In sum, this research will explore how both theatrical styles took root in Korean experimental theater. Ultimately, this exploration will contribute to understanding not only the development of Korean experimental theater since the 1970s but also the aesthetics of experimental theater as it continues to develop to this day.

실험애니메이션에서 하이테크놀로지 활용의 전개 및 특징 연구

손국환 동국대학교 영상문화콘텐츠연구원 2020 영상문화콘텐츠연구 Vol.21 No.-

Animation is not only included in art, but also encompasses a variety of fields from humanities to technology. In particular, experimental animation has developed its symbolic meaning and aesthetic value through experiments with various technologies. This study studied the characteristics of the experimental animation and high technology based on computers. To find out the characteristics of experimental animation and high technology, current high technology and previous low technology, and commercial animation and experimental animation were compared. Experimental animation accompanies an experimental approach to techniques, and experimental works using specific functions and techniques of high technology appear from the works of early artists. They directly develop or participate in the development of high technology, and they try new things through mixing with low technology. The characteristics that appear in this development process are synthesized into three. First, the tendency to mix and use low technology and high technology, second, expansion of the concept of experimental animation due to the programmed process of high 애니메이션은 예술에 포함될 뿐만 아니라 인문학에서 기술에 이르기까지 다양한 분야를 포함하고 있다. 특히 실험애니메이션은 상징적 의미와 미학 적 가치를 다양한 테크놀로지의 실험을 통해 발전시켜왔다. 본 연구는 실험 애니메이션과 컴퓨터를 중심으로 하는 하이테크놀로지(High Technology) 의 전개에서 나타나는 특징을 연구하였다. 실험애니메이션과 하이테크놀로 지의 특성을 알아보기 위해 현제의 하이테크놀로지와 이전의 로우테크놀로 지(Low Technology), 그리고 상업애니메이션과 실험애니메이션을 비교하 였다. 실험애니메이션은 기법에 대한 실험적 접근을 동반하고 초기 작가들 의 작품부터 하이테크놀로지의 특정 기능과 기법을 활용한 실험적인 작품 들이 나타난다. 하이테크놀로지를 직접 개발하거나 개발에 참여하기도하고 로우테크놀로지와의 혼용을 통해 새로운 시도를 하기도 한다. 이러한 전개 과정에서 나타나는 특징은 세 가지로 종합된다. 첫째, 로우테크놀로지와 하 이테크놀로지의 혼합하여 사용하는 경향, 둘째, 하이테크놀로지의 프로그 래밍 된 프로세스로 인한 실험애니메이션 개념의 확장, 셋째, 작가의 하이 테크놀로지 개발 참여와 협업이다. 이들은 모두 창작자의 모험정신을 바탕 으로 하여 애니메이션의 예술적 가치와 실험정신을 고취시키고 사고의 전 환과 기법의 확장을 통해 보다 넓은 개념으로 애니메이션 창작에 다가갈 수 있는 사례들을 보여준다.

李用休 한시의 파격적 구성과 실험성

박동욱 한국한시학회 2007 韓國漢詩硏究 Vol.15 No.-

Hyehwan LEE Yong-Hyu(1708〜1782) revealed his works that were extraordinary in terms of both form and substance. His outstanding experimental trials were consistently appreciated by his contemporary writers. Many commentators who studied Hyehwan have also mentioned them. However there have not been sufficient studies about his works through substantial approach. In this study, I have tried to explain his unique experimental spirit on the form through two aspects such as “the unprecedented structure in sequential poems” and “the experimental spirit in arranging poetic words”. A sequential poetry is not a rare form so that many young and old writers have used this form, but the way that Hyehwan wrote his sequential poems were different from others. His sequential poems were organized in the form of picaresque. His sequential poems were not progressed in the same way as a epic poem. Each piece of his poems was organized independently. The message of each piece in his poems was simple and clearly delivered. In addition, he maximized the effect of each poem by adding his extraordinary idea. Those independent pieces of poems were gathered to build a sequential poem delivering the meaning. The unprecedented nature of poetic words and arrangement of them in Hyehwan poems were not be able to be compared with other writers’. The unprecedented natures in form, which were revealed in his poems, can be analysed in two aspects. First, the structure and organization of poetic words. Second, the arrangement of letters. In terms of the structure and organization of poetic words, he used the way where a variety of couplets were played. In terms of the arrangement of letters, he adopted a unique way where the poetic words were arranged in accordance with the visual placement rather than pitch and rhyming characters. Hyewhan’s those trials often violated rules in the Chinese poetry. He deliberately broke the existing strict rules writing the Chinese poems to develop his own new beauty of poems. As you are well aware of, many writers tried a variety of literary experiments in the 19th century. It is no exaggeration to say that he was one of the leaders in such experimental challenges. 혜환 이용휴(1708~1782)는 형식과 내용 모두에서 매우 독특한 작품을 선보였다. 그의 탁월한 실험적 시도에 대해서는 당대의 인물들이 일관되게 평가하고 있으며, 혜환을 연구한 여러 논자들도 이미 이러한 부분을 지적한 바 있다. 그러나 아직 실체적 접근을 통한 해명은 미진한 바가 없지 않다. 본 논문에서는 혜환만이 가지고 있는 형식적 실험성을 ‘連作詩의 破格的 構成’과 ‘詩語 布置의 實驗性’이라는 두 측면으로 해명하려 했다. 연작시는 선후배 작가들에게서 흔하게 찾아볼 수 있는 형식이다. 그러나 혜환이 구사하는 연작시의 구성 방식은 남다르다 할 수 있다. 그는 연작을 피카레스크 형식으로 구성했다. 그의 연작시는 서사의 흐름으로 전개되지도 않고, 또 각 편은 모두 독립적으로 구성되어 있다. 각 편의 메시지는 단순하고 명징하게 전달되며, 여기에 탁월한 발상법을 가미하여 시의 효과를 극대화시킨다. 그러한 독립적인 편들이 모여서 하나의 연작시를 이루고 의미를 도출해 내고 있다. 혜환 시에 보이는 시어와 포치의 파격성은 다른 작가와는 비교가 되지 않는다. 그의 시에 보이는 형식상의 파격은 대개 몇 가지로 나누어 볼 수 있는데, 첫째 시어의 구조와 조직의 경우, 둘째 글자 배치의 경우 등이 있다. 우선 시어의 구조와 조직 면에서는 對句를 다양하게 變奏하는 방식을 사용하였다. 글자 배치의 경우에 있어서는 平仄과 韻字 보다는 시각적 배치에 따라 시어를 배치하는 특이한 방식을 채택하였다. 혜환의 이러한 방식은 한시의 禁忌를 위반하는 경우도 많았다. 그는 의도적으로 엄격한 한시 作詩 방식을 離叛하여 그만의 새로운 한시 미학을 만들어 내었다. 이미 잘 알려져 있듯 18세기 문단은 다양한 방식의 문학적 실험이 실천되었다. 이러한 실험의 전위에 그가 위치하였다 해도 과언이 아님을 확인할 수 있다.

지역 전래동요에 기초한 문화체험활동이 유아의 지역공동체의식과 국악능력 및 국악흥미도에 미치는 영향

정수지,박형신 한국음악교육학회 2016 음악교육연구 Vol.45 No.4

본 연구는 지역 전래동요에 기초한 문화체험활동이 유아의 지역공동체의식과 국악능력 및 국악흥미도에 미치는 영향이 어떠한가를 분석하는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 W시에 위치한 어린이집 만 5세 두 학급을 실험집단과 비교집단으로 분류하고, 실험집단을 대상으로 강원도지역의 전래동요에 기초한 문화체험활동을 적용하였으며, 비교집단에는 동일한 전래동요 지도와 누리과정에 기초한 주제 중심의 교육활동을 적용하였다. 사전·사후검사를 통하여 수집된 자료를 토대로 유아의 지역공동체의식과 국악능력 및 국악흥미도에 대한 평균과 표준편차를 산출하였으며, 두 집단의 사전검사 점수를 공변인으로 한 공변량분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 지역 전래동요에 기초한 문화체험활동이 유아의 지역공동체의식을 함양하고 국악능력의 발달을 촉진하며 국악에 대한 흥미를 높일 수 있는 효과적인 활동임을 확인할 수 있었다.

기독교 문화와 대학 선교 ; 연세대학교 대화채플의 현황과 앞으로의 과제

정종훈 한국대학선교학회 2005 대학과 선교 Vol.9 No.-

The Yonsei University``s Chaplain``s office had launched Panel Chapel from 2002 fall semester with the purpose of inviting good Christian figures who well reflected the Christian Spirit in their social life and listening to their vivid stories. For the first two semesters, professional announcers and panel students hosted the Panel Chapel, but the students took the initiative of designing, preparing, and conducting the Panel Chapel from the third semester to better convey young people``s interest. As of this year, three years have already passed since Yonsei University``s Chaplain``s Office has introduced Panel Chapel at its regular chapel times in 2002. During the time, the Panel Chapel at Yonsei University has established its firm position as a successful chapel. For this reason, I am quite sure that sharing the know-how of Panel Chapel at Yonsei University with other Christian universities will contribute to enhancing the quality of their chapels as well. In order to make the most effective Panel Chapel, Yonsei University keeps the following principles for its management. First, The guests at the Panel Chapel should be those who have lived a very desirable Christian life in our society, and it is recommended that the standard for the guest selection should be consistent. Second, the students from campus press (Yonsei Chunchu, Yonsei Broadcasting Service, Yonsei Visual Art Center, The Yonsei Annals) and the departments of the invited guests took the charge of conducting the Panel Chapel such as preparation, operation, and evaluation, so that they can better reflect the trend of young students around their age. Third, a subsidiary of payment, less than \300,000, is given to the students who are in charge of the Panel Chapel for financial support and encouragement. Fourth, the concerned campus press contributes to publicizing the Panel Chapel in their regular activity. For example, Yonsei Chunchu and The Yonsei Annals introduce the Panel Chapel by special report, YBS with broadcasting, and YVAC with producing visual arts. Fifth, in conducting the Panel Chapel, YBS takes the role of a MC, and the other press members (Yonsei Chunchu, The Yonsei annals, and YVAC) work as panels. Sixth, the Panel Chapel tries to be a good model of cooperation between Yonsei press clubs and Chaplain``s Office, and the students who participated in the management of it should well hand down their know-how to the prospective students. Chapel should be not degraded to a waste of time, hindering the academic pursuit of students. Rather, it needs to firmly establish its role in helping the development of their character and faith. Considering its significance in nurturing the students`` spirits, the Chaplain``s Office should exert all efforts to innovate the current chapels in meaningful ways, so that students can find more interest in them as well as invaluable benefits.