근대기 의료 윤리로서의 '인술'의 재탄생

이효진 대한의사학회 2023 의사학(醫史學) Vol.32 No.1

“Medicine is an art of benevolence [Kr. 인술 Insul, Ch. 仁術 Renshu].” This slogan is widely accepted in East Asia, and at least in South Korea, it is generally regarded as an innate medical ethic. However, the original meaning of ‘In’ (仁, Ch. Ren), which means ‘benevolence,’ ‘humanity,’ or simply ‘love for one another,’ is a Confucian virtue emphasized by Mencius. It is unclear when this Confucian term became the representative medical ethic in South Korea. The term “medical ethic” was not coined until the 19th century in the West (Robert Baker and Laurence B. McCullough, eds. 2009). We often use the terms ‘Insul,’ ‘affection,’ ‘Hippocratic Oath,’ and other related concepts interchangeably, but these words come from different times and have different ideological implications (Shin 2000). This paper examines how ‘Insul’ has been recreated under the tensions between Western and Eastern Medicine in modern Korea. The arrival of Western medicine caused an existential crisis in traditional Korean medicine. The status of TKM doctors was demoted by the ‘Uisaeng Regulation’ in 1913 by the JGGK, which aimed to establish a unicameral medical system based on Western medicine. In response, the scientification of Eastern medicine became an inevitable task, and Eastern medicine had to maintain its identity while also modernizing itself to avoid being absorbed into Western medicine. Until the late Joseon period, ‘Insul’ was rarely used in medicine but rather for political practices. Medical practice was a peripheral way of conducting Ren (仁), the Confucian benevolence. However, TKM rediscovered the concept during the modern era. With the Convention of Korean Uisaeng in October 1915, the TKM community actively used ‘Insul’ as their identity. At this convention, Governor General Terauchi Mastake used the term to mean traditional medicine and implied that without scientification, ‘Insul’ would be disused. This address was immediately and widely quoted in TKM journals. TKM doctors and adherents interpreted his address to mean that if they could achieve scientification of TKM, their medical ideal (Insul) would be used in the future. Soon, a number of articles on ‘Insul’ as a medical ethic were published in newspapers and journals. From the mid-1920s, regardless of whether the doctors practiced East or West medicine, people started to claim that only those who pursued ‘Insul’ were true medical personnel, and they used this as a criterion for evaluating medical doctors. The people’s demand for ‘Insul’ influenced medicine in general, and Western doctors also linked their medical practices to ‘Insul.’ This is an interesting example of the localization of Western medicine in Korea. Through the rivalry relationship or interaction between East and West medicine that took place in modern Korea, ‘Insul’ gradually became a representative term of Korean medical ethics since the mid-1920s. The process took place gradually over a decade, and it has now become firmly established throughout medicine in Korea.

1877년 釜山 濟生醫院의 설립과 그 의의

서용태 부경역사연구소 2011 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.28

The routes through which our country introduced the western modern medicine were mainly Japanese naval surgeons, western medical missionaries, and the Joseon Dynasty government as well as Koreans themselves. After the opening of port, the western modern medicine including a surgerical operation, preventive measures and hygienics was a important means which could improve the quality and span of life in the personal level, increase the population and enhance the military buildup in the national level. But it was also the means for the imperialistic domination of Japan and western powers. When Busan Jesaeng Hospital was founded in February 1877, Joseon introduced the modern medicine from Japan. Jesaeng Hospital was the western modern hospital that was established for the first time in our country. It is significant that by its foundation Koreans firsthand experienced the western medicine which they had met with only in books and heard only in talk till then. More importantly, Seok-Yeong Ji learned the vaccination there. From the opening, Jesaeng Hospital offered its medical treatment to Koreans and supported the diffusion of vaccination actively. There is no a full scale study about Jesaeng Hospital yet. This study examines the details of its foundation, the process from opening to closure, its location and facilities, and its patients and management. On the basis of these, I will explore what it means in the history of Korean modern medicine.

한방의료서비스의 개선방향에 관한 연구

金泓錤,朴容信,李起男 한국전통의학연구소 2000 한국전통의학지 Vol.10 No.1

After we investigated cognitive degree to people's Korean oriental medicine, we saw to come out problem in oriental medical service and discussed the improvable course. Thus, we researched to object 1,233 inhabitants over 20 years old the whole country from March to June in 1999 for offering basic data, contributed to the oriental medical policy in the future. We reached the conclusion as follows, First, now, when we researched about developmental course of the oriental medicine, the result is, they were agreed parallel development of the Oriental and Western medicine by 63.5 % rates. That is, it double over 31.3% rates, wanted unification of Oriental and Western medicine. Like this, we confirmed that people support individual development of Korean oriental medicine. Second, respondent people, doubted cure effect in investigating of it about the Korean oriental medicine, were nothing but 15.1 %. That is, we knew that people's truth is considerable high about cure effect of Korean oriental medicine. But we need study of various fields and its publicity and are asked for correspondence plan of school education because the used disease in clinic attach too much importance to several disease. Third, people responded 55.9% which cost of medical treatment is expensive, and we were considered to solve the problem that we have to improve polity of the oriental medical insurance, i. e. the spread of the oriental medical insurance's range and actualization of cost of medical treatment. Fourth, respondent people about restorative image of Korean oriental medicine, came out 77.6% most negative among problems of the oriental medical system. Also, people of over half ones(59.1%) answered charge of oriental medicine was expensive comparing cure effect. Whereas people who considered to suitable charge of medicine, were 38.5% and people who considered to cheap one, were not going beyond 2.4%. And people who wanted the operation of herb-drug medical insurance, were 72.7%, but opposite opinion came out only 14.5%. That is, patients recognize that they may purchase expensive herb-drug medication relatively. Many people support to herb-drug medical insurance and it has the necessity that oriental medical class has to endeavor for operating of herb-drug medical insurance. Herb-drug medical insurance has the greatest oriental medical paradigm and has to find the method which it is easy to use for the nation Korean oriental medicine. Fifth, people who pointed out effort shortage of the oriental medical modernization came out 56.0%. Now, many modern medical equipments are introduced, but the right of command about medical scientific expert and so on don't vest this authority in oriental medical doctors. That is, it is the real situation not to be applied them. Therefore, it needs legal and systemic improvement besides we can see nation's fervent hope that they demand the modernization effort of oriental medical class.

논문(論文) : 『의림(醫林)』지(誌)를 통해 살펴본 1950년대 동서의학 논쟁

이태형 ( Tae Hyung Lee ),김태우 ( Tae Woo Kim ),김남일 ( Nam Il1 Kim ) 대한한의학원전학회(구 대한원전의사학회) 2012 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.25 No.3

Although the government acknowledged Korean Medical Doctors as official health care providers since 1951, criticism regarding its modernity persisted. This paper focuses on the medical dispute between Korean and Western Medicine in 1950s risen from the problem of modernization of Korean Medicine. Method: This paper looked into the medical dispute between Korean and Western Medicine in 1950s through 『EE LIM』. 『EE LIM』 is a scholarly journal published by Korean Medical doctor Bae Won-Sik. Articles regarding the medical dispute between Korean and Western Medicine were selected, categorized and analyzed. Result: The main questions against Korean Medicine were: whether it was scientific or not, and whether there was a possibility of systematization. Several opinions were brought up on these issues. 1) Some people criticized Korean Medicine as being unscientific based on modern science. 2) Others emphasized the identity of Korean Medicine against the critics. 3) Another group of people wanted to study Korean Medicine using modern methods and obtain merits from both sides. Conclusion: The different understanding of the term ``science`` led to diverse discussions on the direction of Korean Medicine`s progression. The narrow meaning of science only considers Korean Medicine as an object of modern scientific and medical study. But if the meaning is broadened, containing empirical aspects, Korean Medicine can be included as a category of science based on its clinical utility.

스포츠시설 종사자의 감정노동과 소진의 관계에서 자기효능감의 조절효과

우승정 한국스포츠학회 2021 한국스포츠학회지 Vol.19 No.2

이 연구는 서울, 경기지역의 스포츠시설에 근무하는 종사자를 대상으로 감정노동과 소진의 관계에서 자기효능감 의 조절효과를 규명하려는데 목적이 있으며, 편의표본추출방법을 이용하여 177명의 자료를 사용하였다. 자료처리는 SPSS 21.0 프로그램을 사용하였으며, 분석방법으로는 빈도분석과 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관분석, 회귀분석을 실시하여 연구결과를 도출하였다. 이 연구에서 제시한 연구결과와 논의를 중심으로 결론을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 스포츠시설 종사자의 감정노동이 소진에 미치는 영향을 살펴보면, 감정노동의 하위변수인 표면행동과 내면행동 등 모든 변수에서 소진에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였는데, 감정노동은 스포츠시설 종사자의 소진에 영향을 미치는 중요 한 선행변수임을 확인하였다. 둘째, 스포츠시설 종사자의 감정노동과 소진의 관계에서 자기효능감의 조절효과를 살펴보 면, 감정노동의 하위변수인 표면행동과 내면행동 등 모든 변수와 소진의 관계에서 자기효능감은 조절작용을 한다는 것을 확인하였다. 결국 자기효능감은 감정노동과 소진 사이를 조절하는 중요한 변수로 스포츠시설 종사자의 소진을 줄여주는 변수임을 확인하였다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between emotional labor and burnout for employees working at sports facilities in Seoul and Gyeonggi area, and data from 177 people were used using the convenient sampling method. The results were derived using the SPSS 21.0 program, and the actual analysis methods used were frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis to derive the research results. The conclusions are presented based on the derived research results and discussions as follows. First, looking at the effect of emotional labor of sports facility employees on burnout, it was confirmed that all variables, such as surface behavior and inner behavior, which are sub-variables of emotional labor, had a significant effect on burnout. It was confirmed that it is an important antecedent variable that affects. Second, examining the moderating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between emotional labor and burnout of sports facility employees, it was confirmed that self-efficacy plays a moderating effect in the relationship between exhaustion and all variables such as surface behavior and inner behavior, which are sub-variables of emotional labor. . In the end, it was confirmed that self-efficacy is an important variable that regulates between emotional labor and burnout, and is a variable that reduces burnout of sports facility workers.

근대 중국인 의학생의 일본 유학과 귀국 후 활동 -가나자와 의학전문대학(金澤醫學專門學校)의 탕얼허(湯爾和)를 중심으로

조정은 ( Jo Jeong-eun ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2016 연세의사학 Vol.19 No.2

In the 19th century, Japan achieved modernization through the Meiji Restoration. The Qing Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty began to dispatch students to Japan to learn about Japanese modernization. After the Qing Dynasty first dispatched 13 students in 1896, in 1905, over 8,000 chinese students studied in Japan. But in the late 1910s, the number of Chinese students studying in Japan rapidly decreased, since students studying in England and America or Europe increased. The American government decided to use part of compensation for the Boxer Rebellion in supporting Chinese students studying in the US. Besides, English was regarded as more important than Japanese language in China and English and American style mission medical schools were rated higher than Japanese style medical schools. But on the other hand, a number of medical scientists including Tang Erhe, who received Japanese education and made an important contribution to the Chinese medical world, were produced. Chinese medical scientists like Tang Erhe that studied in Japan, founded the National Medical and Pharmaceutical Association of China and put efforts into developing modern medicine. This provided the foundation for Chinese people to take the lead in the Western medical world. Tang Erhe also exerted efforts in medical education working as a principal at the Beijing Medical College. The years required for completing a course of study and the curriculum of the medical college are similar to those of Japan. This means Tang Erhe managed the medical collage in China in his own way that he learned in Japan. On the other hand, what Chinese students wanted to learn about in Japan was westernization and modernization through Japan rather than about Japan. In Japan, Tang Erhe learned about “Western medicine” through Japan too. But his activities after returning to China show that how much the place of study influences a person. Even after returning to China, he maintained a close relationship with Japan and held an important post in the Chinese government under the rule of Japan. This resulted from the Chinese personal networks, which preferred to introduce and hire those that studied in Japan like Tang Erhe and were from the same regions. The intimacy of Chinese students with Japan and China and Japan`s conflicting reviews of the figures that studied in Japan give a lot of implications to Korea that was colonized by Japan around the same time.

『東西醫學要義』간행으로 본 1920년대 한의학 정체성 변화에 관한 고찰

김현구,김남일,안상우 한국의사학회 2023 한국의사학회지 Vol.36 No.2

본 논문은 1920년대 한의학 지식 체계의 변천을 20세기 초 식민지 상황에서의 '정체성 형성'이라는 관점에서 살펴본다. 이 시기 활동했던 동서의학연구회의 회원이었던 도진우가 저술하고 동서의학연구회가 발행한 『동서의학요의』는 당시 식민지 보건의료체계에서 한의사의 역할을 개괄적으로 살펴볼 수 있는 중요한 책이다. 당시 한의 임상의의 대표적 단체였던 동서의학연구회는 『동서의학요의』 발간 뿐 아니라 서양의학 교육을 받은 의사와 대등한 '조선의사'를 배출하기 위해 한의학과 서양의학이 절충 또는 통합된 한의학을 교육하는 동서의학전문학교를 설립하려고 시도했다. 이러한 시도는 비록 실현되지는 않았지만, 1920년대 한의계 또는 한의학이 어떤 방향으로 어떻게 정체성을 추구했는지에 대한 중요한 단서를 제공한다. This paper describes the transformation of the knowledge system of Korean medicine in the early 20th-century colonial context of the 1920s in terms of ‘identity formation’. At the time, newly introduced Western medicine was the dominant form of medical knowledge due to strong support from the colonial government but had did not enjoy popular support from the general public especially when compared to Korean medicine. Furthermore, the Japanese colonial government needed to utilize Korean medicine practitioners’ labor due to a serious shortage of Western medicine doctors. In this context, Dongseo uihak youi (Essentials of Eastern and Western Medicines) provides an overview of the role of Korean medicine practitioners in the colonial healthcare system of the time. The book contains a figure of a ‘modern’ Korean medicine practitioner working within a healthcare system influenced by colonial modernity. The association of Korean medicine doctors at that time not only published Dongseo uihak youi but also attempted to establish a school specializing in both Eastern and Western medicines or integrated Korean medicine, which would produce “the Chosŏn doctors” (Chosŏn ŭisa) on a par with doctors trained in Western medicine. Although their attempts did not materialized, they provide a clue as to how and in what direction Korean medicine pursued its identity in the 1920s.

近代东亚的医生: 古城梅溪的生涯与在朝鲜及清朝的活动

黃永遠 동북아시아문화학회 2020 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.62

As a doctor, Baikei Kojyo had a far-reaching impact in the modern history of East Asia. He started his career as a doctor in Korea where he established a private hospital. At the same time, he paid much attention to the health and epidemic prevention status in Korea and established the Training School for Vaccination Masters in order to cultivate doctors in the area of vaccination in Korea. Moreover, he was recruited by the Korean government as a teacher of Public Medical School, which made him an eyewitness and participant of the formation of Korean modern medicine. Baikei was once hired by Yuan Shi-kai as a health consultant of Chihli province as a reward for helping Yuan escape from Korea successfully during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and he played a certain role in the development of the health system and medical education in Tianjin during his stay in Chihli. After Japan’s annexation of Korea, Baikei, with the support of his brothers, moved into the political and business circles, and finally became a celebrity of the Japanese society in Korea. Baikei Kojyo played an important part in the modern history of Korean medicine. His contribution to popularizing vaccination techniques and spreading western medical and health knowledge in Korea should be properly evaluated. But it was worth noting that much of his success was based on Japan’s expansion and colonization of Korea. He outlined poor medical and sanitation conditions in Korea. He shows a sense of superiority and an enlightener's commanding attitude when faced with Korea, which is reminding us of modern western medicine's construction system towards the society as well as the connotative power relationship and supremacy of medicine itself.

한말·일제 초 `지방지식인`의 근대적 제도 및 문물에 대한 경험과 인식 ―생활일기류(生活日記類)의 분석을 중심으로―

이송순 ( Lee Song Soon ) 역사문제연구소 2007 역사문제연구 Vol.- No.18

This article is an examination of the local intellectuals who accumulated experiences of the modern culture and formed a perspective upon such new things, through the personal journals and diaries they left during the time when Korea was moving toward an era of modernity. The local intellectuals` view of the modern capitalist institutions and policies were based upon their own personal interests. They did not show any active resistance or such attitude or even thinking to the new policies or the intervention from external forces. But on the other hand, they also demonstrated that the Koreans had internal potentials for development by well utilizing the colonial ruling policies of the imperial Japanese authorities. They also realized that the expansion of capitalist economy in Korea was not ensuring the colony population of wealth and happiness. But their view of the world followed the flow of the capital, and it started to gaze at Japan and the world, beyond the local areas and even the Hanyang capital of Joseon. What would the modern civilization have been like to the local intellectuals who newly faced it? They did not reject it at the first hand, or feared it based upon vague anxiety or Shaman beliefs just like the ordinary public. They continued to have a firsthand taste of modern culture and civilization, based upon rational thinking, reasoning, and economic power. They traveled to Seoul on train to watch motion pictures, took portrait photographs of their own, and received medical care at Western-style hospitals. But their experiences of modern culture was also part of their efforts to maintain their status inside the society. To them, it was a frustrating reality that the engine behind modernization was being driven by external forces(including the Japanese authorities), but the local intellectuals had always been the ultimate beneficiaries of the social structure and did not have the experience of resisting something. Therefore modern institutions and culture were things that they thought they should become familiar to, no matter who was providing them with it, in order to keep their status inside the society.

近代东亚的医生:古城梅溪的生涯与在朝鲜及清朝的活动

?永?(Huang, Yong-Yuan) 동북아시아문화학회 2020 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.62

As a doctor, Baikei Kojyo had a far-reaching impact in the modern history of East Asia. He started his career as a doctor in Korea where he established a private hospital. At the same time, he paid much attention to the health and epidemic prevention status in Korea and established the Training School for Vaccination Masters in order to cultivate doctors in the area of vaccination in Korea. Moreover, he was recruited by the Korean government as a teacher of Public Medical School, which made him an eyewitness and participant of the formation of Korean modern medicine. Baikei was once hired by Yuan Shi-kai as a health consultant of Chihli province as a reward for helping Yuan escape from Korea successfully during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and he played a certain role in the development of the health system and medical education in Tianjin during his stay in Chihli. After Japan’s annexation of Korea, Baikei, with the support of his brothers, moved into the political and business circles, and finally became a celebrity of the Japanese society in Korea. Baikei Kojyo played an important part in the modern history of Korean medicine. His contribution to popularizing vaccination techniques and spreading western medical and health knowledge in Korea should be properly evaluated. But it was worth noting that much of his success was based on Japan’s expansion and colonization of Korea. He outlined poor medical and sanitation conditions in Korea. He shows a sense of superiority and an enlightener"s commanding attitude when faced with Korea, which is reminding us of modern western medicine"s construction system towards the society as well as the connotative power relationship and supremacy of medicine itself.