한국어 통사론의 나아갈 방향: 논항 구조에서 인칭 구조로의 전환

목정수 한글학회 2019 한글 Vol.- No.326

A comprehensive Korean syntax must begin by establishing basic syntactic units. The grammatical statuses of josa (조사) and eomi (어미) are so problematic that it is difficult to generate a consensus. Korean grammarians are divided into three groups with regard to this issue. The first group holds the synthetic view, that josa and eomi are not syntactic units. The second group holds the analytic view, that they are syntactic units. The third group holds the eclectic view, that josa is a syntactic unit but eomi is not. This study was conducted from the analytic view, which holds that “학교-에서-는” and “먹-었-겠-더-라” are syntactic constructions, not morphological constructions, and are composed of syntactic units in the following orders: noun (lexical element), postposition (grammatical element), and determiner (grammatical element); and verb (lexical element), prefinal ending (grammatical element), ending (grammatical element), respectively. This study proposed a dynamic tree diagram which shows the realities of the nominal expansion structure of josa and verbal expansion structure of eomi. This study concludes that the person structure should be used in addition to the argument structure because the person structure’s information is derived from endings. Using both structures allows for the complete analysis of Korean sentences. 이 논문은 한국어의 통사론이 정합적으로 이루어지기 위해서는 통사 단위에 대한 명확한 입장이 서야 한다는 기본적인 문제를 제기한다. 형태론이 단어의 내적 구조를 다루는 데 비해 통사론이 단어의 외적 구조를 다룬다고 한다면, 한국어의 ‘학교가 (많다)’, ‘학교에서 (놀다)’, ‘학교와는 (멀다)’ 등의 성분은 단어 내적 구조로서 형태론적 구성으로 볼 것인가, 단어 외적 구조로서 통사적 구성으로 볼 것인가의 문제가 제기된다. 어미도 유사한 문제를 제기한다. ‘밥을 먹던 (사람)’, ‘돈 많으신 (분)’, ‘학교에서 먹겠다’, ‘내일 먹을 것이라는군’ 등에서 보듯이, 복합적인 어미를 하나의 동사 범주 내의 형태적 구성 요소로 볼 것인지, 아니면 통사적 구성 요소로서 독자적인 기능을 부여할 수 있는 통사 단위로 볼 것인지의 문제가 제기된다. 본고는 조사와 어미를 일정한 기능을 담당하는 통사 단위로서 취급하는 이른바 분석적 단어관에 입각해서 조사와 어미의 지위를 규정하고 일정한 체계를 세운다. 또한 통사 단위로서 조사와 어미가 담당하는 기능을 명시적으로 보여주는 명사구 확장 구조와 동사구 확장 구조를 표상할 수 있는 동적 수형도를 제안한다. 끝으로 한국어 문장의 온전한 분석을 위해서는 논항 구조에 입각한 문장 분석에다 어미의 구조로부터 끌어낼 수 있는 통사적 정보를 활용한 인칭 구조 기반의 문장 분석을 추가 보완할 필요가 있음을 역설한다.

从“NP+的+VP”结构的外部功能看其内部构造

이은경 한국중국언어문화연구회 2011 한중언어문화연구 Vol.- No.27

This study focused on the syntactic function of the “NP+de+VP” structure (syntactic distribution), to examine when we put this dependent structure into a larger syntactic structure, what kind of syntactic position that can take, what kind of syntactic and semantic constrains exist with its related components. Then, from the structure of the external features and characteristics come back to see the internal construction and the originate of the structure. In other words, through this structure’s external features and limited options, test the two viewpiont about that construction of its structure and sources ; (1) the predicate component “VP” of the “NP+de+VP” is first nomialized, then by structural modification “de”, constitute the nominal-modified structure. This theoretical assumption can be called “The partial nominalization viewpoint”. (2)“NP+de+VP” is a nominalization form by inserting the nominalizational marker de in the subject-predicate construction, rather than an endocentric construction in which the predicate component “VP” not nominalized. This theoretical assumption can be called “The whole nominalization viewpoint”. Finally, this study found the “The whole nominalization viewpoint” of the structure is more logically consistent, more in line with the language fact than “The partial nominalization viewpoint”.

일본어 イ형 보조동사문의 통사구조에 대한 의미해석 방법

박용일(Park, Yong Il) 동아시아일본학회 2014 일본문화연구 Vol.0 No.52

This paper is about the syntactic structure and interpretation of [i-] type auxiliary verb sentence in Japanese, especially, focused on the analysis method of the correlation between syntactic structure and interpretation. According to precedent studies, Japanese auxiliary-verb sentences are separated into two types. One is [i-] type, the other is [te-] type. In this paper, we have explained the structure of [i-] type sentences, first. All [i-] type sentences have a bi-clausal structure in the initial structure. However, in the surface structure, some [i-] type sentences have only a mono-clausal structure which is correlated with one interpretation, and some [i-] type sentences have a mono-structure and a bi-structure which are correlated with two interpretations. The above results on the correlation of structure and interpretation are proved by the scope phenomenon of the [dake-nai]. In other words, this study shows the fact that the scope phenomenon of [dake-nai] is valid for the analysis method of correlation between interpretation and syntactic structure in Japanese.

보조용언(補助用言)의 판별(判別) 기준(基準)과 통사구조(統辭構造)의 상관관계(相關關係)에 대한 연구(硏究)

조경순(曺炅舜) ( Jo¸ Kyung-sun ) 한국어문교육연구회 2021 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.49 No.3

보조용언은 본용언의 상대적 용어로 合成動詞·連續動詞 구성과 구분하기 위해 판별 기준이 설정되었다. 그러나 일부 판별 기준은 특성과 동일한 순환론적 문제가 있으며 보조용언 구문의 통사구조에 의해 발생하는 통사적 현상이 판별 기준에 포함되는 문제가 있다. 內的 非分離性(내적 비분리성), 分離 代用性(분리 대용성), 倒置 不可(도치 불가), 先語末語尾(선어말어미) 결합 위치 제약 등의 판별 기준은 보조용언의 통사적 결합과 통사구조에서 기인한 현상으로 볼 수 있다. 본고에서는 보조용언 구문의 필수논항 수에 따라 통사구조를 분석하고 각 구문을 통합할 수 있는 통사구조를 설정한다. 통사구조에 의해 선행 어미 교체 및 삽입에 관한 내적 비분리성은 CP의 핵인 어미가 V´와 결합에 의한 것으로, 本用言과 補助用言의 代用性(대용성) 및 도치 불가는 계층적 결합 구조에 의한 것으로, 선어말어미 결합 위치 제약도 AVP 아래에 CP가 위치하며 발생하는 통사적 현상으로 설명할 수 있다. 보조용언 구문의 통사구조를 통해 보조용언의 판별 기준을 개별적 현상이 아니라 보조용언의 통사적 결합에 따른 통사적 현상으로 이해할 수 있다. Auxiliary verbs are defined relative to main verbs, and the criteria for distinguishing them from compound verbs and continuous verbs have been established. There is a problem that some criteria are identical to characteristics and the phenomenon caused by the syntactic structure of auxiliary verbs is included in the criteria. The characteristics of internal non-separability, separability substitution, inversion impossibility, and constraints on the position of the first and last endings are the phenomena of syntactic structure according to the syntactic bonding layer of auxiliary verbs. In this paper, the syntactic structure was analyzed and determined according to the number of essential arguments in the auxiliary verb syntax. Since there are sentences in which the auxiliary verb requires an argument, the auxiliary verb is combined after the main verb is combined with its ending. Internal inseparability is due to the combination of the suffix V′, which is the nucleus of CP, and the substitution and inversion of the main and auxiliary verbs are due to their hierarchical bonding structure. Through the syntactic structure of auxiliary verbs, it can be seen that the criterion for discrimination of auxiliary verbs is not a unitary phenomenon, but reflects syntactic phenomena arising from the syntactic combinations of auxiliary verbs.

복문으로 나타나는 일본어 「知る」문과 한국어 「알다」문의 통사구조와 재구조화현상

박용일 한양대학교 일본학국제비교연구소 2021 비교일본학 Vol.51 No.-

본 연구는 복문으로 나타나는 일본어의 [知る]문과 이와 대응하는 한국어 [알다]문의 심층구조, 기능적 구조 그리고 표층구조의 특징으로 단문화현상을 고찰하였다. 구체적으로는 일본어의 [知る]문과 이와 대응하여 나타나는 한국어 [알다]문은 술어의 의미역으로 인해 심층구조에서 복문구조로 생성되지만 이들 구문들이 어떤 통사적 기능을 보이냐에 따라서 컨트롤구조와 상승구조로 구분할 수 있음을 명시하였다. 즉, [こと] 보문소를 취하는 일본어의 [知る]문과 [일] 보문소를 취하는 한국어 [알다]문은 상승구조이며, [の] 보문소를 취하는 [知る]문과 [것] 보문소를 취하는 [알다]문은 컨트롤구조임을 명시하였다. 이와 같은 통사구조를 제시하기 위하여 본 고찰에서는 관용표현이 이들 구문에서 어떠한 해석으로 나타나는지에 대한 의미해석을 이용하였다. 또한 일본어의 [知る]문과 한국어 [알다]문의 표층구조에서는 모두 단문구조가 갖는 통사현상이 나타난다는 사실을 분열문현상을 통해 제시함으로써 이들 구문에서 재구조화현상이 관찰된다는 사실을 명시하였다. This study examines the syntactic structures and restructuring phenomena of the “siru” sentences in Japanese and the corresponding “alda” sentences in Korean that appear in complex sentences. More specifically, the study shows that although the “siru” sentences in Japanese and the corresponding “alda” sentences in Korean are formed as complex sentences in the deep structure due to the semantic role of the predicates, such syntactic structures can be divided into control structures or raising structures depending on the syntactic roles they perform. In a nutshell, the “siru” sentences in Japanese that take the complementizer of “koto” and the “alda” sentences in Korean that take the complementizer of “il” are of an raising structure, whereas the “siru” sentences that take the complementizer of “no” and “alda” sentences that take the complementizer of “geot” are of a control structure. To present such syntactic structures, this study focuses on the semantic phenomenon related to how idiomatic expressions are interpreted in such syntactic structures. In addition, this study shows that restructuring is observed in these syntactic structures, by demonstrating, through the incidences of cleft sentences, the fact that both the “siru” sentence in Japanese and the “alda” sentence in Korean show in their surface structure such syntactic phenomena as are found in simple-sentence structures.

時量補語的句法及語用分析— 以VCO结构和VOVC结构为中心 —

곡효여 한국중국어교육학회 2019 중국어교육과연구 Vol.0 No.29

This paper analyzes the syntax and Chinese usage of VCO structure and VOVC structure. On the whole, the frequency of VCO and VOVC structure in VC structure is relatively low. The longer the modifier before the object, the harder it is to enter the VCO structure. It is not easy to add modifiers to the front of the VOVC structure. The “C” in the VCO structure provides background information for subsequent clauses, indicating that this amount exceeds the preset, the “VO” in the VOVC structure represents an event, the VO provides background information, and whether the focus is reread on “C” is determined by rereading. VOVC structure is mainly used in spoken language, especially in some high-frequency words, and VCO structure is used in written language and spoken language. It is hoped that this paper can also provide some reference for the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language. 本文以前人的研究成果为基础,在掌握大量语料的前提下,对VCO结构和VOVC结构的差异进行了系统的分析。 从句法的角度讲,宾语前的修饰语越长越不易进入VCO结构。当动词前有修饰成分时,可以进入VCO结构,但不易进入VOVC结构。VCO结构前面不易出现修饰成分的原因是焦点在“C”上,不管“C”为大量还是小量,都表示这个量超出了预设,VCO结构是为后续小句提供背景信息。VOVC结构中“V”的前面不易加入修饰成分的原因是“VO”是表示一个事件,VOVC结构是由“VO+VC”构成,主要是陈述做某件事所经历的时间,VO提供的是背景信息,焦点是否在“C”上由是否重读来决定。 从语体上说,VOVC结构主要用于口语,特别适用于一部分高频词;VCO结构用于书面语和口语。本文的遗憾是没有从历时的角度进行考察,但从共时的角度来分析,VOVC结构和VCO结构在语体上使用的不同,以及在句法上和语用上差异值得我们做更深入的分析。 希望本文对时量补语在对外汉语的教学方面也能提供一定的参考。

Korean Intonational Phrases Do Not Distinguish Dependent Clauses from Within-Clause Units

Ogyoung Lee 서울대학교 외국어교육연구소 2018 외국어교육연구 Vol.22 No.-

This study examined how adult native speakers of Korean prosodically structure their speech during spontaneous story telling. It asked participants to produce a spontaneous story from a picture book in L1 Korean. Participants’ phonological phrasing (via pause) was analyzed with reference to eight hierarchical syntactic structures defined in the study. The results suggested three-level hierarchy in phonological structure in spoken Korean: between sentences > between independent clauses > between a dependent clause and the matrix clause = any within-clause boundaries. Korean speakers paused the longest prior to starting a new sentence. They paused statistically significantly shorter between two independent clauses (e.g., coordinate clauses and adverbial clauses), and even shorter between a dependent clause (e.g., complement clauses and relative clauses) and the matrix clause. Interestingly, however, the last type of clausal boundaries, i.e., between interdependent but separate clauses, did not differ from any of the observed within-clause boundaries with respect to intonation structure marked by pauses. These results are consistent with the literature as to across-clause boundaries, but contra the traditional prediction that syntactic hierarchical structure may be mapped onto phonological structure: clausal boundaries are prosodically treated the same as within-clausal boundaries. Crosslinguistic and educational implications are discussed.

Lexico-Syntactic Structures of Spatial Expressions

Eugene Chung 고려대학교 언어정보연구소 2018 언어정보 Vol.26 No.-

Eugene Chung. 2018. Lexico-Syntactic Structures of Spatial Expressions. Language Information, Volume 26. 79-102. This work aims to model a lexico-syntactic structure for various spatial configurations. In English, spatial expressions are similar to transitive verbs in the pattern where prepositions take arguments to describe spatial relationships. The meaning expressed by a spatial preposition indicates how its arguments physically relate to each other in space. The spatial preposition has two arguments, a Figure and a Ground. This study adapts Pustejovsky's (1991, 1995) argument structure and co-composition from the Generative Lexicon Theory in order to represent multiple configurations. Various features are employed to describe spatial relations and spatial entities. Arrangement features and physical relationship features are for spatial relations. Region features, dimensionality, and orientation features are utilized to provide fine-grained specification of spatial entities. The values for arrangements are CONTACT, ADJACENCY, OVERLAP, INCLUSION, SURROUNDING. Region feature takes one of SURFACE, BOUNDARY, TOP, BOTTOM, INTERIOR, EXTERIOR. For the dimensionality, we have 1DIM, 2DIM, 3DIM values. HORIZONTAL and VERTICAL are the values for the orientation feature. A locus structure is introduced to encode various spatial features that are related with words about spatial entities and spatial relations. A spatial preposition and its arguments construct spatial expressions. They compose phrasal level meanings through co-specification with the locus values in the loci structure. The proposed framework can be utilized to represent the formal rules of encoding spatial expressions.

영어발화에 나타난 타동사 통사구조 유지성

박분주 현대영어교육학회 2009 현대영어교육 Vol.10 No.1

Syntactic persistence is defined as a phenomenon that the structure tends to be carried over to the next utterance. The purpose of this study is to investigate syntactic persistence in first and second language speakers of English. Forty university students participated and consisted of twenty English L1 speakers of English and twenty L2 speakers of English with Korean as their L1. The experimental paradigm involved repetition of an auditory stimulus, followed by picture description. The target structures were transitive alternate structures (active vs. passive). Overall, the effects of syntactic persistence were found in English transitive structure. The results showed that syntactic priming pattern was similar between English native speakers(L1) and second language speakers of English (L2). This study contributes to further universal accounts of syntactic persistence in language production theory. The pedagogical implication that this study might have is that syntactic structure might be learned inherently through exchanging utterances with native speaker of English.

구적 관용어의 통사적 구성과 의미 -NV형 관용어를 중심으로

이영제 ( Young Je Lee ) 민족어문학회 2009 어문논집 Vol.- No.60

본고는 구적 관용어의 성분 구조 특성을 밝히고자 하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 구적 관용어가 생성되는 원리를 형상 구조와 성분 의미를 중심으로 살필 것이다. 구적 관용어는 표면구조상 일반적인 구구성의 특성을 보인다. 일반적인 어휘적 관용어가 단어 형성 후 통사적 기능을 상실하는 것과 달리 구적 관용어는 단어 형성 후에도 일부 통사적인 기능을 유지한다. 특히 `명사+용언형` 구적 관용어가 그러한 특성을 보이는데 이는 통사 구조와 의미 구조가 서로 비대칭적이기 때문에 발생하는 것이다. 그러나 지금까지의 선행연구들은 이러한 구적 관용어의 비대칭적 구조를 대칭적 구조와 동일한 구조로 설명하였기 때문에 한계를 지닐 수밖에 없었다. 본고에서는 구적 관용어의 의미는 성분 구조에서부터 비롯된다는 전제 하에 `명사+용언형` 구적 관용어의 특성을 통사 구조와 의미 구조 간의 비대칭적 특성에서 비롯된 것으로 보고 이를 설명하기 위한 성분 구조 분석을 제안한다. 그리고 구적 관용어는 의미적 외심 구조를 이루지만 구성 성분의 분포는 내심적 구조를 띠고 있고, 이를 통사적 내심 구조로 설명할 수 있는 이차원적(二次元的) 성분 구조 분석이 필요함을 주장할 것이다. 이는 성분 구조와 성분 의미, 결합 의미 간의 비대칭성을 보일 수 있는 계층적 형상 구조이다. 이를 통해 구적 관용어의 비대칭적인 구조가 하나의 어휘 단위에 내재된 것임을 설명할 수 있고, 이러한 구조적 특성이 통사적 표상에 영향을 미치는 현상을 설명할 수 있다. The purpose of this paper is to show the constituents structures of the phrasal idioms. For the purpose I investigate the formational conditions of the phrasal idioms which are focusing on the configurational structures and meanings of the constituents. The syntactic representations of the phrasal idioms are not the same as lexical idioms but the same as general syntactic structures. The phrasal idioms have syntactic functions, while the lexical idioms lost their syntactic functions. So the functions of the phrasal idioms, especially `N+V` type phrasal idioms, are different from the functions of the lexical idioms. It is motivated by the asymmetries between the syntactic structures and the semantic structures. But the preceding proposals have some conflicts because they are not focused on the asymmetries and they almost explain the phrasal idioms by the general configurational structures. I explored the meanings of the phrasal idioms are made from the constituents structures which can be separated into the two different kinds of the levels of the configurational structures.