소프트파워 효용성에 대한 시론과 한국 소프트파워 외교에의 함의

이용욱 국가안보전략연구원 2010 국가안보와 전략 Vol.10 No.4

정책적 학문적 담론의 증가에도 불구하고 국가차원의 공공외교의 한 축으로써 추진되고 있는 소프트파워가 언제 어떻게 작동하여 정책의 효용성을 높일 것인가란 질문에 대해 그동안 연구가 크게 진척되지 않았다. 이에 본 논문은 그 동안 진행되어온 소프트파워와 그 작동 방식에 대한 개념적 이론적 논의를 기반으로 소프트파워의 효용성을 검토하고 함의를 논한다. 중심 주장은 두 가지다. 첫째, 소프트파워는 권력자원과 작동 방식에서 하드파워와 상이하므로 하드파워 효용성을 측정하는 방식과는 다른기준을 요구한다. 둘째, 소프트파워의 효용성은 기대하는 정책의 달성을 의미하며 각나라마다 소프트파워를 통해 이루고자 하는 정책 목표는 다를 수 있으며 따라서 소프트파워의 효용은 정책목표의 맥락에 따라 달라진다. 경험적 예시로써 중국, 일본, 한국의 소프트파워 전략과 그 효용성을 살펴보고 이들 논의를 통해 한국 소프트파워 공공외교에 대한 정책적 함의를 이끌어 낸다. Despite the flurry of academic and policy discourses on soft power since Nye’s original formulation of the concept in 1990, few works have made serious scholarly efforts to analyze the efficacy of soft power as a tool for public diplomacy. In this context, this article attempts to shed light on the questions of when and how soft power matters and how we might measure the efficacy of soft power. This article makes two interrelated claims. First, since soft power differs from hard power in terms of its sources of power and mechanisms of power transmission, we should come up with the different standards of measurement uniquely applicable to soft power. Second and relatedly, the efficacy of soft power is ultimately policy-goal dependent, which requires a close examination of each country’s soft power policy goals and their outcomes. This article discusses soft power policies of China, Japan,and Korea as empirical illustration. On the basis of the theoretical and empirical discussions of soft power, this article draws out implications for effective Korean soft power policy.

연성국력(Soft Power)의 변인과 측정의 신뢰도에 대한 경험적 연구: 연성국력과 공공외교의 이론 및 정책적 함의

이성우 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2014 국제지역연구 Vol.18 No.4

There are conceptual variants concerning to soft power: smart power, sticky power, culturaldiplomacy, public diplomacy, and national brand. Researchers and experts have tried to meet theincreasing demand and expectation of the policy decision-makers regarding the role of power in therealm of international relations. Therefore, researchers in international relations have paid attentionagain on the concept of “power” in general and “soft power” in specific. Emphasizing the realist understanding on the concept of power as relational rather thansubstantial dimension, this paper begins with two major research questions: (1) what is therelationship between the soft and hard dimensions of power? (2) is the measurement of soft powerwith a survey method efficient and valid? This paper hypothesizes a direct proportional relationsbetween soft and hard power. And soft power is a function of the level of domesticinstitutionalization and economic development. The regression analysis with 37 sample countries informs that there is direct positive correlationbetween soft power as a dependent variable and economy, hard power, and the level of democraticinstitutionalization as independent variables. 최근 국내학계에서는 국제관계의 체제와 질서 그리고 힘의 본질에 대한 인식의 전환과 재해석의 필요성에 대한 논의가 대두되었다. 국내에서는 문화외교, 공공외교, 국가 브랜드 제고와 같은 정책적 수요와 맞물리면서 연성국력(soft power) 연구는 외교정책의 주요개념이자 국제관계 연구의 중심개념인 국력에 대한 학문적 관심을 유발하였다. 현실주의 이론의 논의에서도 국력은 “한 사람의 다른 사람에 대한 마음과 행동에 대한 통제”로 정의했다는 점에서 국력을 단순히 실체적 개념이 아니라 관계론적 개념으로 인식했음에 주목하여 본 연구는 두 가지 연구 질문에서 출발한다. 첫째, 국력의 본질적 요소로 간주되는 연성성(soft power)과 경성성(hard power)의 상호관계가 독립적인지 아니면 관련성이 있는지 분석하고자 한다. 둘째, 연성국력에 대한 기존의 설문조사를 통한 측정의 효율성에 대한문제를 검정하고자 한다. 본 연구는 연성국력은 경성국력의 지위와 양의 상관관계가 있다고 본다. 연성국력은 궁극적으로 경제력 및 국내정치의 제도화 수준과 비례한다는 가설을 통해 연성국력이 기존의 국력논의와 별개로 분리되어있는 것이 아니라 연성성은 경성성에 비례하여 증가한다는 점을 가설로 수립하였다. 본 연구는 국가브랜드지수에 포함된 37개국을 표본으로 선정하여 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과에 따르면 연성국력을 의미하는 국가브랜드지수는 경제력, 국력, 그리고 민주주의제도화 수준과 통계적 유의도가 높은 양의 상관관계가 있다.

‘소프트파워 인문학’의 정착을 위한 제언

위행복,박종보 한국중국언어문화연구회 2020 한중언어문화연구 Vol.- No.55

'Soft Power' is a contrasting concept with 'Hard Power' which refers to physical power such as military and economic power. This was presented by Joseph S. Nye, who described it as "the power to get what you want by attracting peoples’ mind rather than coercion or reward." As the international status of the US began to falter after 1980s, Nye disputed the decline of the US by claiming that it has strong Soft Power. Nye proposed the concept of "Soft Power" as a means to maintain the supremacy of the US in post-Cold War era. 'Soft Power' uses tangible and intangible resources that can be universally sympathized without using oppression or appeasement. And in terms of seeking voluntary consent, cooperation and support through the path of 'inspiration', the concept contains many elements to improve human society. Due to highly developed globalization and hyper-connectedness of communications and media, various information can be exchanged almost unlimitedly at low cost and high speed. Countries with weak Hard Power is now able to raise their national image and power through the expansion of Soft Power. Enhancing “Soft Power” is becoming the focus of attention all over the world, and Korea is no exception. Soft power is a holistic concept composed of various elements. The Korean Wave, which focuses on popular culture such as K-drama, K-film, and K-pop, has greatly contributed to the development of Korea’s Soft Power. However, popular cultural products are less relevant to the nation's awareness, and it is a difficult way for a serious understanding of the humanistic values ​​of Korean society. Also, there is a risk that a scandal or excessive commerciality of individual pop stars could cause a negative effect on the national image. Therefore, Korea's cultural products, which are drawing attention from the international community, and the 'Humanistic Soft Power' resources of the Korean society must be distributed and spread together, in order to promote a long-term and stable Soft Power and raise the overall level and vitality of the 'Korean Wave'. In order to achieve a long-term and reach higher level of national image improvement, Korea needs to develop “Soft Power Humanities” by utilizing the humanistic resources of Korean as a source of Soft Power. In author’s opinion, 'Soft Power Humanities' is a practical humanistic study that re-examines Korean humanistic resources from the perspective of 'Soft Power', and conducts collaborative research that transcends the boundaries and activity fields of academic disciplines, as well as the boundaries of regions and countries. As a wide range of region and diverse culture are set as targets of Soft Power, the cultural disposition and characteristics of each, and the preferred contents and formats are also included in the interests of ​​research. Soft Power Humanities not only could be a process of deepening academic research, but also pursues ideas to solve problems faced by Korea and the world. The publicity of scholarship will also be enhanced by establishment and implementation of a system that reflects humanistic values ​​in the research. If we spread and practice humanistic values in Korean society in advance, and deliver it to the international community further on, it will not only enhance the national brand but also improve human life. If the Humanistic research in Korea discuss the concept of 'Soft Power Humanities' and promote related academic fields, it will not only encourage the expansion of the reflective study, but also be able to better respond to the social expectations. Based on the idea that further interest and research in this field need to be promoted for strengthening Korea's Humanistic Soft Power, I suggest rudimentary opinions to academia.

An Overdue Critical Look at Soft Power Measurement: The Construct Validity of the Soft Power 30 in Focus

윤성훈 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2018 Journal of International and Area Studies Vol.25 No.2

In the vast scholarship on soft power, researchers continue to disagree about the measurement of soft power and soft power resources. There is also a neglect of the issue of construct validity. Calling attention to the unsettled state of measurement affairs, this study brings to light the literature’s twofold disagreement: the first over the operational definitions of soft power and the second over whether indicators are of soft power resources or not. This study then goes further to assess the Soft Power 30 project, an exemplar index of soft power resources as recognized by Nye, as a showcase for assessing construct validity. Results show the project is problematic in two ways—it confuses the distinction between means of soft power and outcomes of soft power, and it overlooks the military as an essential dimension of soft power resources. This study concludes by proposing ways to render the index not only more valid for measurement but also more fruitful for substantial theory building, followed by a call for future research to address disagreements over the operational definitions of soft power.

The Decline of American Soft Power in the Era of Trump

( Ralf Havertz ) 한국외국어대학교 글로벌정치연구소 2018 글로벌정치연구 Vol.11 No.2

After two years of Donald Trump in the office of the president of the U.S., it has become clear that his presidency has a profound impact on American power. While the Trump administration is increasing its investments in hard power, the soft power of the U.S. has come under stress. The concept of soft power was introduced by Joseph S. Nye. It denotes the ability of a country to get the people in other countries to want what they want due to the attractiveness of their culture and values in the eyes of those abroad. This study examines the concept of soft power and its relation to other concepts of power such as hard power, smart power, and sharp power. It makes a contribution to the placement of soft power in the theory of power. Methodically, the problem of soft power in the American context is primarily approached with a qualitative analysis. Few cases are discussed that support the theoretical considerations about American soft power and its reduction in the era of Trump. This study examines the sources of American soft power and investigates the reasons for the current decline of American soft power. It was found that there are several indicators for the reduction of American soft power since Trump took office. His personal statements and behavior, and the policies of his government had a detrimental impact on the soft power of the country. The decrease of the credibility of the American government in the eyes of foreigners is the most significant element in the diminishing of American soft power.

The Decline of American Soft Power in the Era of Trump

Havertz Ralf Arnold 한국외국어대학교 글로벌정치연구소 2018 글로벌정치연구 Vol.11 No.2

After two years of Donald Trump in the office of the president of the U.S., it has become clear that his presidency has a profound impact on American power. While the Trump administration is increasing its investments in hard power, the soft power of the U.S. has come under stress. The concept of soft power was introduced by Joseph S. Nye. It denotes the ability of a country to get the people in other countries to want what they want due to the attractiveness of their culture and values in the eyes of those abroad. This study examines the concept of soft power and its relation to other concepts of power such as hard power, smart power, and sharp power. It makes a contribution to the placement of soft power in the theory of power. Methodically, the problem of soft power in the American context is primarily approached with a qualitative analysis. Few cases are discussed that support the theoretical considerations about American soft power and its reduction in the era of Trump. This study examines the sources of American soft power and investigates the reasons for the current decline of American soft power. It was found that there are several indicators for the reduction of American soft power since Trump took office. His personal statements and behavior, and the policies of his government had a detrimental impact on the soft power of the country. The decrease of the credibility of the American government in the eyes of foreigners is the most significant element in the diminishing of American soft power

Capturing Power Shift in East Asia: Toward an Analytical Framework for Understanding “Soft Power”

Mikael Weissmann 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2020 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.44 No.3

Mainstream International Relations (IR) theory has problems fully accounting for the regional dynamics of East Asia. This article explores whether the pursuit of soft power—a concept that has been given a prominent position in research on East Asian IR—can provide one piece of the puzzle for understanding East Asia’s regional dynamics. This article proposes an analytical framework for analyzing soft power that problematizes the rigid soft power/hard power binary. The framework proposes a way to understand soft power and the hard-soft spectrum of behavior that allows for the inclusion of economic power while still drawing a line between hard and soft power, where not all economic power is soft, but nor is it all hard. It is argued that to keep the concept of soft power relevant in the East Asian context economic power needs to be included. The line is drawn between economic coercion and economic inducement, arguing that when induced there is still a certain level of freedom as one can choose whether the payments or bribes offered are good enough for it to be worthwhile to change one’s preference and behavior. Coercion, in contrast, utilizes a different dynamic where the point is to force someone to do something they are unwilling to do.

한국과 태국 사이의 소프트파워 협력을 위한 법제적 노력

김호 ( Kim Ho ) 한국태국학회 2024 한국태국학회논총 Vol.30 No.2

The concept of soft power is gaining significant attention in today's international relations, with various countries making concerted efforts to enhance their soft power. In particular, South Korea and Thailand are keenly focusing on strengthening soft power as a new area of collaboration, emphasizing the importance of mutual understanding and the formation of positive images in the international community. This paper aims to examine how South Korea and Thailand are enhancing their soft power and the challenges they face. Both countries are exploring ways to amplify their soft power by leveraging their unique cultures and resources. Through activities such as cultural exchanges, language courses, artistic endeavors, and sports diplomacy, they strive to foster positive perceptions on the global stage. Additionally, with a focus on enhancing soft power in the legal domain, the paper investigates how both countries are improving their soft power and analyzes potential areas for collaboration. To achieve this, the paper provides a brief introduction to the core concepts of soft power and how South Korea and Thailand are utilizing it. Subsequently, it examines the foundational aspects of their efforts to enhance soft power, delves into the efforts and challenges in the legal field, and proposes possibilities for collaboration between the two countries. It is anticipated that this analysis and proposal will serve as a crucial foundation for opening new horizons in South Korea-Thailand cooperation. Through the strengthening of soft power, both countries are expected to establish a closer collaboration, showcasing a more prominent presence in the international community. Furthermore, this paper aims to suggest avenues for effective utilization of soft power, fostering mutual benefits and solidifying the South Korea-Thailand partnership across various sectors in the global arena.

중국의 소프트파워 정책과 공자학원의 역할

김일수,최형룡 한국동북아학회 2014 한국동북아논총 Vol.19 No.4

In recent years, the reference to soft-power has gained its importance in international politics. Soft-power refers to elicit voluntary cooperation of other countries without the physical threat. The pursuit of soft-power is conveyed through culture, trust, ideology, and emotions of nation-states. It is regarded as important devices in terms of influencing other countries. The relationship among countries in the post-Cold War era has witnessed that each country is eager to pursue its soft-power policy in light of the changed global economic governance and economic interdependence. Chinese soft-power policy is a case in point. The aim of this paper is to examine Chinese pursuit of soft-power through the discussion on the world-wide establishment of ‘Confucius Institute.’ In so doing, I focus on three points. First, I analyze and evaluate the performance of Confucius Institute. Second, I examine the role of Confucius Institute in Korea. Third, I discuss problems and limitations of Confucius Institute, and provide some recommendations for the future operation of confucius institute. Despite its limitation and resistance, Chinese Confucius Institute has been playing positive roles not only for educating Korean people but also contributing to mutual underteaching between China and Korea. The importance of soft-power has increased steadily in order to draw cooperative reactions from other countries without taking coercive measures. Now, Korea, Japan, and others too is trying to copy the Confucius model for their soft power enforcement. 본 논문은 중국의 소프트파워 증진의 일환인 ‘공자학원’의 역할을 살펴보는데 있다. 중국은 점차적으로 국가 위상의 제고와 국제적인 영향력을 강화하기 위한 논의를 진행하기 시작하였는데, 이 과정에서 소프트파워(soft power)에 대한 중요성을 인식하였다. 이후 중국은 막대한 자금을 투입하여 다른 국가들과의 친선관계를 형성하기 위해 소프트파워를 구축하는 방법을 모색하고 있는데 ‘공자’를 문화아이콘으로 부각시키는 것과 경제적인 협력을 통한 호의적인 이미지 구축 등이 그것이다. 특히 본 논문은 공자학원이 중국어교육을 더욱 확대·보급시키기 위해 교사양성 및 중국인 교원 파견에 적극적인 양상을 살펴보고 이러한 양상이 한국 내의 중국어 시장과 어떻게 연계되어 진행되고 있는지를 분석하였다. 또한 공자학원이 갖는 역할 및 한계를 분석하고, 중국의 공자학원이 급속한 성장을 하면서 나타나게 된 문제점들을 지적하고 이를 극복할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 공자학원이 지속적으로 성장할 수 있는 방법은 공자학원만이 가질 수 있는 특색을 찾아 특화하고 개발해야 한다. 또한 공자학원이 중국어보급과 문화교류의 사명을 온전히 수행하기 위해서는 부단한 연구와 개발을 지속해야 하고, 공자학원이 정치적 목적이나 상업적 이윤의 도구로 활용되지 않도록 다각도로 검토하고 쇄신해야 한다.

소프트 파워로서의 스포츠

유호근 ( Ho Keun Yoo ) 비교민주주의연구센터 2010 비교민주주의연구 Vol.5 No.2

21세기에 들어서면서 소프트 파워(soft power)는 새로운 시대의 화두처럼 부각되고 있다. 이제 힘의 패러다임이 군사력, 경제력 등과 같은 하드 파워(hard power)에서 소프트 파워로 전환되고 있다. 소프트 파워의 중요성이 점증되고 있는 현실 속에서 스포츠의 소프트 파워적 속성이 주목받고 있다. 본고의 문제의식은 소프트 파워로서의 스포츠에 대한 정치적 함의를 찾는 것이다. 이러한 맥락에서 우선 변환의 과정을 겪고 있는 힘의 속성 변화 과정을 살펴본다. 이를테면 정보에 기초한 초국가적 상호의존 시대가 도래하면서 권력의 무형화(intangible), 비강제적 속성이 중요하게 부각되고 있으며, 이에 따라 문화·가치·정보력·제도 등의 힘이 점차 중요시되고 있다. 소프트파워에 대한 심층 이해를 바탕으로 스포츠의 소프트 파워적 속성에 논의 초점을 맞춘다. 결국 소프트 파워와 스포츠와의 접점을 탐색해 보려는 것이다. 특히 한국의 매력을 보여주고 전파·확산하는 일이 외교적 영역에서 시의적절한 의제로 부상하고 있다. 이를테면 평화촉진자, 평화창안자로서의 국가이미지를 적절하게 투사하여야 한다. 이러한 차원에서 보면 소프트 파워와 등치시킬 정도로 친화성을 갖는 스포츠의 역할이 중요한 함의를 갖는다. Soft power is being magnified as the most-talked-about categories of the twenty-first century. A paradigm shift toward soft power from hard power is being reached. Soft power is the ability to obtain what you want through co-option and attraction. It is in contradistinction to hard power, which is the use of coercion and payment. An increasingly large amount of academic attention is being given to the study of soft power. As an essential element of soft power, Sports assumed an increasingly important role in societies and international relations. The government intended to make greater use of sports in promoting state`s image abroad and advancing economic development at home. Sports has come to play an important place in terms of soft power. This thesis explores political significance of sports as a soft power and studies the attributes of sports from soft power`s perspective. Particularly, sports in the context of soft power is of great importance to Korea`s diplomatic relations.