해적행위와 용선계약

이정원(Lee Jung-Won) 부산대학교 법학연구소 2011 법학연구 Vol.52 No.3

최근 소말리아와 아덴만 근해에서 발생하고 있는 해적행위는 전 세계적 해양안전에 심각한 장애가 되고 있으며, 이의 억제를 위해 각국 정부와 UN 등 국제기구는 해군력을 파견하는 등 고심하고 있다. 유엔해양법협약은 해적행위의 개념에 관하여 자체적으로 규정을 두고 있으나, 해적행위로 인한 사법적 법률관계의 해결을 위한 전제로서의 해적행위의 개념에 대해서는 아직도 국제적으로 통일된 해적행위에 대한 개념정의가 이루어져 있지 않고, 따라서 볍률적 문제의 해결과 관련해서 많은 어려움이 있다. 이에 따라 본고에서는 해적행위의 개념에 대해 살펴본 후, 이를 바탕으로 해적행위와 관련된 법률적 문제들 중 용선계약과 관련된 문제들에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 이와 관련해서는 주로 용선자의 안전항 지정의무와 용선료 지급의무가 문제될 수 있고, 한편 해적행위를 이유로 선박소유자나 선장이 이로를 할 수 있는지, 해적행위로 언하여 용선계약이 Frustrated 되는지 여부, 그리고 해척 행위가 운송물에 대한 손해배상청구권에 어떠한 영향을 미치게 되는지에 대해 살펴본다. 한편 용선계약 당사자들은 계약자유의 원칙에 따라 해적행위와 관련된 각종 법률적 문제들에 대한 해법을 용선계약서식에 규정하여 다양한 문제를 자율적으로 해결하여 오고 있으며, 이러한 시도는 나름 업계의 표준으로서 작용하고 있으며 성공을 거두고 있다고 보인다. 그러나 계약 당사자들의 노력에도 불구하고 해적행위와 관련한 법률적 문제들은 계속해서 발생하고 있으며 앞으로도 더욱 증가할 것으로 예상된다. Currently, pirates in the region of the Gulf of Aden and Somalia are drawing attentions from the world shipping industries and became very significant obstacles to the world business. In this regards, various authorities including United Nations and each local government have done sorts of things to suppress piracy on that area. Even though ‘United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982’ provides the definition of ‘piracy’, there is no concrete and plain definition with the term of ‘piracy’ with the contract of carriage on the sea, chaterparties and marine insurance contract. It casts kinds of legal problems with the consequences of piracy in the commercial aspects. This paper will go through the meaning of the piracy as the legal fashion, then discuss various kinds of legal matters which are emerging with piracy and charterparries, The main legal issues with piracy and charterparties will be (a) the charterer’s duty of designating safe port and duty of paying hire to the Owner, (b) the Owner’s liberty of deviation to escape piracy, and (c) whether the contract of charterparties shall be frustrated because of piracy. It seem that in contrast to the history of piracy, the studies as to the commercial legal effects of piracy is not matured enough. To overcome some legal problem relating to piracy, parties to the charterparties have tried to set up some intra-contract devices, stipulating the legal effects of the both parties caused by pirates in the chaterparties clauses. In writer’s view, the said measures seems to some extents to achieve success and become industrial standard. Regretfully, the legal matters regarding piracy is increasing with continuous attacks on the commercial ships, this phenomena would not change drastically in the near future.

국제법상 해적제도와 관련 국내입법의 검토

노영돈 성균관대학교 법학연구원 2009 성균관법학 Vol.21 No.3

Piracy off the Somali coast which shows a rapid increase in numbers of its occurrence since the beginning of Somalia's civil war in the early 1990s has threatened to the safety of international shipping. This has induced international concern over the rise in acts of piracy by many international organizations, including the UN. After all, the UN Security Council, by a series of its Resolutions in 2008, called upon states, regional and international organizations to take part actively in the fight against piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia by deploying naval vessels and military aircraft and through seizure and disposition of boats, vessels, arms and other related equipment used in the commission of piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia. Pursuant to these Resolutions, many states and regional and international organizations took the initiatives to counter piracy off the coast of Somalia by escorting vessels and to repress acts of piracy and armed robbery at sea therein. The Korean Government also dispatched a naval contingent, named "Chunghae", to Somali waters in March 2009 to escort Korean merchant ships passing the Gulf of Aden and to cooperate with the international efforts to secure the safety of international navigation off the coast of Somalia. Relating to the dispatching a Korean naval contingent to Somali Waters to combat piracy, Korean Criminal Law reviewed in the present article to judge whether it corresponds with piracy law in international law. In the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 1982, "maritime piracy" consists of: (a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed: (i) on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft; (ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State; (b) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft; (c) any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in subparagraph (a) or (b). On the other hand, Korean Criminal Law does not contain a provision for piracy, but for robbery at sea as a specified type of usual crimes which therefore cannot cover all the types of constituting piracy defined in the UNCLOS of 1982. This gap between international law and Korean domestic law about piracy may cause the incompetency for Korea to exercise the "universal jurisdiction" because of the principle of "Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali"". Universal jurisdiction, which differs from "territorial jurisdiction", is a principle in international law whereby states may claim criminal jurisdiction over persons, including pirates, whose alleged crimes were committed outside the territories of the prosecuting state, regardless of their nationality, country of residence, or any other relation with the prosecuting country. It means that any state is authorized to punish the criminal by the concept of universal jurisdiction which is therefore closely linked to the idea that certain international norms are owed to the entire world community, as well as the concept of jus cogens - that certain international law obligations are binding on all states. It could, therefore, be said that international law requires every states to enact its national law covering all the types of piracy defined in the UNCLOS of 1982 and to punish pirates by that law. This also is the requirement drawn from the principle of "Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali"". And Korean Criminal Law is required to be amended to cover all the types of piracy according to international law thereof, not only for the operation of dispatched naval contingent "Chunghae" but also the perfectne...

소말리아해적에 대한 국제법적 규제와 그 한계

김채형 ( Chai Hyung Kim ) 안암법학회 2013 안암 법학 Vol.0 No.40

Maritime piracy disrupts international navigation and trade and threatens the lives and property of people of many nations. Several international organizations including the United Nations Security Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the International Maritime Organization and the European Union have been actively engaged in addressing this grave problem. Navies from the EU and NATO and from several countries, including the United States, Russia, India, Japan and South Korea, have deployed their warships off the coast of Somalia and in the Gulf of Aden to protect trade routes because of the recent upsurge of attacks on ships by Somali Pirates. This Article endeavors to establish a framework for individual nations and the international community to respond to pirate attacks in Somali coastal waters. Because many acts of piracy occur initially on the high seas outside Somalia`s territorial waters, these acts fall most prominently within the scope of the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention(LOS) and the United Nations Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA). Accordingly, when permissible, individual nations falling victim to pirate attacks should seek to arrest and prosecute pirates in their national courts under these principal maritime conventions. To address the challenge posed by pirates, the United Nations Security Council has adopted several resolutions authorizing states to take the necessary actions to combat piracy, including in the territorial waters of Somalia. Norms prescribed under several conventions including the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention(UNCLOS), maritime law, and domestic laws of various states provide for jurisdiction by states to prosecute and punish pirates. By the way, current domestic, regional and international legal frameworks fail to adequately combat the nature and scale of maritime piracy. Until now, states and international legal institutions have addressed the piracy problem through a series of conventions, treaties, resolutions and regional agreements. Without a uniform, comprehensive legal framework, states have attempted to tackle piracy as best they can. These limited approaches highlight the deficiencies of international anti-piracy instruments. Thus there is a need for a definitive, international, body of law to systematically govern this field. This article is divided into five parts. Part I is the introduction. Part II briefly reviews the political situation and piracy activities of Somalia. Part III explores the legal framework applicable to piracy and a review of the wide range of international and regional responses to prevent and deter acts of piracy and punish the pirates. Part IV examines the operations which have been coordinated by NATO, the EU, and a coalition led by the United States, in addition to several countries operating on their own. The concluding Part V contains the limitation on the regulation of piracy by international law and the recommendations.

국제법상 해적 개념 규정의 신전개

吳泰坤(Tae-Kon Oh) 대한국제법학회 2007 國際法學會論叢 Vol.52 No.3

해적은 사람이 해양으로 진출한 기간만큼이나 모든 국가의 해양 이익에 위협이 되어왔다. 이에 모든 국가들은 해적에 대해 오랫동안 그 심각성을 인식해왔다. 해적은 바다 위 모든 해양 국가들의 대항로에서 활동하고, 해상의 안전뿐만이 아니라 전인류의 정치적, 상업적 이익에 대해 가하는 위협성 때문에 국제법은 해적을, 그들을 체포한 어느 국가도 처벌할 수 있게 하는 보편적인 범죄로 다루었다. 특히 우리가 속한 아시아는 전 세계 상용선박의 약 45%가 통과하는 지역으로, 해적들의 상업선박에 대한 공격은 국제 무역을 방해하고, 심각한 경제손실을 초래한다. 뿐만 아니라, 알 카에다 같은 테러리스트 단체와 해적과의 관련성이 국제적 관심을 더욱 증가시키고 있다. 이러한 해적 문제에 대해 아시아에서의 ReCCAP협정과 같은 지역적 대응을 비롯하여, 전세계적으로 유엔해양법협약과 로마협약, 기타 국제적 협정들을 통한 해결을 시도하고 있다. 하지만 그 어느 것도 모두 해적의 위협으로부터 우리를 지키는 법률적 기초로는 불충분하다. 이는 동 협약들에서 포섭되는 해적의 정의는 너무 좁을 뿐만 아니라, 심지어 현실적으로 정기적으로 또는 빈번하게 발생되는 많은 피해 양태들마저도 포함하지 못하고 있기 때문이다. 하지만 대응 법규의 부재 또는 결함으로 인해 그 해결을 미루기에는 해적의 피해가 너무 큰 것이 우리의 현실이다. 이러한 문제에 대해 우리는 다음과 같은 해결책을 연구하고 논의를 발전시켜야 할 것이다. 첫째, 해적의 개념 규정을 유엔해양법협약 이전에 존재하던 해적에 대한 국제적 관행과 관습국제법을 원용해서 법적?제도적으로 재정립해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 유엔해양법협약을 비롯한 기타 실정국제법 상의 정의에 포섭되지 않는 해적 행위들이 빈번하게 발생하고 있는 현실을 감안하여, 보편적 법감정에 비추어 해적이라고 간주 할 수 밖에 없는 행위가 발생된 경우에, 비록 그것이 유엔해양법협약 및 기타 실정국제법에 의해 채택된 해적의 정의에 포섭되지 않는다고 하더라도, 그 법률적 해결을 시도해야 할 것이다. 셋째, ReCCAP 협정과 같은 지역적 대응 논의들은 실체적으로 보다 집행력 있는 협약으로의 개정을 시도해야 할 것이다. Piracy has threatened the benefits of all nations for a long time since human advanced the ocean. Because of that, all nations have regarded the piracy problems to be serious for a long time. As piracy has worked on the sea route of all maritime nations and threatened the political and commercial benefits of mankinds, International Law regards piracy as the universal crime and enables any piracy-arresting nation to punish him. About 45 % of the whole merchant ships pass the Asian region. Piracy’s attack against these ships interrupts the international trade and causes the huge economic loss. Besides, the relationship between terrorists such as Al Qaeda and piracy grows the international concern. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS), Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation(Rome Convention), and other international conventions around the world, including “Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia(ReCCAP)” are trying to solve these piracy problems. But all the conventions are insufficient for the legal basis which is protecting the Asian region nations from threats of piracy. That is because the definitions of piracy in these conventions are not only so limited, but also fail to include the regular and frequent damage forms in Asia. Because of the absences or defects of correspondence regulations, however, the damage by piracy is so huge today that we can’t put off the solution any more. About these problems, we should study the following solutions and develop the argument. First, we should reform the definition of piracy legally and systematically, invoking an International Practice and Customary International Law before UNCLOS. Second, in case of the act which cannot help being regarded as piracy in the perspectives of universally legal consciousness though the act isn’t included in UNCLOS and other international laws, Asian nations should try to solve it legally, considering that the acts of piracy happen frequently beyond the definitions of UNCLOS and other international laws. Third, local regional correspondence arguments should lead to reform ReCCAP into more executive convention.

해적의 인권 보장에 대한 비판적 고찰과 형사절차법적 개선방안

백상진 ( Baeg Sang Jin ) 한국경찰학회 2017 한국경찰학회보 Vol.19 No.6

해적행위는 우리 경제의 대동맥이라 할 수 있는 해상운송에 상당한 위협이 되고 있다. 따라서 대부분의 논문에서는 주로 해적행위의 단속 및 처벌에 주안점을 두면서 선박의 안전운항의 확보를 위하여 많은 제안을 하고 있다. 그렇지만 해적처벌은 국내법적 문제와 더불어 국제법적 관련성이 높아 복잡한 법률적 문제를 야기하고 있다. 뿐만 아니라 해적을 인권의 주체로서 다루어야 하므로 외교적 문제까지 가미하고 있다. 이러한 점을 고려하여 이 논문에서는 해적의 인권적 측면을 염두에 두면서 여러 방안을 제시하고 있다. 해상교통로의 안전성을 위협하는 해적행위에 대응하는 조치는 법집행활동 또는 해상치안활동에 해당하는 경찰작용이다. 따라서 해양경찰이 해적단속의 주체로서 사법절차에 따라 그 임무를 수행함으로써 해적피의자의 인권을 보장할 뿐만 아니라 군에 의한 해적단속으로 야기될 수 있는 연안국의 자극과 불안감을 제거하고 원활한 사법공조도 기대할 수 있다. 해적행위에 대응하기 위한 별도의 특별법 또는 규정이 존재하지 않는 국내법 체계에서 주로 형사법을 통하여 해적단속이 이루어진다. 그렇지만 형사법은 사법 인프라가 잘 구축된 육상에서 발생한 범죄에 적용하는 것을 전제로 하고 있으므로 공해(公海)에서 발생하고 있는 해적행위에 그대로 적용하기에는 현실적으로 부적절하다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 해적의 인권과 직결되고 있는 형사소송법의 영역에서 사법부와 검찰의 통제 하에서 해적피의자의 사법적 단속을 위한 예외적인 규정의 제정을 제안하고 있다. Piracy is becoming a great threat in marine transportation, which can be considered as the main artery of Korean economy. Therefore, most research papers present many suggestions for the safe navigation of vessels focusing on control and punishment of piracy. However, punishment of piracy is involved not only with domestic laws but also with international laws, causing complicated legal problems. In addition, the pirates should be dealt with as the principal of human rights, so diplomatic challenges are also accompanied. Considering this, this study presents many methods, giving a thought of the aspect of pirates' human rights. The measures taken on piracy that threatens safe marine traffic are police action that involves law enforcement or maintenance of marine security. Therefore, the maritime police should perform its tasks in accordance with legal procedures as a principal of piracy control, so that they can not only guarantee the human rights of piracy suspects but also remove stimulation and anxiety of coastal nations that can be caused by piracy control, in addition to the coastal nations' judicial assistance. In the domestic legal system where separate special laws or regulations to cope with piracy do not exist, piracy is enforced mostly by criminal law. However, criminal law premises to apply to crimes occurring on land where legal infrastructure is well established, so it is practically inappropriate to apply to piracy that happens in open waters. Thus, this study suggests enactment of exclusive regulations for judicial control of piracy suspects under the control of the judiciary and the prosecutor in the area of the Criminal Procedure Code that is directly related to human rights of pirates.

해적행위의 처벌에 대한 비판적 고찰과 형법개정을 위한 제언

백상진 ( Sang Jin Baeg ) 한국비교형사법학회 2011 비교형사법연구 Vol.13 No.2

The purpose of this study is to consider a countermeasure against piracy in the viewpoint of criminal law and make a concrete suggestion of revision of the criminal code. Whenever discussing issues of piracy, there has always been a problem of definition because each nation provides a piracy different , and its meaning is ambiguous. Piracy is divided into the narrow definition which is provided in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982(UNCLOS) and the wide definition which is in accord with the changed international environment. Because the piracy is involved in the universal jurisdiction by UNCLOS article 105 which provides that every State may seize a pirate ship on the high seas, it is reasonable to follow the narrow definition of piracy in the UNCLOS. However, this definition does not sufficiently consider today`s diverse and complex types of piracy. Therefore it is necessary to have domestic legislation with the wide definition of piracy. The blank of the universal jurisdiction that is able to occur this time must get filled up with the multilateral international treaties like the convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation. Today, a piracy is likely to be linked by means of terror. So comprehensive countermeasures have to be considered from the political, economic, military, and social aspects in order to ensure the safe sea traffic route. However, the current criminal law with robbery as the center can not meet these requirements. It is important to crack down on piracy in focus of social legal benefit. Although piracy is very complex and diversified since the criminal code enacted in 1953, criminal provisions related to piracy and pirates are never revised. So our criminal code does not sufficiently include the types of pirate crime. To satisfy the international demands, the general types of piracy with no controversy between intentional society have to be included in the criminal code. In addition, it is required to fill a gap of punishment for piracy with introduction of the universal jurisdiction in the criminal code for enlargement of its scope of application.

사이버범죄와 중화의 영향 : 대학생의 인터넷저작권침해 다운로드와 업로드 비교

이성식,장하영 대한범죄학회 2023 한국범죄학 Vol.17 No.1

This study examines the effect of neutralization on college students’ cybercrime and tests its impact to both digital download and upload piracy. This study hypothesized that the effect of neutralization is high and its effect is higher in more serious upload piracy than in less serious download piracy. Instead, it is expected that the effect of attitude favorable to digital piracy is higher in download piracy than in upload piracy. Using data from 317 college students in Seoul, this study supports our hypotheses. That is, results show that the effect of neutralization is significant in upload piracy but its effect is not significant in download piracy, while the effect of attitude favorable to digital piracy is significant in download piracy but its effect is not significant in upload piracy. 이 연구는 중화 논의를 사이버범죄 설명에 적용함에 있어 대학생을 대상으로 인터넷저작권침해행위에서 다운로드와 업로드의 경우로 나누어 비교해서 살펴본다. 중화의 설명은 사이버범죄에 잘작용될 것이며, 또한 대학생과 같은 일반층의 일탈행동에 더 잘 작동될 것으로 보지만 특히 대학생의 다운로드의 좀 더 사소한 침해행위 경우보다는 좀 더 심각한 업로드 행위에서 더 높을 것으로 본다. 그대신 그동안 인터넷저작권침해행위에서 주요 설명 요인이었던 침해용인태도의 영향력은 기존 연구결과에서처럼 다운로드 행위에서 더 크지만 업로드의 경우에서는 다소 약할 것으로예측한다. 서울시 317명의 대학생을 대상으로 조사하고 분석한 결과 본 연구의 가설이 지지되었다. 즉 중화의 영향력은 인터넷저작권침해의 업로드 행위에서 유의미했으며 다운로드에서는 유의미하지 않았고, 그 반면 침해용인태도의 영향력은 업로드 설명에서 유의미하지 않았던 반면 업로드가 아닌 다운로드 행위에서 유의미했다.

A Study on the Countermeasures for Securing Safety of Ship from Piracy Attacks

Seung-Dae Noh,Cheol-Seung Kim,Sung-Hyeon Park 한국항해항만학회 2012 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.36 No.4

This study is concerned with the applicable countermeasures for securing safety of ship from piracy attacks. For improvements and countermeasures, we analyzed the recent anti-piracy trends. In spite of international community's various activities for safety navigating, the number of piracy in Gulf of Aden and in the vicinity of Somali waters has been increasing dramatically in the last few years, so has the number of piracy on Korean vessels. In case of piracy attack which based on Somalia, it continues constantly and widely not only near shore, but coastal and oceanic waters. This study figures out the limitations of international community's efforts including military and legal improvements. There are no studies concerning the countermeasures of bridge protection by piracy. This study suggested the additional installation of outside door of bridge as well as the adjustment of piracy operation area(POA) of Korea navy.

국제정치 문제가 된 해적: 소말리아 해적을 중심으로

김석수 ( Suk Soo Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2013 중동연구 Vol.32 No.1

The purpose of this article is to analyses Piracy as a Problem of International Politics, particularly on the Piracy off the coast of Somalia. Although the issue of piracy recently rather dropped out of the top headlines the world`s ocean have certainly not become any safer, on the contrary, the level of risk remains high, especially around the horn of Africa. The spectacular rise of piracy along the Horn of Africa in the past years has brought the topic to the top of most international agendas. The international community has reacted promptly the Somalia`s piracy: since 2008, the EU, NATO and several countries have sent vessels to protect ships sailing in the area. However, most experts agree that the problem has to be dealt with on the long term and within Somalia, rather than out at sea. The existence of a causal link between Somalia`s internal situation and piracy is now accepted by most observers. However, there is still a significant information gap regarding the true nature of the connection between the situation onshore and offshore, as well as the concrete organization of piracy within the country. The collapse of the central state in Somalia has certainly contributed to the development of piracy. However, it is not sufficient as an explanation of the phenomenon`s main features. Rebuilding state institutions appears to be the most efficient way of fighting piracy on the long term, but the complexity of Somalia`s internal situation requires a realistic approach for the short and medium term. The international community has to take the security, political, economic and social characteristics of Somalia into consideration and make sure that the actors involved in the country`s reconstruction process are willing to and capable of fighting piracy efficiently.

A Study on Evaluating Modern Piracy and Marine Insurance Coverage

방성국,김승철 한국국제상학회 2012 國際商學 Vol.27 No.4

The purpose of this paper is to urge the importance of evaluating modern piracy and explore legal complication to govern modern piracy in international trade. Further more, this paper will present how marine insurance has evolved to reflect modern piracy and provide coverage to the risk of modern piracy. Modern piracy is a complex risk and successful risk management will mean combining statutory regulations and supplementary measures to combat piracy in advance and mitigate exposure to the risk of Piracy. More importantly, further studies on piracy as a risk based approach using risk management principles should come before taking insurance as a risk management plan.