토양 및 수질 특성 비교를 통한 유기논과 관행논의 환경 특성 분석

이태구(Tae-Gu Lee),구본운(Bon-Wun Gu),박성직(Seong-Jik Park) 대한환경공학회 2016 대한환경공학회지 Vol.38 No.9

본 연구에서는 토양 및 수질 특성 모니터링을 통한 유기논과 관행논의 환경 영향을 조사하였다. 용인과 안성 지역의 유기논과 관행논에서 표층(0~15 cm) 및 심층(15~30 cm) 토양과 수질 시료를 채취 및 분석하였다. 집단 간의 유의성의 차이는 던컨의 다중검정으로 판별하였다. 실험 결과 T-P 농도는 표층 및 심층 토양 모두에서 안성 지역이 용인 지역보다 높게 나타났다. 안성 논토양에서 유기논과 관행논의 T-P 농도의 차이는 유의미한 차이를 보였지만, 용인에서는 나타나지 않았다. 용인과 안성 지역 모두에서 유기논 토양의 T-N 농도는 관행논 보다 낮게 나타났다. 안성 유기논의 심층 토양의 수분함량은 다른 논에 비하여 현저한 차이가 나타났으며, 이는 silt-clay 함량 결과와 일치한다. 관행논 물의 pH와 EC는 유기논에 비하여 높게 나타났다. 안성 지역에서 관행논의 COD, T-P, 그리고 PO4-P가 유기논에 비하여 높게 나타났다. 회귀분석 결과 T-N을 제외하고 토양 특성과 수질 결과 간에 상관성이 없었다. In this study, we investigated the environmental impact of organic and conventional paddy by monitoring soil properties and water quality. We sampled and analyzed topsoil (0~15 cm), subsoil (15~30 cm), and water of organic and conventional paddy fields in Yongin and Anseong, South Korea. The statistical significance between groups was determined by Duncan"s multiple range test. The results show that T-P concentrations in both topsoil and subsoil of Anseong paddy were higher than those of Yongin paddy. The significant difference of T-P between organic and conventional paddy was observed in Anseong but not in Yongin. T-N of organic paddy soil was lower than that of conventional paddy in both Anseong and Yongin region. Water content for subsoil of organic paddy in Anseong was significantly different from others, which is consistent with the results of silt-clay content. pH and EC of water in conventional paddy were higher than those in organic paddy. In Anseong, COD, T-P, and PO4-P concentration of conventional paddy were higher than those of organic paddy. The regression analysis presented that there were no significant relationship between soil properties and water quality data except T-N.

韓半島 쇠스랑[鐵搭]을 통해본 明淸시대 江南의 水田농업

최덕경 한국역사민속학회 2011 역사민속학 Vol.0 No.37

『王禎農書』에 처음으로 등장하는 鐵搭은 한반도에서 2세기 때부터 남부지역을 중심으로 출토되었던 쇠스랑으로, 한반도를 통해 唐代 이전에 중국으로 건너갔다. 한반도 남부지역은 신석기 중기부터 농경을 하였으며, 한반도의 쇠스랑은 4~5세기에 보급이 확대되면서 다목적 농구로 사용되었다. 당시 쇠스랑의 제작기법은 철정 하나를 단조하여 刃部와 銎部를 제작했으며, 銎부분은 鐵板을 펴서말아 圓筒形의 木柄口를 만들었다. 이 방식은 원대 이후 중국의 철탑과는 제작법이 전혀 다르며, 당시 한반도의 쇠스랑의 제작기법과 형태는 지금까지 지속되고 있다. 中國 江南지역의 철탑은 水田의 대표적인 深耕을 위한 농구였지만, 한반도의 쇠스랑은 1세기부터 旱田과 堆肥생산에 사용되었다는 점이 특징이다. 그리고 明淸시대에서는 철탑이 牛犁를 대신하여 사용되었지만, 한반도에서는 무상유벽리가 존재하여 쇠스랑과 짝을 이루어 노동한 것이 특징이다. 또 쇠스랑이 강남지역에 널리 보급된 요인은 매우 복합적이다. 무엇보다 명청시대 사회환경의 변화로 인하여 가구당 보유토지면적은 줄고, 商業作物재배와 傭工의 기회가 많아져 牛犁를 사용하지 못해 손실된 수입을 보충할 수 있는 여건이 마련되었으며, 게다가 전통적인 相助노동을 통해 牛犁의 노동생산성을 보완했으며, 水田의 토질도 粘土性이 강하여 江東犁의 도입이 부적합했기 때문이다. 그 결과 명청시대 강남농업에서 쇠스랑이 多肥深耕의 중심 농구로 잡게 되었던 것이다. 하지만 쇠스랑이 근대화 이후 기계화의 도입과 화학비료의 사용이 보편화되면서 농촌에서 점차 사라지고 있다는 것은 농업문화유산을 보존한다는 관점에서 볼 때, 매우 아쉬운 일이다. 필자는 이 논고를 빌어 유기농업의 부활과 쇠스랑이 동아시아 공통의 農業文化遺産으로 다시 되살아나기를 기대한다. Pitchfork, firstly appearing in Agricultural Classic Literature by Wang Zhen, was distributed around the southern region of the Korean peninsula since the 2nd century BC and from there went over to China before the Tang dynasty. The southern region of the Korean peninsula had been farming since the middle of the Neolithic period, and the pitchfork of the Korean peninsula came to be used as a multipurpose farming took with the expansion of its distribution in the 4th and 5th centuries. The production technique of the pitchfork in those days was as following:people produced the blade and the haft link by forging an iron nail, and the haft hole was made cylindrically by a roll of an iron plate. This is far different in production technique from the pitchfork of China after the Yuan dynasty, and the production technique and the shape of the pitchfork of the Korean peninsula in those days are still continuing up to this time. Whereas the pitchfork of the Jiangnan region of China was a representative farming tool for deep ploughing, that of the Korean peninsula is characterized by its early usages for fields and compost production. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, furthermore, the pitchfork was used instead of plough, but in the Korean peninsula, from the ancient times, it had been replacing hoes and mattocks or being used for the storage of manure. And there are multiple factors in the widespread distribution of pitchfork in Jiangnan region. Before anything else, the change in social circumstances of the Ming and Qing dynasties decreased the household landholding area and increased the production of commercial crops and the chances for employed labor. It therefore provided for the conditions to supplement the loss from the failure to use cattle ploughing and to compensate the labor productivity of hoes with the mutually-aided farming. The paddy fields' strong clay soil also made it unsuitable to introduce the ploughs from Jiangdong. In the farming in Jiangnan of the Ming and Qing dynasties, as a result, the pitchfork came to establish itself as a main farming tool for the deep ploughing and heavy fertilizer. It is very regrettable, however, especially from the view of the preservation of agricultural heritage, that pitchforks are disappearing from the farming community as the introduction of mechanization and the use of chemical fertilizers become common. I hope that the organic farming would revive and the pitchfork would be reintroduced as a agricultural heritage common to the East Asia.

Comparison of Growth, Yield and Yield Components among Rice Cultivars for Organic Farming in No-tillage Paddy

( Daniel Son ),( Young Han Lee ) 한국환경농학회 2010 한국환경농학회지 Vol.29 No.1

Organic farming system in rice paddy is rapidly expanding in Korea. This study was to find out optimum japonica rice cultivars for organic farming. A field research was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of japonica rice cultivars under no-tillage paddy at Doo-ryangmyeon, Sacheon, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. The experimental soil was Juggog series (silty clay loam: 56.0% silt, 31.2% clay and 12.8% sand). In experiment, ten lines of Japanese rice cultivars were tested under no-tillage amended with rye (NTR) and no-tillage without cover crop treatment (NTNT). In addition, two Korean japonica rice cultivars as check cultivars were used in this study. The grain yield in NTR was significantly higher in 6.13 Mg ha-1 for Kinuhikari, 5.30 Mg ha-1 for Komekogane, 5.25 Mg ha-1 for Kosihikari, 5.22 Mg ha-1 for Mazizbare and 5.12 Mg ha-1 for Akitakomachi compared to two Korean rice cultivars (4.57 Mg ha-1 for Hwayoungbyeo and 4.00 Mg ha-1 for Ilmibyeo) in that order. While, grain yield in NTNT was significantly higher in 4.90 Mg ha-1 for Akitakomachi 3.81 Mg ha-1 for Hinohikari, 3.74 Mg ha-1 for Umezkusi, 3.67 Mg ha-1 for Kosihikari and 3.54 Mg ha-1 for Dondokuri compared to 3.02 Mg ha-1 for Ilmibyeo and 2.36 Mg ha-1 for Hwayoungbyeo, respectively. The number of panicle per m2 and grain number per panicle were indispensible for increasing the yield of rice. These results were able to find out optimum japonica rice cultivar Akitakomachi for organic farming in no-tillage paddy.

용인과 안성 지역의 유기논 및 관행논에서 토양 화학 특성 및 중금속 함량 비교

구본운,이태구,강구,홍성구,홍승길,장태일,김진호,박성직,Gu, Bon-Wun,Lee, Tae-Gu,Kang, Ku,Hong, Seong-Gu,Hong, Seung-Gil,Jang, Tae-Il,Kim, Jin-Ho,Park, Seong-Jik 한국농공학회 2017 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.59 No.3

The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical properties and heavy metal concentration of soils in conventional and organic paddy. We sampled and analyzed topsoil (0~15 cm) and subsoil (15~30 cm) of conventional and organic paddy fields in Yongin and Anseong, South Korea. The statistical significance between groups was determined by Duncan's multiple range test and correlation between soil properties was also analyzed. The results show that organic matter (OM) and T-N of conventional paddy soil were higher than those of organic paddy soil. However, higher T-P concentration was observed in organic paddy soil than conventional paddy soil. As, Pb, and Zn concentration in organic paddy soil were statistically lower than those in conventional paddy soil. The couple of water content (WC) & As, OM & T-N, T-P & $P_2O_5$, T-P & Zn, $P_2O_5$ & Zn, and Cr & Ni had a good positive correlation but the couple of WC & T-P, WC & Zn, T-P & As, and As & Zn had a strong negative correlation. It can be concluded that organic farming is beneficial to soil environment by reducing the amounts of organic matter, T-N, As, Pb, and Zn concentration in paddy soil when compared to conventional farming.

Comparison of Growth, Yield and Yield Components among Rice Cultivars for Organic Farming in No-tillage Paddy

손다니엘,이영한 한국환경농학회 2010 한국환경농학회지 Vol.29 No.1

Organic farming system in rice paddy is rapidly expanding in Korea. This study was to find out optimum japonica rice cultivars for organic farming. A field research was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of japonica rice cultivars under no-tillage paddy at Doo-ryangmyeon, Sacheon, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. The experimental soil was Juggog series (silty clay loam: 56.0% silt, 31.2% clay and 12.8% sand). In experiment, ten lines of Japanese rice cultivars were tested under no-tillage amended with rye (NTR) and no-tillage without cover crop treatment (NTNT). In addition, two Korean japonica rice cultivars as check cultivars were used in this study. The grain yield in NTR was significantly higher in 6.13 Mg ha-1 for Kinuhikari, 5.30 Mg ha-1 for Komekogane, 5.25 Mg ha-1 for Kosihikari, 5.22 Mg ha-1 for Mazizbare and 5.12 Mg ha-1 for Akitakomachi compared to two Korean rice cultivars (4.57 Mg ha-1 for Hwayoungbyeo and 4.00 Mg ha-1 for Ilmibyeo) in that order. While, grain yield in NTNT was significantly higher in 4.90 Mg ha-1 for Akitakomachi 3.81 Mg ha-1 for Hinohikari, 3.74 Mg ha-1 for Umezkusi, 3.67 Mg ha-1 for Kosihikari and 3.54 Mg ha-1 for Dondokuri compared to 3.02 Mg ha-1 for Ilmibyeo and 2.36 Mg ha-1 for Hwayoungbyeo, respectively. The number of panicle per m2 and grain number per panicle were indispensible for increasing the yield of rice. These results were able to find out optimum japonica rice cultivar Akitakomachi for organic farming in no-tillage paddy.

Evaluation of Beneficial Function for Organic Paddy Farming in Korea

Seo. M.C.,Park, K.L.,Ko, B.G.,Kang, K.K.,Ko, J.Y.,Lee, J.S. 한국유기농업학회 2011 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.19 No.S

In order to evaluation of beneficial functions for organic farming, we have divided beneficial functions as 9 sub-functions such as flooding control, fostering water resources, purifying the air, mitigating summer climate, purifying water quality, decreasing soil erosion, accumulating soil carbon, conserving biodiversity, and preventing accidents from pesticides. And they were quantified by searching related repots and statistics, and surveying fields. Organic farming, especially organic paddy farming, showed that some functions like fostering water resources, accumulating soil carbon, conserving biodiversity, and preventing accidents from pesticides were higher than conventional paddy farming, while the others were almost similaι The foste꺼ng water resources function was evaluated as 4,297 ton ha-1 year-1 to increase about 3.6% comparing with that of conventional farming. New function for accumulating soil carbon at organic paddy fields has been assessed by 4.67 ton ha-1 in terms of long periods over 10 years. Considering area of organic paddy farming in Korea and value of carbon price, it was evaluated monetary value as 22.4 to 84.1 billion won using replaced method. It could be also evaluated that flooding control, fostering water resources, purifying the air, mitigating summer climate, purifying water quality, decreasing soil erosion, and preventing accidents from pesticides were 2,980, 123.4, 482.6, 87.5, 0.9, 55.6, and 284.1 billion won, respectively. Conserving biodiversity function would be very big at organic farming though it couldn ’l be evaluated as monetary value.

Evaluation of Beneficial Function for Organic Paddy Farming in Korea

Seo, M.C.,Park, K.L.,Ko, B.G.,Kang, K.K.,Ko, J.Y.,Lee, J.S. Korean Association of Organic Agriculture 2011 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.19 No.S

In order to evaluation of beneficial functions for organic farming, we have divided beneficial functions as 9 sub-functions such as flooding control, fostering water resources, purifying the air, mitigating summer climate, purifying water quality, decreasing soil erosion, accumulating soil carbon, conserving biodiversity, and preventing accidents from pesticides. And they were quantified by searching related repots and statistics, and surveying fields. Organic farming, especially organic paddy farming, showed that some functions like fostering water resources, accumulating soil carbon, conserving biodiversity, and preventing accidents from pesticides were higher than conventional paddy farming, while the others were almost similar. The fostering water resources function was evaluated as 4,297 ton $ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$ to increase about 3.6% comparing with that of conventional farming. New function for accumulating soil carbon at organic paddy fields has been assessed by 4.67 ton $ha^{-1}$ in terms of long periods over 10 years. Considering area of organic paddy farming in Korea and value of carbon price, it was evaluated monetary value as 22.4 to 84.1 billion won using replaced method. It could be also evaluated that flooding control, fostering water resources, purifying the air, mitigating summer climate, purifying water quality, decreasing soil erosion, and preventing accidents from pesticides were 2,980, 123.4, 482.6, 87.5, 0.9, 55.6, and 284.1 billion won, respectively. Conserving biodiversity function would be very big at organic farming though it couldn't be evaluated as monetary value.

Comparison of Growth, Yield and Yield Components among Rice Cultivars for Organic Farming in No-tillage Paddy

Son, Daniel,Lee, Young-Han The Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture 2010 한국환경농학회지 Vol.29 No.1

Organic farming system in rice paddy is rapidly expanding in Korea. This study was to find out optimum japonica rice cultivars for organic farming. A field research was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of japonica rice cultivars under no-tillage paddy at Doo-ryangmyeon, Sacheon, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. The experimental soil was Juggog series (silty clay loam: 56.0% silt, 31.2% clay and 12.8% sand). In experiment, ten lines of Japanese rice cultivars were tested under no-tillage amended with rye (NTR) and no-tillage without cover crop treatment (NTNT). In addition, two Korean japonica rice cultivars as check cultivars were used in this study. The grain yield in NTR was significantly higher in 6.13 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Kinuhikari, 5.30 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Komekogane, 5.25 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Kosihikari, 5.22 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Mazizbare and 5.12 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Akitakomachi compared to two Korean rice cultivars (4.57 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Hwayoungbyeo and 4.00 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Ilmibyeo) in that order. While, grain yield in NTNT was significantly higher in 4.90 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Akitakomachi 3.81 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Hinohikari, 3.74 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Umezkusi, 3.67 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Kosihikari and 3.54 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Dondokuri compared to 3.02 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Ilmibyeo and 2.36 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Hwayoungbyeo, respectively. The number of panicle per $m^2$ and grain number per panicle were indispensible for increasing the yield of rice. These results were able to find out optimum japonica rice cultivar Akitakomachi for organic farming in no-tillage paddy.

벼 유기농업을 위한 무경운 피복작물 작부체계 평가

이영한(Young-Han Lee) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.2

무경운 논에서 유기농업에 적합한 녹비작물의 시용효과를 검토하기 위해 경남농업기술원 시험포장인 이현미 사질양토 (모래 9.1, 미사 73.0, 점토 17.9%)에서 일미벼를 시험품종으로 토양 검정 시비처방과 화학농약을 사용한 경운 처리 구 (관행)와 무경운 논에서 화학농자재를 사용하지 않고 유기물 피복으로 무처리, 볏짚, 헤어리베치, 유채, 호밀, 자운영을 처리하여 연구하였다. 벼결주율은 무경운 처리인 무처리 5.3%, 볏짚 1.4%, 헤어리베치 2.8%, 유채 5.0%, 호밀 5.3%, 자운영 4.7%로 관행 처리 구 1.1% 보다 높았다. 벼 20주당 벼멸구 발생량은 관행 처리 구에서 65.3 마리, 무경운 처리 구는 3.4∼9.6 마리였으며 잎집무늬마름병 발병진전율도 관행 처리 구가 10.5%로 무경운 처리 구 0.7∼2.9%에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 발생 잡초는 물달개비, 사마귀 풀, 여뀌바늘, 마디꽃이 우점하였고 총 건조량은 무경운 볏짚 처리 구가 35.9, 무경운 무처리 구가 33.2 g m?²로서 높았으며 관행 처리 구는 14.5 g m?², 무경운 자운영 처리 구는 18.4 g m?²로서 유의적으로 낮았다. 토양 pH와 유효인산 함량은 담수처리 후 무경운 처리 구에서 급격히 낮아지고 출수시에 높아졌다. 출수시의 토양 암모니아태질소 함량은 관행에 비해 무경운 피복작물 처리 구에서 유의적인 증가를 보였으며 담수이후 관행 처리 구와 무경운 무처리의 토양 미생물 생체량이 급격히 낮아졌다. 관행 처리 구의 수량은 주당 이삭수가 12.6개, 수당 입수가 68.2개, 등숙비율은 89.4%로 높아 수량이 4.30 Mg ㏊?¹로서 가장 많았다. 무경운에서는 자운영 처리 구가 주당 수수 11.0개, 수당 입수가 64.6개 및 천립중 20.4 g 등으로 전반적인 수량 구성요소가 양호하여 수량이 2.69 Mg ㏊?¹로 다른 처리 구에 비해 높은 경향이었다. Toyo 식미치는 무경운 볏짚처리 구가 79.9의 수치로 가장 높았고 무경운 헤어리베치 79.2, 무처리 78.0, 자운영 77.9, 호밀 77.2, 유채 77.1 및 관행 74.1의 순으로 나타났으며 단백질 함량은 관행 7.4%, 유채 7.2%, 호밀 7.0%, 헤어리베치 6.6%, 자운영 6.4% 및 무처리 6.3%의 순으로 낮아졌다. 수량과 쌀 품질 및 경제성을 고려할 때 유기농업을 위한 무경운 작부체계에서는 자운영이 가장 좋은 피복작물로 생각되었다. The objectives of this study were to evaluate no-tillage cover crop cropping systems for organic farming in paddy. The experiment was performed at Ihyeon series (silt loam: 9.1% sand, 73.0% silt and 17.9% clay) which affected by different management practices. Planthopper population per 20 plant was significantly higher 65.3 for conventional tillage with chemical compounds (control) compared with 3.4∼9.6 for no-tillage treatments (without rice straw or green manure, amended with rice straw, hairy vetch, rape, rye, and Chinese milk vetch). Also, disease severity of sheath blight was significantly higher 10.5% for control compared to 0.7∼2.9% for no-tillage treatments. Four weed species, namely Monochoria vaginalis, Ludwigia prostrata, Rotala indica, and Aneilema keisak occurred in no-tillage paddy, whereas Monochoria vaginalis occurred in control only. The pH, available phosphate, and microbial biomass C in paddy were steeply decreased in response to submerging, but increased at first heading stage. Soil NH₄-N content at first heading stage was significantly higher in no-tillage treatments compared with control. The grain yield was significantly higher in 4.30 Mg ㏊?¹ for control than other treatments. Meanwhile, rice productivity was significantly higher in 2.69 Mg ㏊?¹ for no-tillage amended with Chinese milk vetch compared to other no-tillage treatments. The number of panicle per plant, grain number per panicle, and percent ripened grain were highly related for increasing the yield of rice. These results show that Chinese milk vetch was optimum cover crop for organic farming in no-tillage paddy.

Water and soil properties in organic and conventional paddies throughout the rice cultivation cycle in South Korea

Tae-Gu Lee,Chang-Gu Lee,Seung-Gil Hong,Jin-Ho Kim,Seong-Jik Park 대한환경공학회 2019 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.24 No.1

Water and soil properties in paddy fields subjected to organic and conventional farming were characterized over the rice cycle in South Korea. To achieve the goals of this study, we sampled and analyzed soil and water from 24 organic paddy plots and 11 conventional paddy plots in March, May, August, and October 2016. The results were analyzed using statistical analyses, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), cluster analysis, and principal component analysis. The ANOVA results showed that water content (WC), electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), and available phosphorus (P₂O5) in soil varied significantly (p < 0.01) depending on the farming method. Higher OM, EC, and P₂O5 of soil were observed in the conventional paddies than in the organic paddies. All soil properties, except pH and ammonium, depended on seasonal variation. Cluster analysis revealed that soil properties in May were distinctly separated from those in other seasons mainly due to basal fertilization. The principal component analysis distinguished the soil properties in different seasons, but such a distinction was not observed between the soil properties in organic and conventional paddies. Low contents of WC, OM, and total N were observed in March. High concentrations of nitrate and total P were observed in May, but these were low in August and October. The soils from October were also characterized by high concentrations of EC and P₂O5. These results indicate that the sampling time for soil and water can significantly influence the evaluation of soil properties with different farming methods.