脾陰 이론의 형성에 대한 고찰

윤기령 대한한의학원전학회 2022 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.35 No.3

Objectives : To examine the developmental process of the Pi-Yin theory since the Huangdineijing to Miu Xiyong. Methods : Related contents since the Huangdineijing to Miu Xiyong was searched to examine the development of the Pi-Yin theory. Results & Conclusions : In the Huangdineijing and Shanghanzabinglun, the origin of the Pi's body fluids that nurtures everywhere is explained to be the Wei, which limited the development of the Pi-Yin theory. Liu Wansu understood tonification of the Pi by means of moistening medicinals to mean adding Pi-Yin based on the manifestation of dryness in the case of dampness deficiency which is the main Qi of the Pi and Wei. Zhu Danxi understood adding Pi-Yin as accomplished by supplementing Blood. The understanding of the nature of Pi to be 'likes dryness and hates dampness' leading to thinking that drying dampness tonifies the Pi was the reason why the Pi-Yin theory could not develop fully. Miu Xiyong accepted theories of both Li Dongyuan and Zhu Danxi, and constructed the Pi-Yin theory to bring caution to the unwanted effects of using Baizhu wrongly. Through examination of the developmental process of the Pi-Yin theory, it could be understood that rather than focusing on the physiological function of the Pi-Yin and ways of maintaining its proper functioning, the theory was developed to bring caution to using medicinals with dry and hot properties that could dry the Pi-Yin.

Localization and projected role of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases IIα and IIβ in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive nucleoplasmic Ca ²⁺ store vesicles

Yoo, Seung Hyun,Huh, Yang Hoon,Huh, Seong Kwon,Chu, Sei Yoon,Kim, Ki Deok,Hur, Yong Suk Landes Bioscience 2014 Nucleus Vol.5 No.4

<P>Phosphatidylinositol (PI) kinases are key molecules that participate in the phosphoinositide signaling in the cytoplasm. Despite the accumulating evidence that supports the existence and operation of independent PI signaling system in the nucleus, the exact location of the PI kinases inside the nucleus is not well defined. Here we show that PI4-kinases IIα and IIβ, which play central roles in PI(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB> synthesis and PI signaling, are localized in numerous small nucleoplasmic vesicles that function as inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)<I>P</I><SUB>3</SUB>)-sensitive Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> stores. This is in accord with the past results that showed the localization of PI4(P)5-kinases that are essential in PI(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB> production and PI(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB> in nuclear matrix. Along with PI(4,5)P<SUB>2</SUB> that also exists on the nucleoplasmic vesicle membranes, the localization of PI4-kinases IIα and IIβ in the nucleoplasmic vesicles strongly implicates the vesicles to the PI signaling as well as the Ins(1,4,5)<I>P</I><SUB>3</SUB>-depenent Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> signaling in the nucleus. Accordingly, the nucleoplasmic vesicles indeed release Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> rapidly in response to Ins(1,4,5)<I>P</I><SUB>3</SUB>. Further, the Ins(1,4,5)<I>P</I><SUB>3</SUB>-induced Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> release studies suggest that PI4KIIα and IIβ are localized near the Ins(1,4,5)<I>P</I><SUB>3</SUB> receptor (Ins(1,4,5)<I>P</I><SUB>3</SUB>R)/Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> channels on the Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> store vesicle membranes. In view of the widespread presence of the Ins(1,4,5)<I>P</I><SUB>3</SUB>-dependent Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> store vesicles and the need to fine-control the nuclear Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> concentrations at multiple sites along the chromatin fibers in the nucleus, the existence of the key PI enzymes in the Ins(1,4,5)<I>P</I><SUB>3</SUB>-dependent nucleoplasmic Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> store vesicles appears to be in perfect harmony with the physiological roles of the PI kinases in the nucleus.</P>

Cloning and Characterization of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase γ cDNA from Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Tae Hyug Jeong(정태혁),Joo Yeon Youn(윤주연),Keunho Ji(지근호),Yong Bae Seo(서용배),Young Tae Kim(김영태) 한국생명과학회 2014 생명과학회지 Vol.24 No.4

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)는 항산화 제어반응, 심근세포 성장, 및 세포 내 특수반응 뿐만 아니라 세포분화, 생장, 운동, 식균 및 내항작용, 세포 골격유지에 관여하는 등 세포 신호체계에서 핵심 역할을 하는 효소이다. PI3K는 세 그룹으로 나누어지며 type I PI3K는 leukocyte에서 우선적으로 발현되고 G-proteins의 βγ subunits에 의해서 활성화 된다. 본 연구에서는 넙치(Paralichthys olivaceus)의 PI3Kγ를 암호화하는 cDNA를 클로닝하였다. 넙치의 PI3Kγ는 1,341 bp 염기로 구성되는 한 개의 ORF를 가지며 이 단백질은 447 아미노산으로 구성되어있다. PI3Kγ는 zebrafish의 PI3Kγ와 89.6%, mouse와는 84.7%, Norway rat와는 84%, human의 PI3Kγ와는 74.9%가 아미노산 상동성을 나타내었다. PI3Kγ유전자의 대장균에서 발현을 위하여 pET-44a(+)-PI3K 재조합 DNA를 구축하여 대장균에서 발현시킨 결과 49 kDa의 재조합 단백질이 과발현 됨을 확인 할 수 있었다. His-tag affinity chromatography를 이용하여 PI3Kγ단백질을 순순 분리하였으며 wortmannin을 이용하여 PI3Kγ의 활성을 분석하였다. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) plays a central role in cell signaling and leads to cell proliferation, survival, motility, exocytosis, and cytoskeletal rearrangements, as well as specialized cell responses, superoxide production, and cardiac myocyte growth. PI3K is divided into three classes; type I PI3K is preferentially expressed in leukocytes and activated by βγ subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins. In this study, the cDNAs encoding the PI3Kγ gene were isolated from a brain cDNA library constructed using the flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The sequence of the isolated PI3Kγ was 1341 bp, encoding 447 amino acids. The nucleotide sequence of the PI3Kγ gene was analyzed with that of other species, including Oreochromis niloticus and Danio rerio, and it turned out to be well conserved during evolution. The PI3Kγ gene was subcloned into the expression vector pET-44a(+), and expressed in the E. coli BL21 (DE3) codon plus cell. The resulting protein was expressed as a fusion protein of approximately 49 kDa containing a C-terminal six-histidine extension that was derived from the expression vector. The expressed protein was purified to homogeneity by His-tag affinity chromatography and showed enzymatic activity corresponding to PI3Kγ. The binding of wortmannin to PI3Kγ, as detected by anti-wortmannin antisera, closely followed the inhibition of the kinase activities. The results obtained from this study will provide a wider base of knowledge on the primary structure and characterization of the PI3Kγ at the molecular level.

Phosphorylation of PI3K regulatory subunit p85 contributes to resistance against PI3K inhibitors in radioresistant head and neck cancer

Han, Myung Woul,Ryu, In Sun,Lee, Jong Cheol,Kim, Song Hee,Chang, Hyo Won,Lee, Yoon Sun,Lee, Seulkina,Kim, Seong Who,Kim, Sang Yoon Elsevier 2018 Oral oncology Vol.78 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P> <I>Objectives</I>: PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is commonly activated in most cancers and is correlated with resistance to anticancer therapies such as radiotherapy. Therefore, PI3K is an attractive target for treating PI3K-associated cancers. <I>Material and Methods</I>: We investigated the basal expression and the expression after treatment of PI3K inhibitor or Src inhibitor of PI3K/Akt pathway-related proteins in AMC-HN3, AMC-HN3R, HN30 and HN31 cells by performing immunoblotting analysis. The sensitivity to PI3K inhibitors or Src inhibitor was analyzed by MTT assay and clonogenic assay. To determine the antitumoral activity of combination treatment with PI3K inhibitor and Src inhibitor, we used using xenograft mouse model. <I>Results</I>: We found that PI3K regulatory subunit p85 was predominantly phosphorylated in radioresistant head and neck cancer cell line (HN31), which showed resistance to PI3K inhibitors. Next, we investigated mechanism through which PI3K p85 phosphorylation modulated response to PI3K inhibitors. Of note, constitutive activation of Src was found in HN31 cells and upon PI3K inhibitor treatment, restoration of p-Src was occurred. Src inhibitor improved the efficacy of PI3K inhibitor treatment and suppressed the reactivation of both Src and PI3K p85 in HN31 cells. Furthermore, downregulation of PI3K p85 expression by using a specific siRNA suppressed Src phosphorylation. <I>Conclusions</I>: Together, our results imply the novel role of the PI3K regulatory subunit p85 in the development of resistance to PI3K inhibitors and suggest the presence of a regulatory loop between PI3K p85 and Src in radioresistant head and neck cancers with constitutively active PI3K/Akt pathway.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> PI3K p85 was predominantly phosphorylated in radioresistant HN cancer cell (HN31). </LI> <LI> Sustained p85 and Src phosphorylation mediated resistance to PI3K inhibitors. </LI> <LI> Src inhibitor improved the efficacy of PI3K inhibitor treatment in HN31 cell line. </LI> <LI> Combination of Src and PI3K inhibitors suppressed the activation of Src and p85. </LI> </UL> </P>

SOC사업 갈등관리를 위한 공공참여(PI)제도 활용방안 연구: 일본 요코하마 북서선 도로건설 PI 적용 사례를 중심으로

권경득,이주호,安容柱 서울대학교 한국행정연구소 2015 行政論叢 Vol.53 No.4

This study reviews the features and contents of the utilization of Public Involvement (PI) in the process of the construction of the north-west road in Yokohama City, Japan. It then suggests some ways and means for the efficient implementation of SOC projects in Korea. The results show that two-way communication between governments and citizens has been emphasized from the early stage of PI in the process of the construction of the north-west road in Yokohama in order to prevent conflict among interested parties and to secure the legitimacy and appropriateness of the road construction project. The Yokohama case especially shows that PI provides relevant information to interested residents and the system makes it possible to understand the needs of residents and to respond appropriately to their needs. It also reveals the constraints of implementing some of the needs of residents and tries to find new alternatives for improving mutual interests and understanding between government and residents. It is also emphasized that conflicts among interested parties are structured and manifested, and then conflicts are prevented from augmenting and can be minimized in an early stage of project management. PI is not a means for mutual agreements concerning issues among interested parties, but it focuses on procedural democracy for reducing conflict among interested parties in the early stages of SOC projects. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize PI in Korea in order to manage conflicts among interested parties in the process of SOC construction. First of all, both citizen participation and conflict management legal systems need to be improved through public discussion and social agreements. Second, citizen consciousness needs to be enhanced in terms of citizen participation. Finally, education and guidelines for the efficient utilization of PI need to be provided to both the governmental officials and the citizens. 본 연구는 일본 요코하마 북서선 도로건설 사업의 PI제도 도입의 내용과 구성요소를 분석하여 그 특징과 함의를 고찰하고, 향후 우리나라 SOC사업의 효율적 추진을 위한 제도 개선방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 분석결과, 일본 요코하마 북서선 도로건설의 경우, PI의 도입 단계에서부터 사전에 갈등을 예방하여 사업의 정당성과 타당성을 확보하는 주요한 수단이 될 수 있도록 쌍방향 커뮤니케이션을 강조하고 있다. 특히 일본 PI 운영사례를 통해볼 때 PI제도는 보다 광범위한 범위에서 주민들에게 정보를 제공하고, 의견을 청취하는 것뿐만 아니라 의견청취 결과에 대응하고 이에 대한 의견수렴결과와 제약을 밝힘으로써 상호간의 이해를 증진시키고, 계획의 초기 단계에서 이해관계자 간의 갈등을 구조화하여 현재적 시점에서 이를 조정함으로서 사업추진 과정의 갈등을 미연에 방지 및 최소화하는데 초점이 있는 것으로 평가된다. 즉 SOC사업에 있어서 PI제도 운영은 갈등을 조정・해결하기 위한 제도가 아닌 사업의 계획 단계에서부터 포괄적 이해관계자와 사업의 영향을 받는 주민들을 참여시킴으로써 실질적 의미의 절차적 민주주의를 달성하고, 이에 부합한 절차적 합리성을 담보함으로써 사전에 갈등의 요인을 최소화하기 위한 제도라는 점에 의의가 있다. 따라서 국내의 경우도 향후 SOC사업에 있어 PI제도 도입 필요성에 대한 충분한 논의와 사회적 합의를 토대로 갈등관리를 포함한 시민참여 제도에 대한 법제도적 정비를 실시하고, 시민들에게 시민참여의 중요성과 필요성을 인식시키는 한편, PI의 효과를 제고하기 위한 교육과 가이드라인 등 지원체계가 마련될 필요가 있다.

Effects of PI3K pan-inhibitor and PI3K-δ specific inhibitor on inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory mediators in allergic lung inflammation murine models - systematic review and meta-analysis

( Jae Seok Jeong ),( Yong Chul Lee ),( So Ri Kim ),( Jong Seung Kim ),( Hae Jin Park ),( Kyeong Hwa Park ),( Navin Ray ),( Yeong Hun Choe ),( Seung Yong Park ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2018 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.126 No.-

It has been recently reported that meta-analysis can be applied to the assessment of the efficacy of the summary estimate in experimental settings. We investigated therapeutic effects of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors in allergic murine models using meta-analysis. PubMed, EMBASE and Web of science were utilized for the literature search, and the search term was “PI3K inhibitor” and “Allergy” or “Asthma”. Experimental studies were included only when experiments were performed using mice. The primary outcome of the inflammatory profile is as follows: numbers of total cells with differentials in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids, levels of serum total Ig E and pulmonary pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, eotaxin, IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β. IL-1β, and VEGF). We evaluated effects of PI3K pan-inhibitors and PI3K-δ specific inhibitors as subgroups. Total of 16 articles were selected. PI3K pan-inhibitors significantly reduced total cell counts, eosinophils, and neutrophils in BAL fluids. PI3K-δ inhibitors also reduced total cells count, eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. PI3K pan-inhibitor effectively reduced the serum total Ig E and pulmonary IL-4, IL-5, eotaxin, TGF-β, IL-1β, and VEGF. PI3K-δ inhibitor effectively reduced the serum total Ig E and pulmonary IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, IL-1β, and VEGF. These data suggest that inhibition of PI3Ks, especially PI3K-δ specific blockade, effectively abrogated the various features of allergic lung inflammation in murine models, and thus may be effective for treating allergic lung inflammation.

The Design of PI + Approximation 2 Degree of Freedom Cascade Controller for Vertical Coupled Liquid Tank System

S. Mangkalajan,W. Koodtalang,T. Sangsuwan,C. Deelertpaiboon,K. Jirasereeamornkul 제어로봇시스템학회 2022 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2022 No.11

This paper presents the proportional-integral (PI) plus approximate 2 degrees of freedom (A2DOF) controller, which is compared to cascade PI+PI controller and PI+PID controller, applying to the vertical coupled liquid tank system to observe their performances. The cascade control has an inner loop for the liquid level control of tank#1 that can make a faster response. There also is an outer loop for controlling the liquid level of tank#2 that can make the slower response. The performances of PI+PI, PI+PID, and PI+A2DOF controllers were experimentally compared. It can be noticed that the PI+A2DOF controller gives more improved performance than PI+PI and PI+PID controllers. The PI+A2DOF has an overshoot of about 0.8% of the input with a settling time of about 20sec, which is better than two time of a dual controller. In the sudden setpoint change, the PI+A2DOF controller spent time in the new setpoint about 15sec that, faster than two times of both compared controllers without overshoot. The fact and experimental results demonstrate the usefulness and practicality of our method.

도로 사업에서의 갈등 해소를 위한 Public Involvement에 관한 연구

조진우(Cho, Jin-Woo) 한국토지공법학회 2013 土地公法硏究 Vol.60 No.-

경제성장을 위해서 다양한 도로 사업이 실시되었고 도로건설이라는 목적에 주민갈등은 무시되어 왔다. 하지만 이 과정에서 갈등이 심화되면서 도로 사업이 제대로 추진되지 않거나 심지어 사업이 변경되거나 취소되는 경우도 증가하고 있다. 그동안의 도로 사업에 대한 논의는 분쟁이 발생한 이후의 해결에 대해 논의되고 있다. 하지만 이제는 분쟁이 발생하기 전에 당사자들이 의견을 제시할 수 있도록 하여 사전에 분쟁을 예방하는 PI(Public Involvement)가 활발하게 논의되고 있다. 이러한 점에서 PI제도는 일반적인 주민참여(Citizen Participation)와 구별되어야 한다. 이미 미국과 일본에서는 PI와 관련된 지침을 마련하여 시행하고 있으며 도로사업의 주요한 제도로 자리 잡고 있다. 우리나라도 2007년에 이미 매뉴얼을 마련하였으나 그 이후의 시행은 미비하다. 도로 사업에서 PI제도를 운영하기 위해서는 우선 주민들이 참여할 수 있는 도로 사업의 단계를 확대하여야 한다. 의견수렴을 위해서 설문조사도 구체화 하여야 한다. 오프라인뿐 아니라 온라인을 통한 설문조사가 본격적으로 실시되어야 한다. 또한 자문 및 심의회의가 공개되어 당사자들이 보다 다양한 정보를 접할 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 다양한 PI를 위해서는 증가하는 비용을 사업비에 포함하도록 하여야 한다. 보다 다양한 도로 기업을 도입하여 오해로 인한 갈등도 해소할 수 있을 것이다. 무엇보다 참여를 단계적으로 실시하여 운영과정에서의 문제점을 파악하고 이에 대한 대응책을 마련하는 것이 필요하다. 도로 사업에서의 갈등을 사후에 해결하는 것보다는 사업에 폭넓게 주민들을 참여시켜 갈등을 줄여 나간다면 보다 원활한 사업운영이 가능하게 될 것이다. 또한 이 과정에서 갈등해결의 결과뿐만 아니라 갈등 해결의 과정에서의 공정성과 정당성도 확보할 수 있게 될 것이다. Road project has enforced for economic growth and ignored residents conflicts. Because this conflicts has increased, road projects have not been conducted properly and even changed or canceled. Many discussion about road project is focused post-conflict. But recent discuss is prevent conflict and PI(Public Involvement) that residents can present opinion and discussion before conflict happen. This is a difference from the Citizen Participation. In U.S., England and japan, PI prepared and executed guidelines. so PI is the central system of road project. in Korea, PI manual is arraged in 2007. But enforcement was miniscule. Step of road project that residents can participate will expanded for PI enforcement in road project. Off-line and on-line survey will be enforced. consultation meeting and deliberation committee must be opened that the parties can provided many information. rising costs due to PI system must included working expenses. Most of all, Public Involvement will be phased. and It is necessary to understand problems and prepare countermeasures though this process. Road project will be smooth if solve conflict not post-conflict but before though participation in road project planning. And justice and suitability will be secured.

난소암 진단에서 도플러 파형 검사의 의의

김석모(Seok Mo Kim),최진(Jin Choe),정성일(Sung Il Chung),최호선(Ho Sun Choi),변지수(Ji Soo Byun) 대한산부인과학회 2000 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.43 No.2

목적: 난소종양을 가진 환자에서 종양내 동맥의 저항지수, 즉 RI와 PI를 측정하여 적절한 cut-off 값의 설정과 이에 따른 악성종양 진단의 민감도와 특이도 그리고 정확도 등을 계산한 후 이들이 수술전 양성 및 악성종양을 구분하는데 얼마나 도움을 줄 수 있는 가를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 방법: 초음파검사로 난소종양이 진단된 후 칼라 도플러로 혈류학적 검사를 시행한 후 수술을 시행한 총 129명의 환자를 대상으로 수술 전 RI와 PI를 측정하였다. 최소 3회 이상의 연속적인 심박동 주기의 동맥 파형이 보이는 경우 적당한 검사대상으로 하였다. 수술후 조직학적 진단에 따라 양성과 악성종양(경계성 난소암 그리고 침윤성 난소암)으로 구분하였고 악성종양은 FIGO병기별로 구분하여 RI와 PI값의 차이 여부를 확인하였다. 통계학적 분석은 Student t-test를 이용하였으며 각각의 민감도, 특이도, 양성 예측도, 음성 예측도 및 정확도를 구하였다. 결과: 수술을 시행한 129명의 환자중 97명(75.2%)이 양성종양이었고 32명(24.8%)의 환자가 악성종양(경계성 난소암 포함)으로 조직검사 결과 나왔다. 칼라 도플러에 의한 혈류 파형은 97명의 양성 종양 중 36명(37.1%) 그리고 32명의 악성 종양 중 29명(91.0%)에서 측정되어 악성 난소종양에서 종양내 동맥 파형이 의의 있게 많이 측정되었으며 악성종양의 RI와 PI는 평균 0.52±0.12, 0.88±0.31로 양성종양의 각각 0.82±0.13, 2.17±0.88보다 의의 있게 낮았다(p<0.01). 또한 양성종양과 경계성 난소암 사이의 RI와 PI도 의의 있는 차이를 보여 전체적으로 양성종양, 경계성 난소암, 침윤성 난소암으로 병변이 진행함에 따라 RI와 PI가 의의 있게 감소하였다. 그러나 경계성 난소암을 제외한 침윤성 난소암의 FIGO병기별 평균 RI와 PI는 병기가 진행하는 것과는 상관없이 유의한 차이를 보여주질 못했다. PI는 1.1을 cut-off 값으로 한 경우가 정확도 89.2%로 가장 높았으며, RI는 0.6을 cut-off 값으로 한 경우 가장 정확하게 양성과 악성종양을 구분하는 것으로 나왔다. 결론: 결론적으로 RI와 PI의 임상적 의의는 첫째, 여러 비침윤적 검사 방법으로 진단이 애매한 난소종양 환자에서 수술여부를 결정하는데 객관적 참고 자료가 될 수 있으며, 둘째, 임상적으로 양성종양으로 진단된 경우, 추적관찰 도중 주기적으로 측정함으로서 형태학적 변화는 없더라도 RI와 PI값이 감소하는 경우 수술적 치료로 치료방법을 전환하는 단서가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Objective: The aim was to assess the value of resistance index(RI) and pulsatility index(PI) to differentiate between benign and malignant ovarian tumors by color and pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Methods: 129 ovarian tumors identified with ultrasound were referred for color and pulsed Doppler ultrasound evaluation to calculate the lowest RI and PI, and the corresponding histopathologic diagnosis was recorded. Results: The intratumor artery waveforms were obtained in 37.1%(36 of 97) of benign tumors and in 91.0%(29 of 32) of the malignant group. RI and PI were lower in malignant tumors than in benign tumors(p<0.01). Also, there was a significant incremental decrease in both indices value from the benign tumor toward borderline malignancy(p<0.05) and to invasive ovarian cancer(p<0.01). But, there was no significant difference in both indices value according to the FIGO stage of ovarian malignancy. For RI cut-off value of 0.6, sensitivity and specificity were 89.7% and 91.7%; for PI cut-off value of 1.1, 86.2% and 91.7%. Therefore, the most accurate cut-off values of RI and PI were 0.6 and 1.1, respectively. Conclusion: RI and PI calculated by color and pulsed Doppler ultrasound can help in the diagnosis and selection of treatment plan of ovarian tumors, especially when the morphological finding of ovarian tumor is equivocal. And during the follow up of benign tumors, both indicies can give us the clue of malignant potential of benign tumors.

얀 마텔의『라이프 오브 파이』에서 파이의 종교적 경험

박선화 한국중앙영어영문학회 2016 영어영문학연구 Vol.58 No.1

This paper aims to regard Pi as a religious person and examine Pi’s inner mind represented in the image of a tiger in Yann Martel’s Life of Pi. A 15-year old Pi battles for his survival for 227 days in a lifeboat with an adult Bengal tiger. Pi’s story is told by an author- narrator who encounters Francis Adirubasamy in Pondicherry, and later two Japanese investigators who do not contain any reference to God or religious matters in their report. With the unsolvable question of the story’s truth about the tiger, Pi is asked to create another story without animals, which makes the story much more complicated. During 227 days in the lifeboat, the tiger kills animals and human beings aboard except Pi, which is inexplicable. The tiger’s name, Richard Parker, serves a reminder of the shipmate who is killed by his mates because of hunger. In this sense, Parker is likely to be created as an imaginary object Pi projects with his anthropomorphic longing when he is unable to accept his savagery and animality. Regardless of his confession that he kills and eats his mate’s flesh, Pi says he can survive thanks to his relation to the divine, which is the religious mechanism to enable him to endure his suffering. Therefore, Life of Pi is a narrative of not so much God as Pi’s salvation from his shattered self.