부산 도심하천 하구의 Nonylphenol 거동 특성

김선영,노경준,김동명 한국수산과학회 2019 한국수산과학회지 Vol.52 No.1

Nonylphenol is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that is the degradation product of the nonionic surfactants nonylphenol ethoxylates. To understand the contamination and behavioral characteristics of nonylphenol, we measured the nonylphenol concentrations in surface water in the lower reaches of the Suyeong River, Korea. The results were used to estimate the material balance. The target area was divided into three regions to estimate the material balance of nonylphenol. In region 1, in flux of the dissolved nonylphenol was 282.3 g/day and the nonylphenol influx in particulate suspended solids was 1,582.8 g/day. The dissolved nonylphenol outflow discharged toward region 2 was 192.5 g/day, while the adsorption to particulate suspended solids was 89.8 g/day. Within the particulate suspended solids, the outflow to region 2 was 1,250.0 g/day, while the estimated amount settling in the sediments was 422.7 g/day. The adsorption of dissolved nonylphenol to the particulate suspended solids in regions 1 and 2 was 31.8% and 54.9%, respectively. In region 3, the desorption rate was 8.8%.

Bisphenol-A와 nonylphenol이 zebrafish 배 발생에 미치는 영향

여민경 한국환경보건학회 2003 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.29 No.5

The effects of bisphenol A and nonylphenol on the embryogenesis and the hatching rate of zebrafish embryo were investigated. Also, the changes of the catalase activities for 1 week, 2 week, and 4 week post hatching fries exposed to bisphenol A(10 g/l) and nonylphenol(10 g/l) during embryogenesis were investigated. Development stage was rapid in the group exposed to bisphenol A of 10 g/l at 10.75 hpf(hour post fertilized) than the groups exposed during early embryogenesis period. Specially, hatching rate was increased in the group exposed to bisphenol A at 6.75 hpf, 8.75 hpf, 10.75 hpf, and 12.75 hpf. The effects of nonylphenol on development stage were studied. The process of development in the group exposed to nonylphenol(10 g/l) at 8.75 hpf was rapid than the groups exposed during early embryogenesis period. But the last period of development was observed first in the group exposed to nonylphenol of 10 g/l at 4.75 hpf. Hatching rate was increased in the group exposed to nonylphenol than control, but lower for 8.75 hpf compared with the other groups. Catalase activities for zebrafish fries exposed to bisphenol A of 10 g/l during 1 week post-hatching were significantly lower, compared to the control. Somewhat, for zebrafish fries exposed to bisphenol A during 4 week post-hatching, catalase activities were significantly increased. Catalase activities for 2 week, 4 week post hatching zebrafish fries exposed to nonylphenol(10 g/l) during embryogenesis were significantly increased, compared to the control. In conclusion, the damages of an endocrine disrupter were highest in the group exposed at the earliest development stage. And the damage have on effect on embryogenesis and growth period.

내분비교란물질인 Nonylphenol과 DEHP(Di-(2ethylhexyl)phatalate)가 줄지렁이(Eisenia fetida)의 산란 및 부화에 미치는 영향

박광일,배윤환 유기성자원학회 2012 유기물자원화 Vol.20 No.2

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of endocrine interupter, Nonylphenol and DEHP on the cocoon production, the hatchability of cocoon and the number of offsprings per cocoon of Eisenia fetida. And the cocentrations of Nonylphenol and DEHP of sewage sludges in Pocheon city (Northeastern area of South Korea) were also investigated. Nonylphenol below the concentration of 100 mg kg-1 did not reduce the cocoon production, the hatchability of cocoon and the number of offsprings per cocoon. DEHP above the concentration of 1,500 mg kg-1 reduced the cocoon production, and DEHP over the concentration of 2,500 mg kg-1 could reduce the hatchability. There was no Nonylphenol in sewage sludge of Pocheon city, but maximum concentration of DEHP was 1,640mg kg-1, which could make the population of Eisenia fetida extinct gradually if sewage sludge of Pocheon was supplied to Eisenia fetida for a long time. 내분비 교란물질로 알려진 Nonylphenol과 DEHP가 줄지렁이의 산란수, 부화율, 난포당 부화개체수에 미치는 영향을 조사하고, 포천시 소재 하수처리장에서 발생한 하수슬러지내에 포함된 두 물질의 농도를 조사하였다. Nonylphenol 농도 100 mg kg-1이하인 먹이에서는 Nonylphenol이 줄지렁이의 산란수, 부화율, 난포당 부화개체수의 감소를 유발하지 않았다. DEHP 농도 1,500 mg kg-1 이상인 먹이에서는 DEHP가 줄지렁이의 산란수를 감소시켰으며, 농도 2,500 mg kg-1 이상에서는 DEHP가 난포의 부화율을 감소시켰다. 포천지역 하수처리장에서 발생되는 하수슬러지에서 Nonylphenol은 검출되지 않았으나, DEHP는 최대 1,640mg kg-1 이 검출되어 하수슬러지를 줄지렁이에게 급이 할 경우 DEHP에 의한 줄지렁이 개체군 소멸 현상이 유발될 가능성을 시사하였다.

이매패류 3종의 크기 및 수온에 따른 여수율과 노닐페놀 흡수율의 관계

양송이,이종현,이병권,Yang, Songyi,Lee, Jong Hyeon,Lee, Byeong Gweon 한국해양학회 2013 바다 Vol.18 No.2

본 연구에서는 두 개의 크기집단의 바지락(Ruditapes philippinarum), 재첩(Corbicula japonica), 홍합(Mytilus edulis)을 세 개의 수온 조건(5, 13 그리고 $18^{\circ}C$)에서 용존 노닐페놀에 노출시킴으로써 개체 크기와 수온 변화가 여수율과 용존 노닐페놀 흡수율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 이를 통해 이매패류의 여수율과 유기화합물질 흡수과정의 관련성에 대해 평가하고자 하였다. 단위무게당 여수율($CR_{wt}$)은 모든 개체 크기와 온도 범위에서 홍합(0.3-4.9 L $g^{-1}\;h^{-1}$)이 가장 높았으며, 재첩(0.44-1.98 L $g^{-1}\;h^{-1}$), 바지락(0.08-0.6 L $g^{-1}\;h^{-1}$) 순으로 나타났다. 한편 단위무게당 노닐페놀의 흡수율은 종 간 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 단위무게당 여수율과 노닐페놀 흡수율은 일반적으로 개체의 크기가 증가함에 따라 감소하고, 온도가 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 세 종 모두에서 노닐페놀 흡수율은 여수율과 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 한편 노닐페놀 흡수율은 같은 여수율 범위에서 홍합, 재첩, 바지락 순으로 증가하였다. 여수율과 노닐페놀 흡수율의 높은 상관관계로부터 여수율이 이매패류의 용존 유기화합물 흡수에 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 추정할 수 있다. The present study was conducted to evaluate relationship between nonylphenol uptake rate and clearance rate of Ruditapes philippinarum, Corbicula japonica and Mytilus edulis. Variation of the temperature and body size of the bivalves was used to modulate clearance rate and nonylphenol uptake rate in this experiment. Clearance rate and nonylphenol uptake rate experiments were determined for two different size classes of the bivalves (R. philippinarum: 0.35, 0.73 g, C. japonica : 0.047, 0.1000g, M. edulis: 0.30, 0.37 g; mean flesh dry weight) and three different temperature regime (5, 13 and $18^{\circ}C$). Weight-specific clearance rate in all animal size and temperature ranges increased in the order of R. philippinarum, C. japonica and M. edulis. The weight-specific nonylphenol uptake rate did not show specific trend among species. The clearance rate and nonylphenol uptake rate generally decreased with animal size and increased with water temperature. For all three species nonylphenol uptake rate had a strong relationship with clearance rate. For a given clearance rate ranges, the nonylphenol uptake rate was in the order of R. philippinarum > C. japonica > M. edulis. The results suggest that water ventilation capacity of filter-feeding organisms is an important physiological factor controlling uptake rate of dissolved nonylphenol.

물벼룩 (Daphnia magna)에서 내분비계장애물질인 노닐페놀의 영향

조태민,김판기,김세화 한국환경생물학회 2015 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.33 No.4

Nonylphenol is one of endocrine disruptors, as structurally stable, hydrophobic compounds exhibit high condensability and long-lasting in the natural environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effects of nonylphenol on Daphnia magna. In acute toxicity test, D. magna was exposed for 48 h at concentrations of 0, 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 μg L-1 nonylphenol. In chronic toxicity test, D. magna were exposed through water for 21 days at concentrations of 0, 1.0, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6 and 10 μg L-1 nonylphenol. Acute toxicity was assessed on the basis of immobility, while chronic toxicity was assessed on the basis of fecundity. The acute toxicity test on nonylphenol was showed that the values of 24 h and 48 h EC50 were 25.0 μg L-1 and 13.7 μg L-1, respectively. In chronic test, fecundity was reduced significantly at 5.6 μg L-1 of nonylphenol. These results indicated that nonylphenol have some hazard for acute or chronic toxicity to freshwater invertebrate organism.

물벼룩 (Daphnia magna)에서 내분비계장애물질인 노닐페놀의 영향

조태민,김세화,김판기 한국환경생물학회 2015 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.33 No.4

Nonylphenol is one of endocrine disruptors, as structurally stable, hydrophobic compounds exhibit high condensability and long-lasting in the natural environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effects of nonylphenol on Daphnia magna. In acute toxicity test, D. magna was exposed for 48 h at concentrations of 0, 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 μg L-1 nonylphenol. In chronic toxicity test, D. magna were exposed through water for 21 days at concentrations of 0, 1.0, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6 and 10 μg L-1 nonylphenol. Acute toxicity was assessed on the basis of immobility, while chronic toxicity was assessed on the basis of fecundity. The acute toxicity test on nonylphenol was showed that the values of 24 h and 48 h EC50 were 25.0 μg L-1 and 13.7 μg L-1, respectively. In chronic test, fecundity was reduced significantly at 5.6 μg L-1 of nonylphenol. These results indicated that nonylphenol have some hazard for acute or chronic toxicity to freshwater invertebrate organism.

마이크로어레이를 이용한 내분비계장애물질 Nonylphenol에 노출된 선충에서의 유전자 발현 패턴에 관한 연구

이철우,황정원,정화진,서영록,김현미,정영희,최경희 대한암예방학회 2006 Journal of cancer prevention Vol.11 No.3

Endocrine disruptor has been known to be one of potent hazardous chemicals able to disrupt the normal hormone signaling resulting in the development of many diseases including breast cancer. In this study, alterations of gene expression in response to endocrine disruptor nonylphenol were investigated in the nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) as one of useful alternative animal models using a microarray containing of 22K nematode-specific probes. Upon exposure to nonylphenol for 24 hrs, we found 39 different genes that were significantly up- or down-regulated. Phosphatase, esterase and glutathion-s- transferase genes were up-regulated. In contrast, heat shock protein and connective tissue proteins were down-regulated. Our results indicate that nematode (C. elegans) is susceptible to nonylphenol toxicity and nematode microarray would be a reliable tool to speed up investigation of gene expression profiles after exposure to nonylphenol and other endocrine disruptors. (Cancer Prev Res 11, 199-204, 2006)

Nonylphenol에 장기간 노출된 붕어, Carassius auratus 기관계의 조직병리학적 변화

조남국 외 전남대학교 수산과학연구소 2008 수산과학연구소논문집 Vol.17 No.1

Toxicity of nonylphenol one of EDCs was studied with focus on crucian carp, Carassius auratus. Fishes were cultured under the control and the nonylphenol exposure conditions for 32 weeks. Experimental group were composed of total of 4 groups that 1 control condition and 3 nonylphenol exposure conditions (18.28, 36.76 and 82.70 ㎍ NP L-1). The skin exposed to nonlyphenol showed degeneration and atrophy of mucous cells, atrophy and necrosis of epidermal layer and hypertrophy of club cells. In the case of gill, it was showed hyperplasia of the filament epithelia, appearance of melano macrophage center and lifting of the lamella epithelial layer. Moreover, in 82.70 ㎍ NP L-1 group, gills showed necrosis of the filament and lamella. Liver in fish exposed to nonylphenol were characterized by cloudy cytoplasm, atrophy of nucleus and necrosis of hepatocytes. The kidney of fish exposed to nonylphenol was observed PAS positive materials in the lumen of the several renal tubule, appearance of eosinophilic granular cells and necrosis of glomerulus and renal tubule. Results of this study suggest that nonlyphenol induce severe histopathological changes in the organs of Carassius auratus.

경안천의 Bisphenol A와 Nonylphenol 함량 변화

김판기(Kim Pan Gyi),권은아(Kwon En A),황성희(Hwang Sung Hee) 한국환경보건학회 2000 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.26 No.1

Alkylphenols 물질들은 미약한 여성 생식호르몬의 성질을 가지고 있는 환경오염물질로서 내분비계 교란에 의한 야생동물 등의 내분비계에 장해를 가져오기도 하며, 지표수에서 일부 계면활성제, 페인트, 제초제, 살충제 등의 성분으로 검출되는 alkylphenol polyethoxylates는 환경에서 nonylphenol 등으로 대사된다. Bisphenol A는 산업공정에서 부식에 잘 견디는 불포화 폴리에스터 스티렌수지로 식품포장 재료 등으로 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 내분비계 교란 의심물질로 알려진 bisphenol A, nonylphenol의 환경중의 함량을, 경안천 유역에서 지역별로 5개 지점을 선택하여 1998년 9월부터 1999년 5월까지 물과 토사를 대상으로 분석하였다. 물과 토사는 Soxhlet 장치와 감압농축기를 이용하여 추출 및 농축한 후 high performance liquid chromatograph로 측정 하였다. Nonylphenol의 함량은 물중에서 0.00-0.76μg/l이 검출되었으며 (검출율 68.2%), 주변 토사중에서는 이보다 많은 0.000-0.003mg/kg이 확인되었다 (검출율 57.6%). 지역적으로는 프라스틱제조 등의 공장 주변에서, 하류로 갈수록 함량이 증가하였고, 시기적으로는 10월과 11월에 가장 높은 함량을 기록하였다. Bisphenol A는 물 중에서 0.00-0.04 μg/l의 함량이 검출되었으며 (검출율 64.7%), 토사 중에서는 이 보다 높은 0.0-0.2 μg/kg이 검출되었다 (검출율 11.8 %). 역시 프라스틱 등의 공장 주변과 하류지역이 높았으며, 시기적으로는 11월이 가장 높았다. 본 연구에서 경안천 유역의 물과 토시중에 극미량의 nonylphenol과 bisphenol A가 확인되었으나, 건강영향에 관한 자세한 연구가 있어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Gene Expression Profiles of Nonylphenol as Representative EDCs in Normal Human Kidney HK-2 Cells

김승준,오문주,박혜원,김준섭,Saswati Paul,하정미,김연정,류재천,이철우,김현미,최경희,황승용 한국바이오칩학회 2008 BioChip Journal Vol.2 No.2

Nonylphenol (NP) is an organic compound of the wider family of alkylphenols and is a product of industrial synthesis formed during the alkylation process of phenols, particularly in the synthesis of polyethoxylate detergents. NP is an endocrine disruptors. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous compounds that have the potential to hamper with hormonal regulations and the normal endocrine system and consequently cause health effects. In numerous chemical substances, the action mechanism of an endocrine disruptor is not clearly understood. In the present study, in vitro gene expression profiles were analyzed in nonylphenol-treated HK-2 cells using an Agilent Human 4×44 K whole genome array including 41,000 transcripts. Gene expression profiles were analyzed 3 and 48 hrs after exposure to NP with 2 different doses. We analyzed the gene expression profiles in order to understand the biological effects at level of gene functions and their time-dependent effects. A total of 1,727 genes were identified as being either over or down-expressed over 2-fold changes (P-value⁄0.05) in NP treated HK-2 cells. The functional classification of differentially expressed genes showed that cell death related genes were regulated by NP in HK-2 cells. 79 genes were time-dependent and differentially expressed, while 259 genes were concentration-dependent, all of which were selected using an ANOVA method. These data may support the understanding of the toxicity of nonylphenol in normal human kidney cells.